Study on Load Bearing Characteristics of Novel Expandable Deepwater Drilling Conductor Based on Laboratory Experiment and Field Test

A novel expandable conductor was designed and applied in deep-water drilling to improve the vertical and lateral bearing capacity with a significant reduction of conductor jetting depth and soaking time. The vertical and lateral bearing capability of expandable conductors was depicted based on the ultimate subgrade reaction method and pile foundation bearing theory. The load-bearing characteristics of a laboratory-scale expandable conductor were analyzed through laboratory experiments. The serial simulation experiments are accomplished to study the bearing characteristics(vertical ultimate bearing capacity, lateral soil pressure, and lateral displacement) during the conductor soaking process. The laboratory experimental results show that the larger the length and thickness of expandable materials are,the higher the bearing capacity of the wellhead will be. During the conductor soaking process, the soil pressure around the three expandable conductors increases faster, strings representing a stronger squeezing effect and resulting in higher vertical bearing capacity. Furthermore, the lateral displacement of novel expandable conductor is smaller than that of the conventional conductor. All the advantages mentioned above contributed to the reduction of conductor’s jetting depth and soaking time. Lastly, the application workflow of a novel expandable deep-water drilling conductor was established and the autonomous expandable conductor was successfully applied in the South China Sea with a significant reduction of conductor’s jetting depth and soaking time. According to the soil properties and designed installation depth of the surface conductor, the arrangement of expandable materials should be designed reasonably to meet the safety condition and reduce the construction cost of the subsea wellhead.

Effects of Exposure to Extremely Low Frequency Electro-magnetic Fields on Circadian Rhythms and Distribution of Some Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens in Dairy Cows

Objective To investigate the effects of extremely low frequency magnetic and electric fields （ELFEMFs） emitted from 380 kV transmission lines on some leukocyte differentiation antigens in dairy cows. Methods The study was carded out in 5 cows exposed to 1.98-3.28 μT of ELFEMFs and in 5 control cows exposed to 0.2-0.7 μT of ELFEMFs. Following haematological and immunologic parameters were measured in both groups： WBC, CD45R, CD6, CD4, CD8, CD21, and CD11B leukocyte antigen expression. Results Some of the haematological and immunologic parameters under investigation were similar in both groups. However, CD8 （T lymphocyte surface antigen） was higher in the exposed group （1.35 ±0.120 vs 0.50 ±0.14×10^3/mL）. Furthermore, the CD4/CD8 ratio （0.84 ±0.05 and 2.19±0.16 for exposed and not exposed cows respectively） and circadian rhythm were different between the two groups. Conclusion Exposure to ELFEMFs is responsible of the abnormal temporal variations and distribution of some haematological and immunological parameters in dairy cows.

Analysis of Conductors＇ Surface Electric Field of UHVDC Transmission Lines Based on Optimized Charge Simulation Method

The choice of the UHV lines depends on surface electric field of the bundle conductors.Based on existing calculation methods,the optimized charge simulation method is used to calculate the conductors' surface electrical field of±800 kV UHVDC transmission lines in this paper.During calculation,the offset distance is set as the variance of the objective function,the position and the quantity of the simulation charges are optimized with the gold section method,and the surface electrical field is calculated when the charge is in the optimal position.The result shows that the distribution of the surface electrical field and its maximal value can be calculated accurately with this method,although less number of simulation charges is used in this proposed method and the calculation is simple.

毫米波多内导体布喇格结构电磁特性研究

基于多模耦合理论,利用三维电磁仿真软件CST对毫米波双内导体和三内导体布喇格结构电磁特性分别进行了比较研究。结果表明:双内导体布喇格结构相比同轴布喇格结构可以抑制竞争模式,反射率稳定并接近1,对称性结构电磁特性优于非对称性结构;随着内导体距离同轴轴心距离的增大,双内导体布喇格结构频率响应带宽变宽,且当内导体距离同轴轴心距离较远时,带宽变宽趋势明显,而反射率值趋于稳定;对于三内导体布喇格结构,随着内导体距离同轴轴心距离的增大,频率响应带宽变窄,且当内导体距离同轴轴心距离较近时,带宽变宽趋势明显。因此,可根据实际需要恰当选择毫米波多内导体布喇格结构参数,拓宽其作为反射器或者滤波器的性能,提高模式的选择性及模式的纯度,改善布喇格结构的性能。

