EFFECTS OF POLYTROPIC EXPONENT ON DATA PROCESSING METHODS USED IN CONSTANT VOLUME DISCHARGE

In order to obtain the accurate sonic conductance of solenoid valves, the polytropic exponent is used in the data processing of the discharge method for measuring the flow rate characteristics of pneumatic components. Three data processing principles are first introduced, and then the discharge pressure data obtained from the measured solenoid valve are processed to obtain the sonic conductance with three methods： the partial polytropic exponent method, the complete polytropic exponent method and the adiabatic method. By comparison of the obtained results it indicates that the complete polytropic exponent method is the most accurate. However, the partial polytropic exponent method is of a high applicable value, because it is easy and simple to measure and the obtained results are relatively accurate.

A Novel Method of Fabricating Flexible Transparent Conductive Large Area Graphene Film

We fabricate flexible conductive and transparent graphene films on position-emission-tomography substrates and prepare large area graphene films by graphite oxide sheets with the new technical process. The multi-layer graphene oxide sheets can be chemically reduced by HNO3 and HI to form a highly conductive graphene film on a substrate at lower temperature. The reduced graphene oxide sheets show a high conductivity sheet with resistance of 476Ω/sq and transmittance of 76% at 550nm （6 layers）. The technique used to produce the transparent conductive graphene thin film is facile, inexpensive, and can be tunable for a large area production applied for electronics or touch screens.

Combining the complex variable reproducing kernel particle method and the finite element method for solving transient heat conduction problems

In this paper, the complex variable reproducing kernel particle （CVRKP） method and the finite element （FE） method are combined as the CVRKP-FE method to solve transient heat conduction problems. The CVRKP-FE method not only conveniently imposes the essential boundary conditions, but also exploits the advantages of the individual methods while avoiding their disadvantages, then the computational efficiency is higher. A hybrid approximation function is applied to combine the CVRKP method with the FE method, and the traditional difference method for two-point boundary value problems is selected as the time discretization scheme. The corresponding formulations of the CVRKP-FE method are presented in detail. Several selected numerical examples of the transient heat conduction problems are presented to illustrate the performance of the CVRKP-FE method.

Interval finite difference method for steady-state temperature field prediction with interval parameters

A new numerical technique named interval finite difference method is proposed for the steady-state temperature field prediction with uncertainties in both physical parameters and boundary conditions. Interval variables are used to quantitatively describe the uncertain parameters with limited information. Based on different Taylor and Neumann series, two kinds of parameter perturbation methods are presented to approximately yield the ranges of the uncertain temperature field. By comparing the results with traditional Monte Carlo simulation, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method for solving steady-state heat conduction problem with uncertain-but-bounded parameters.

Fast Measurement of Dielectric Conductivity for Space Application by Surface Potential Decay Method

Surface potential decay of polymers for electrical insulation can help to determine the dark conductivity for spacecraft charging analysis. Due to the existence of radiation-induced conductivity, it decays fast in the first few hours after irradiation and exponentially slowly for the remaining time. The measurement of dark conductivity with this method usually takes the slow part and needs a couple of days. Integrating the Fowler formula into the deep dielectric charging equations, we obtain a new expression for the fast decay part. The experimental data of different materials, dose rates and temperatures are fitted by the new expression. Both the dark conductivity and the radiation-induced conductivity are derived and compared with other methods. The result shows a good estimation of dark conductivity and radiation-induced conductivity in high-resistivity polymers, which enables a fast measurement of dielectric conductivity within about 600 rain after irradiation.

Use of conductivity method for online measurement of alkalinity of caustic washing liquid

In this paper,the online measurement of the alkalinity of caustic washing liquid by the conductivity method was discussed,and a working curve of the conductivity vs.alkalinity was established,for which the correlation coefficient is 0.9979(n=7).The influence of the temperature of the caustic washing liquid and the presence of coexisting ions,such as iron and oil,on the accuracy of the conductivity method was discussed.The temperature is compensated for by establishing the correlation between conductivity and temperature.When the iron concentration is≤1000 mg/L,and the oil concentration is≤1000 mg/L,the deviation in the results obtained using the conductivity and titration methods is≤2.5 g/L.The t-test results show that there is no systematic devia-tion between the conductivity and titration methods.The conductivity method has the advantages of a fast response and good real-time performance,which meet the requirements for the online determination of the alkalinity of caustic washing liquid.

MEASUREMENT METHOD AND PHYSICAL MODEL OF VSC CONDUCTIVITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN CONDUCTING POLYMERS

Method of VSC (Voltage Shorted Compaction)can be used to determine the intrinsic temperature dependence ofconductivity ofpolycrystalline compaction. The experimental conditions and technical key for preparation of VSC device and its physical model as well as its applications in conducting polymers are discussed in detail.