输电线路单导线自由扭转覆冰动态仿真研究

输电线路冰灾长期威胁电网安全稳定运行,结合输电线路实际覆冰情况,建立准确的输电线路覆冰增长模型对电网冰灾防御具有重要意义。但现有的输电线路覆冰增长模型多忽略了输电线路自由扭转覆冰过程。该文基于野外自然环境下输电线路单导线自由扭转覆冰的观测结果,建立了反映导线自由扭转覆冰动态过程的仿真分析模型。在重庆大学雪峰山能源装备安全国家野外科学观测研究站开展GJ50导线自由扭转覆冰实验,将实验结果与数值仿真结果进行对比分析。结果表明:导线扭转角度和单位覆冰质量沿单导线中心点对称分布;仿真获得的导线覆冰形状与实际情况吻合;导线扭转角度和单位覆冰质量仿真值与测量值误差平均值均在10%以内。

紊流随机风场下多相多分裂覆冰输电导线舞动的相间闪络概率评估

针对覆冰输电导线在紊流随机风场中舞动的相间闪络问题,提出了一种多相多分裂覆冰导线舞动的相间闪络概率评估方法。首先,通过生成覆冰导线在紊流随机风场中舞动时的随机风荷载,结合多相多分裂覆冰输电导线有限元模型对紊流随机风场中的导线舞动响应进行模拟;其次,通过等价极值分布法构建了多相多分裂覆冰输电导线舞动时的相间闪络失效准则,基于概率密度演化法发展了一种多相多分裂覆冰导线在紊流随机风场中发生非同步舞动的相间闪络概率评估框架;最后,对某单跨三相四分裂覆冰输电导线算例进行分析。结果表明:1)不同相对位置的覆冰导线相间闪络概率评估结果差异明显,并且相较稳态风场情况,紊流随机风场作用下的各相导线相间闪络概率密度曲线峰值位置左移,峰值存在明显的降低;2)随着紊流度的增加,各相覆冰导线在紊流随机风场中舞动时更易发生相间闪络;3)该跨覆冰导线的相间闪络概率随平均风速的增加呈现先升后降的变化趋势,不同初始风攻角工况的各相导线相间闪络概率差异明显。

Current Sharing Temperature Test and Simulation with GANDALF Code for ITER PF2 Conductor Sample

Cable-in-conduit conductor （CICC） conductor sample of the PF2 coil for ITER was tested in the SULTAN facility. According to the test results, the CICC conductor sample exhibited a stable performance regarding the current sharing temperature. Under the typical operational conditions of a current of 45 kA, a magnetic field of 4 T and a temperature of 5 K for PF2, the test result for the conductor current sharing temperature is 6.71 K, with a temperature margin of 1.71 K. For a comparison thermal-hydraulic analysis of the PF2 conductor was carried out using GANDALF code in a 1-D model, and the result is consistent with the test one.

Temperature field at time of pulse current discharge in metal structure with elliptical embedding crack

Theoretical analysis is made on the temperature field at the time of pulse current discharge in a metal structure with an elliptical embedding crack. In finding the temperature field, analogy between the current flow through an elliptical embedding crack and the fluid flow through a barrier is made based on the similarity principle. Boundary conditions derived from this theory are introduced so that the distribution of current density and the temperature field expressions can be obtained. The study provides a theoretic basis to the applications of stopping spatial crack with electromagnetic heating.

Research on Total Electric Field for DC Lines Converted from Double-Circuit AC Lines

With rapid growth of power demand, transmission capacity is also in urgent need of upgrading. In some cases, converting existing AC transmission lines to DC lines can Improve the transmission capacity and reduce the construction investment. In this paper, the upstream finite element method was expanded to calculate the total electric field of same tower multi-circuit DC lines converted from double-circuit AC lines, and the validity of the algorithm was confirmed by experiments. Taking a DC line converted from a typical same tower 500 kV double-circuit AC transmission line as an example, the surface electric field and the ground total electric field in different pole conductor arrangement schemes were calculated and analyzed, and the critical height of pole conductors for DC lines in residential and non-residential area were determined. Then, the corridor width of DC and AC lines at critical height in residential and non-residential areas before and after AC-DC line transformation were compared. The results indicate that for DC lines converted from common 500 kV double-circuit AC lines, the ground total electric field can meet the requirements of corresponding standard with appropriate pole conductor arrangement schemes.

Numerical Experiment for Dipole-Dipole Interaction in Electro-Magnetism with Help of a Regular Tetrahedron

Aim of this work is to try to explain, on a Rational basis, some equations of Electro-Magnetism, which are based on Experimental data. Any Electric Field can produce a Field of many small Electric Dipoles, continuously distributed in space. In a region, where the Electric Field is constant, in direction and magnitude, all the small Dipoles are parallel to the Electric Field, and are represented by a single, long, parallel to them, fixed in space, Electric Dipole, which is here called Compass. An Alternating current, in a straight Conductor, is studied, by a simple, short computer program, for step-by-step nonlinear dynamic analysis. It is found that, only an Alternating current, not a direct current, can produce an Electric Dipole, in a straight Conductor. The two above Dipoles (Compass-Conductor) are assumed with equal lengths ℓ, lying on two skew lines, perpendicular to each other, at a distance ℓ√2, thus forming, by their four ends, a Regular Tetrahedron, with side length ℓ. Repulsion, between Like Charges, obeys the simple Coulomb Electro-Static law. Whereas Interaction (Attraction or Repulsion), between Unlike Charges, obeys a more accurate Lennard-Jones law. The analysis of Dipole-Dipole (Compass-Conductor) Interaction is performed by hand calculator. The only out-of-balance forces, in the regular Tetrahedron, acting on the Rigid Conductor, are the so-called magnetic forces. Their direction is found, in a simple Rational way, with help of Regular Tetrahedron, without recoursing to a “right-hand-rule”. The proposed model is applied to 1) The force acting on an Electric Charge moving in a magnetic field. 2) The force acting on a Current carrying straight Conductor, due to a magnetic field. 3) The magnetic fields created around a Current carrying straight Conductor. In these applications, proposed model gives reasonable results. Particularly, in third application, results, obtained by proposed model, are found in satisfactory approximation with corresponding ones, obtained by an empirical formula, based on relevant Experimental observations of H.-C. Oersted and A.-M. Ampère. So, the reliability of proposed model is checked. Position and direction of magnetic field vector coincide with those of a corresponding fixed Compass of a constant Electric Field. Main point of present work is that, without introducing the concept of a magnetic field vector, by combining field of dipoles, produced by an electric field, with dipole of an alternating current carrying conductor, the magnetic forces can be determined.

Research on corona discharge suppression of high-voltage direct-current transmission lines based on dielectric-film-covered conductor

Corona discharge suppression for high-voltage direct-current(HVDC)transmission lines at line terminals such as converter stations is a subject that requires attention.In this paper,a method based on a conductor covered with dielectric film is proposed and implemented through a bench-scale setup.Compared with the bare conductor,the corona discharge suppression effect of the dielectric-film-covered conductor under positive polarity is studied from the composite field strength and ion current density using a line-plate experimental device.The influences of film thickness and film material on the corona discharge suppression effect are investigated.The charge accumulation and dissipation characteristics of different film materials are also studied.The results show that the conductor covered with dielectric film has excellent ability to inhibit corona discharge.The ground-level composite field strength of the conductor covered with dielectric film is lower than its nominal field strength,and its ion current density is at the nA m^(−2) level.The corona threshold voltage can be promoted by increasing the film thickness,but the ability to inhibit corona discharge becomes weak.The larger the surface electric field strength,the more charge accumulated,but the faster the charge dissipation rate.Compared with polyvinyl chloride film,cross-linked polyethylene film has stronger charge accumulation ability and slower charge dissipation rate,which can better restrain the corona discharge of HVDC transmission lines.