Gap States of ZnO Thin Films by New Methods:Optical Spectroscopy,Optical Conductivity and Optical Dispersion Energy

The optical reflectance and transmittance spectra in the wavelength range of 300-2500 nm are used to compute the absorption coefficient of zinc oxide films annealed at different post-annealing temperatures 400, 500 and 600°C.The values of the cross point between the curves of the real and imaginary parts of the optical conductivity ɑ_1 and ɑ_1 with energy axis of films exhibit values that correspond to optical gaps and are about 3.25-3.3 eV. The maxima of peaks in plots dR/dλ and dT/dλ versus wavelength of films exhibit optical gaps at about 3.12-3.25 eV.The values of the fundamental indirect band gap obtained from the Tauc model are at about 3.14-3.2 eV. It can be seen that films annealed at 600°C have the minimum indirect optical band gap at about 3.15 eV. The films annealed at 600°C have Urbach＇s energy minimum of 1.38 eV and hence have minimum disorder. The dispersion energy d of films annealed at 500°C has the minimum value of 43 eV.

Experimental investigation of the mixing efficiency via intensity of segregation along axial direction of a rotating bar reactor

As a significant index to evaluate the mixing efficiency,studying the concentration distribution is directly related to the intensity of segregation(I_(s)).In this work,the I_(s) of the mixture composed of NaCl solutionwater was investigated experimentally in a rotating bar reactor(RBR)by the conductivity method.The results showed that the mixing efficiency was improved along the axial direction from the bottom to the top in the RBR.The concentration distribution at the bottom section was more uneven,and I_(s) was higher compared with the top section,which decreased from 6.53×10^(-5)to 1.57×10^(-7).With the increase of rotational speed from 0 to 700 r·min^(-1),I_s at the bottom and top sections decreased from 4.27×10^(-3)to 7.10×10^(-5)and from 1.93×10^(-3)to 7.29×10^(-7),respectively.The increases flow rate of solution A,and the decreases of concentration of NaCl and flow rate of solution B gave rise to the reduction of I_(s),signifying an improved mixing efficiency.The results revealed that the conductivity method used in this paper has high efficiency and low cost to measure the I_(s),which indicates a promising prospect for estimating reactors'mixing performance.

Enhanced interface properties of diamond MOSFETs with Al2O3 gate dielectric deposited via ALD at a high temperature

The interface state of hydrogen-terminated(C-H)diamond metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor(MOSFET)is critical for device performance.In this paper,we investigate the fixed charges and interface trap states in C-H diamond MOSFETs by using different gate dielectric processes.The devices use Al_(2)O_(3) as gate dielectrics that are deposited via atomic layer deposition(ALD)at 80℃and 300℃,respectively,and their C-V and I-V characteristics are comparatively investigated.Mott-Schottky plots(1/C2-VG)suggest that positive and negative fixed charges with low density of about 10^(11)cm^(-2) are located in the 80-℃-and 300-℃deposition Al2O3 films,respectively.The analyses of direct current(DC)/pulsed I-V and frequency-dependent conductance show that the shallow interface traps(0.46 eV-0.52 eV and 0.53 eV-0.56 eV above the valence band of diamond for the 80-℃and 300-℃deposition conditions,respectively)with distinct density(7.8×10^(13)eV^(-1)·cm^(-2)-8.5×10^(13)eV^(-1)·cm^(-2) and 2.2×10^(13)eV^(-1)·cm^(-2)-5.1×10^(13)eV^(-1)·cm^(-2) for the 80-℃-and 300-℃-deposition conditions,respectively)are present at the Al2O3/C-H diamond interface.Dynamic pulsed I-V and capacitance dispersion results indicate that the ALD Al_(2)O_(3) technique with 300-℃deposition temperature has higher stability for C-H diamond MOSFETs.

Maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic power generation based on improved fuzzy control and conductance increment method

The National Development and Reform Commission of China announced in 2022 that it would promote the development of carbon peaking and carbon-neutrality.Therefore,gradual improvement in photovoltaic(PV)development technology would gradually show its advantages.Additionally,the development of the PV power generation industry is promoted significantly by the year-on-year increase in PV power generation.This study combines the traditional fuzzy control and incremental conductance methods by comparing the current maximum power point(MPP)intelligence with the traditional control algorithm.Furthermore,it proposes an optimization algorithm to improve the tracking speed of the MPP by using the partition variable step size.An incomplete partial differential equation is added to the judgment condition of the small step size to solve the problem of oscillation near the MPP caused by the ideal differential equation.A simulation model is established in MATLAB®/Simulink®and the method is simulated under specific conditions.The time to reach the first maximum output point is shortened by 0.21 and 0.14 s by analysing the oscillation process data of three simulation cycles of the incremental conductance,fuzzy control and fuzzy conductance methods,respectively.Additionally,the vibration loss caused by environmental mutation is reduced by 6.5%and 3.1%,respectively.The improved incremental conductance method utilizes the simulation results to optimize the problem of steady-state oscillation and improve the efficiency of the PV power generation.The feasibility and effectiveness of the improved incremental conductance method are verified by comparing the traditional control algorithm with the improved incremental conductance method.