Elaboration of a Promising Design of the HTS Conductor for the Central Solenoid of a Compact Thermonuclear Reactor TRT

The results of the preliminary development of the HTS conductor based on the VS-type design and parallel stacks for the central solenoid of the compact thermonuclear reactor TRT are presented. One of the main problems that need to be solved for the successful implementation of such projects is the creation of high-current high-temperature superconducting (HTS) conductors for Toroidal Field coils (TF) and Central Solenoid (CS) sections. The conductor must have a high engineering current density of at least 90 A/mm2. The induction of the magnetic field in the central solenoid reaches 14 T, which leads to the occurrence of large mechanical stresses due to the influence of Lorentz forces. Like many large magnets, CS has a lot of stored energy. For the safe withdrawal of stored energy from the magnet, it requires the inclusion of elements in the conductor that provide an acceptable level of electrical voltage and heating of the conductor insulation. Thus, a sufficient amount of stabilizing and reinforcing materials should be placed in the conductor. In addition, the “cable-in-conduit” type of conductor must have channels for pumping the refrigerant. Two fundamentally different versions of the conductor based on radially arranged REBCO tapes and on the basis of pre-assembled tape packages are considered. Based on the analysis of the magnetic field distribution in the conductor by finite element method, the design characteristics of the proposed conductors under various operating modes of the electromagnetic system (EMS) of the tokamak TRT was evaluated. The results of the evaluation of the current carrying capacity of the conductor and the estimation of energy losses in a changing magnetic field in comparison with known methods are also presented.

基于S-A模型的覆冰输电线绕流数值分析

基于Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型(S-A模型)封闭的雷诺平均N-S方程,采用沿均匀流线的三阶Runge-Kutta法和Galerkin法分别进行时间和空间离散,得到了湍流方程的有限元格式。采用自编Matlab程序,数值模拟了不同风攻角下覆冰输电线绕流问题,得到了覆冰输电线绕流瞬态和时均流场、气动力系数时程曲线和平均气动力系数随风攻角的变化关系,并与试验结果进行对比,验证了该算法的有效性。基于流场演化和平均压力分布,分析表明风攻角变化引起的边界层分离点转移是产生升力系数尖峰突跳现象的主要原因。

直压硫化工艺金属内模电磁感应加热均匀性的试验研究

研究导磁体长度和截面尺寸对直压硫化金属内模电磁感应加热均匀性的影响。结果表明:减小导磁体的长度可使得鼓瓦两端磁力线密度下降,使电磁感应加热更均匀,但会导致鼓瓦的加热功率下降,当导磁体长度为170 mm时,直压硫化金属内模电磁感应加热的均匀性最好;增大导磁体的截面尺寸虽然会使得电磁感应加热均匀性有所降低,但可以减小导磁体的涡流损耗和功率损耗,有效解决了导磁体铁损的问题,当导磁体的截面尺寸为20 mm×15 mm时,直压硫化金属内模电磁感应加热效果最好。

交流电场下导体表面接触角对水滴振动、放电特性的影响

现有电力系统中对不同接触角下线路导体表面水滴动态过程的研究并不全面,特别是缺乏水滴动态过程与空间电场畸变关系的定量研究。为此,通过有限元仿真模拟,分析了“固-液”表面接触角对水滴振动规律和空间电场分布的影响,推导出交流电场下导体表面振动水滴的频率、相位、场强分布与表面接触角的联系。仿真结果表明:水滴的振动频率是交流电压频率的2倍,振动相位滞后于交流激励相位,且与接触角没有直接的关系;表面接触角影响振动水滴的形态轮廓,接触角越低,附着水滴对空间电场强度的畸变程度越小。

电缆导体连接管的电磁脉冲压接工艺参数研究

电磁脉冲成形技术是一种通过电磁力来对金属材料进行加工的高能率成形技术,将其应用于电缆导体连接管的压接中,可以在压接后连接管的表面形貌、紧密度、接触电阻等方面起到明显的改善作用。文中针对GT⁃70、GT⁃150、GT⁃300三种铜连接管制作了3种型号的集磁器,并对其产生的磁场和管件的变形过程进行了仿真和实验研究,探究了不同型号连接管的压接工艺参数。研究发现,铜连接管与铜电缆绞线之间能实现固相焊接的最低碰撞速度是118.6 m/s,对于GT⁃70、GT⁃150、GT⁃300的铜连接管,在放电电流峰值为49.1、50.8、54.9 kA,频率为6.41、5.95、5.52 kHz时碰撞速度分别能达到该值,而在同等储能条件下不插入连接管进行放电时,在工作区所能获得的峰值磁场分别达到18.72、15.41、13.36 T。

覆冰地区分裂与扩径导线表面电场特性

输电线路覆冰对电力系统安全运行具有严重威胁,目前已经发展了多种防冰除冰方法,但每种方法都有其局限性,对于一些具有微气象、微地形特征的重覆冰地区尚未有较好的解决方法。文中考虑到扩径导线的特点和分裂导线输电线路的局限性,根据波阻抗和自然功率将分裂导线等效为单导线,并考虑电流的集肤效应,得到了等效的单根扩径导线,进而分析比较覆冰地区的分裂导线及其等效的单根扩径导线的表面电场特性。研究表明:等效前后导线截面面积相同且波阻抗一致时,扩径导线与分裂导线相比,不仅显著降低了子导线根数和输电线路的覆冰荷载,而且在扩径导线的半径等于分裂导线的等效单导线半径时,扩径导线的表面最大电场强度小于分裂导线。因此,在严重覆冰地区,采用分裂导线等效半径的扩径导线具有非常好的表面电场特性,且可显著降低冰风荷载,提高抗冰强度。

金属构件缺陷的脉冲涡流近-远场复合定量检测

鉴于脉冲涡流检测和脉冲远场涡流检测在金属构件损伤检测中的优势,提出一种非铁磁性金属构件缺陷的脉冲涡流近-远场复合定量检测探头。通过数值仿真,在系统分析电磁场能流密度的基础上,研究脉冲涡流近-远场检测信号特性及其对构件腐蚀减薄缺陷的响应灵敏度,剖析检测信号特征与缺陷尺寸参数间的关联规律。同时,搭建试验平台,进一步探究基于脉冲涡流近-远场复合定量检测的非铁磁性金属构件腐蚀减薄缺陷定量检测方法。仿真及试验结果表明,所提集成磁场直接和间接耦合分量的新探头构型可同时对金属构件腐蚀减薄缺陷实施脉冲涡流检测和脉冲远场涡流检测,增强了缺陷定量信息的有效拾取。

悬浮沙粒对钢芯铝绞线电场强度分布的影响

以钢芯铝绞线(ACSR)为研究对象,利用有限元法建立仿真模型,计算分析沙尘参数以及ACSR最外层铝股数对绞线电场分布的影响。研究结果表明:沙粒会加剧绞线表面电场和绞线附近空间电场的畸变,沙粒粒径、浓度、带电量和线路运行状态对绞线表面及附近空间电场有明显影响,且沙粒所带负极性电荷对电场造成的畸变比正极性电荷更严重。绞线截面积相同情况下,绞线表面电场强度极大值随最外层铝股数增加而减小。研究沙粒参数对ACSR电场分布特性的影响,可为沙尘环境下ACSR选型及设计提供理论依据。

基于BPA法计算特高压直流输电线路合成电场

为研究特高压直流输电线路地面附近的离子流场问题,应用BPA法求解双极直流输电线路离子流场,结合逐次镜像法计算的标称电场,进而求得合成电场,并利用该方法计算了±800 kV直流输电线路的离子流场与合成电场问题,分析了导线对地高度、极间距、子导线半径对特高压直流输电线路合成电场的影响。此外,还对比了求解合成电场强度的电场线法。结果表明,BPA法求解离子流场准确有效,且计算效率大大提高;提高导线架设高度和增加分裂子导线半径均可改善地面附近电磁环境,而减小导线极间距能够降低地面附近的合成电场强度,但效果不明显。