Rare Earth Stearates as Thermal Stabilizers for Rigid Poly(vinyl chloride)

A series of stearates with different rare-earth ion were investigated as thermal stabilizers for rigid PVC at 180 ℃ in air. Their stabilizing efficiency was based on measuring the rate of dehydrochlorination. The resulted revealed the higher stabilizing efficiency of the investigated rare-earth stearates as thermal stabilizers for rigid PVC compared with the thermal stabilizers for industry: calcium stearate, zinc stearate, butyl stannum mercaptide, phosphite esters, β-diketone and epoxidized sunflower oil. This was well illustrated by longer incubation period (T_S) values and lower rate of dehydrochlorination. The stable efficiency was affected by the nature of rare-earth element's individual electronic shell. The mechanism for the stabilizing effect of rare-earth stearates was proposed. The result was experimentally proved based on IR spectrum.

Numerical Predictions of the Effective Thermal Conductivity of the Rigid Polyurethane Foam

A reconstruction method is proposed for the polyurethane foam and then a complete numerical method is developed to predict the effective thermal conductivity of the polyurethane foam. The finite volume method is applied to solve the 2D heterogeneous pure conduction. The lattice Boltzmann method is adopted to solve the 1D homogenous radiative transfer equation rather than Rosseland approximation equation. The lattice Boltzmann method is then adopted to solve 1D homogeneous conduction-radiation energy transport equation considering the combined effect of conduction and radiation. To validate the accuracy of the present method, the hot disk method is adopted to measure the effective thermal conductivity of the polyurethane foams at different temperature. The numerical results agree well with the experimental data. Then, the influences of temperature, porosity and cell size on the effective thermal conductivity of the polyurethane foam are investigated. The results show that the effective thermal conductivity of the polyurethane foams increases with temperature; and the effective thermal conductivity of the polyurethane foams decreases with increasing porosity while increases with the cell size.

A meshless model for transient heat conduction analyses of 3D axisymmetric functionally graded solids

A meshless numerical model is developed for analyzing transient heat conductions in three-dimensional （3D） axisymmetric continuously nonhomogeneous functionally graded materials （FGMs）. Axial symmetry of geometry and boundary conditions reduces the original 3D initial-boundary value problem into a two-dimensional （2D） problem. Local weak forms are derived for small polygonal sub-domains which surround nodal points distributed over the cross section. In order to simplify the treatment of the essential boundary conditions, spatial variations of the temperature and heat flux at discrete time instants are interpolated by the natural neighbor interpolation. Moreover, the using of three-node triangular finite element method （FEM） shape functions as test functions reduces the orders of integrands involved in domain integrals. The semi-discrete heat conduction equation is solved numerically with the traditional two-point difference technique in the time domain. Two numerical examples are investigated and excellent results are obtained, demonstrating the potential application of the proposed approach.

Closed-form internal impedance model and characterization of mixed carbon nanotube bundles for three-dimensional integrated circuits

Based on the complex effective conductivity method, a closed-form expression for the internal impedance of mixed carbon nanotube （CNT） bundles, in which the number of CNTs for a given diameter follows a Gaussian distribution, is proposed in this paper. It can appropriately capture the skin effect as well as the temperature effect of mixed CNT bundles. The results of the closed-form expression and the numerical calculation are compared with various mean diameters, standard deviations, and temperatures. It is shown that the proposed model has very high accuracy in the whole frequency range considered, with maximum errors of 1% and 2.3% for the resistance and the internal inductance, respectively. Moreover, by using the proposed model, the high-frequency electrical characteristics of mixed CNT bundles are deeply analyzed to provide helpful design guidelines for their application in future high-performance three-dimensional integrated circuits.

Conductivity of (Zr_(1-x)M_x)O_2, Ceramic

In the ZrO_2-based ceramic systems doped with different oxides (Y_(2)O_3, MgO and Al_(2)O_3), the behaviors of electronic and ionic conductivity have been investigated by the quantum chemical SCF-X_α-SW method. The results of the electronic energy spectra and local state density of atoms show that, for the ZrO_2 system doped with Al_2O_3, the energy gap near the Fermi energy level becomes smaller, which implies that the electronic conductivity increases. Since the binding energy between Al and O atoms is increased, the energy for oxygen vacancy migrating is enhanced and the ionic conductivity decreases. In the M_xO_y-doped ZrO_2 systems, due to the doping effect of Al_2O_3, MgO and Y_2O_3, the ionic conductivity increases successively, and the electronic conductivity decreases successively. The cal- culation results are in agreement with that of references and experience.

Calibration of Discrete Element Heat Transfer Parameters by Central Composite Design

The efficiency and precision of parameter calibration in discrete element method （DEM） are not satisfactory, and parameter calibration for granular heat transfer is rarely involved. Accordingly, parameter calibration for granular heat transfer with the DEM is studied. The heat transfer in granular assemblies is simulated with DEM, and the effective thermal conductivity （ETC） of these granular assemblies is measured with the transient method in simulations. The measurement testbed is designed to test the ETC of the granular assemblies under normal pressure and a vacuum based on the steady method. Central composite design （CCD） is used to simulate the impact of the DEM parameters on the ETC of granular assemblies, and the heat transfer parameters are calibrated and compared with experimental data. The results show that, within the scope of the considered parameters, the ETC of the granular assemblies increases with an increasing particle thermal conductivity and decreases with an increasing particle shear modulus and particle diameter. The particle thermal conductivity has the greatest impact on the ETC of granular assemblies followed by the particle shear modulus and then the particle diameter. The calibration results show good agreement with the experimental results. The error is less than 4%, which is within a reasonable range for the scope of the CCD parameters. The proposed research provides high efficiency and high accuracy parameter calibration for granular heat transfer in DEM.

Determination of vanadyl sulfate ion-pair dissociation constant at 298.15 K by Fuoss method

Vanadium battery has fast and large capacity charge and discharge characteristics, and the concentration and stability of the battery electrolyte are the key to the electrolyte performance. In actual, with higher acidity and higher concentration of the vanadium battery electrolyte, the ion-pair is dominant. The ion-pair dissociation constant is one of the important thermodynamic data related to battery performance. The vanadyl sulfate conductivity in aqueous solution was determined using the conductance method at 298.15K. Using the origin data fitting, the limiting molar conductance is obtained, and then by the improved Ostwald dilution law and the Davies equation, the activity coefficient is solved so as to obtain the ionic strength of the true solution. Using the Fuoss method, the dissociation constant of vanadyl sulfate ion-pair was calculated. At last, the vanadyl sulfate limiting molar conductance (Λ 0 ) is 174.8251748 S·dm2·mol?1, and the vanadyl sulfate ion-pair dissociation constant K d is 0.002636367, and then other thermodynamic properties can be studied.

Discrete element method for high-temperature spread in compacted powder systems

The discrete element method is applied to investigate high-temperature spread in compacted metallic particle systems formed by high-velocity compaction. Assuming that heat transfer only occurs at contact zone between particles, a discrete equation based on continuum mechanics is proposed to investigate the heat flux. Heat generated internally by friction between moving particles is determined by kinetic equations. For the proposed model, numerical results are obtained by a particle-flow-code-based program. Temperature profiles are determined at different locations and times. At a fixed location, the increase in temperature shows a logarithmic relationship with time. Investigation of three different systems indicates that the geometric distribution of the particulate material is one of the main influencing factors for the heat conduction process. Higher temperature is generated for denser packing, and vice versa. For smaller uniform particles, heat transfers more rapidly.

Transient heat conduction analysis using the NURBS-enhanced scaled boundary finite element method and modified precise integration method

The Non-uniform rational B-spline （NURBS） enhanced scaled boundary finite element method in combination with the modified precise integration method is proposed for the transient heat conduction problems in this paper. The scaled boundary finite element method is a semi-analytical technique, which weakens the governing differential equations along the circumferential direction and solves those analytically in the radial direction. In this method, only the boundary is discretized in the finite element sense leading to a re- duction of the spatial dimension by one with no fundamental solution required. Neverthe- less, in case of the complex geometry, a huge number of elements are generally required to properly approximate the exact shape of the domain and distorted meshes are often un- avoidable in the conventional finite element approach, which leads to huge computational efforts and loss of accuracy. NURBS are the most popular mathematical tool in CAD industry due to its flexibility to fit any free-form shape. In the proposed methodology, the arbitrary curved boundary of problem domain is exactly represented with NURBS basis functions, while the straight part of the boundary is discretized by the conventional Lagrange shape functions. Both the concepts of isogeometric analysis and scaled boundary finite element method are combined to form the governing equations of transient heat conduction analy- sis and the solution is obtained using the modified precise integration method. The stiffness matrix is obtained from a standard quadratic eigenvalue problem and the mass matrix is determined from the low-frequency expansion. Finally the governing equations become a system of first-order ordinary differential equations and the time domain response is solved numerically by the modified precise integration method. The accuracy and stability of the proposed method to deal with the transient heat conduction problems are demonstrated by numerical examples.