Multi-Objective Optimization of Aluminum Alloy Electric Bus Frame Connectors for Enhanced Durability

The widespread adoption of aluminumalloy electric buses,known for their energy efficiency and eco-friendliness,faces a challenge due to the aluminum frame’s susceptibility to deformation compared to steel.This issue is further exacerbated by the stringent requirements imposed by the flammability and explosiveness of batteries,necessitating robust frame protection.Our study aims to optimize the connectors of aluminum alloy bus frames,emphasizing durability,energy efficiency,and safety.This research delves into Multi-Objective Coordinated Optimization(MCO)techniques for lightweight design in aluminum alloy bus body connectors.Our goal is to enhance lightweighting,reinforce energy absorption,and improve deformation resistance in connector components.Three typical aluminum alloy connectors were selected and a design optimization platform was built for their MCO using a variety of software and methods.Firstly,through three-point bending experiments and finite element analysis on three types of connector components,we identified optimized design parameters based on deformation patterns.Then,employing Optimal Latin hypercube design(OLHD),parametric modeling,and neural network approximation,we developed high-precision approximate models for the design parameters of each connector component,targeting energy absorption,mass,and logarithmic strain.Lastly,utilizing the Archive-based Micro Genetic Algorithm(AMGA),Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization(MOPSO),and Non-dominated SortingGenetic Algorithm(NSGA2),we explored optimized design solutions for these joint components.Subsequently,we simulated joint assembly buckling during bus rollover crash scenarios to verify and analyze the optimized solutions in three-point bending simulations.Each joint component showcased a remarkable 30%–40%mass reduction while boosting energy absorption.Our design optimization method exhibits high efficiency and costeffectiveness.Leveraging contemporary automation technology,the design optimization platform developed in this study is poised to facilitate intelligent optimization of lightweight metal components in future applications.

Thermal stress simulation analysis of aerospace optical fibers and connectors and related extensions to high-speed railway area

Aerospace optical cables and fiber-optic connectors have numerous advantages(e.g.,low loss,wide transmission frequency band,large capacity,light weight,and excellent resistance to electromagnetic interference).They can achieve optical communication interconnections and high-speed bidirectional data transmission between optical terminals and photodetectors in space,ensuring the stability and reliability of data transmission during spacecraft operations in orbit.They have become essential components in high-speed networking and optically interconnected communications for spacecrafts.Thermal stress simulation analysis is important for evaluating the temperature stress concentration phenomenon resulting from temperature fluctuations,temperature gradients,and other factors in aerospace optical cables and connectors under the combined effects of extreme temperatures and vacuum environments.Considering this,advanced optical communication technology has been widely used in high-speed railway communication networks to transmit safe,stable and reliable signals,as high-speed railway optical communication in special areas with extreme climates,such as cold and high-temperature regions,requires high-reliability optical cables and connectors.Therefore,based on the finite element method,comprehensive comparisons were made between the thermal distributions of aerospace optical cables and J599III fiber optic connectors under different conditions,providing a theoretical basis for evaluating the performance of aerospace optical cables and connectors in space environments and meanwhile building a technical foundation for potential optical communication applications in the field of high-speed railways.

Experimental investigation and analytically modeling of hysteretic behavior of rigid bus-flexible connectors of 220 kV electrical substations

This paper describes the quasi-static testing and analytical modelling of the hysteretic behavior of aluminum alloy rigid bus-flexible connectors of 220 kV electrical substations.The main objective of the study is to experimentally investigate the hysteretic behavior of six different types of rigid bus-flexible connectors 220 kV electrical substations when subjected to cyclic loading.Another objective is to theoretically study the flexibility and effectiveness of a previously proposed analytical model in fitting the experimental hysteresis loops of the tested rigid bus-flexible connectors.The experimental investigation indicates that the tested rigid bus-flexible connectors exhibit highly asymmetric hysteresis behavior along with tension stiffening effect.The theoretical study demonstrates that the generalized Bouc-Wen model has high flexibility and is effective in fitting the experimental hysteresis resisting force-displacement curves of the six tested rigid bus-flexible connectors.

The Design of Multi-Connector IoT Central Gateway Based on Raspberry Pi and Docker

With the vigorous development of Internet of Things(IoT)technology,the demand for communication and data exchange between different types of IoT devices is increasing day by day.To solve the problems of diversity and complexity of communication protocols between devices,this paper proposes a design scheme of a multi-connector IoT central gateway based on Raspberry Pi and Docker.Through the research and application of related technologies,by integrating multiple communication interfaces and utilizing containerization technology,an efficient,flexible,and scalable IoT central gateway has been realized,which can support the connection and data interaction of multiple communication protocols and provide strong support for the stable operation and development of the IoT system.

Cone-shaped source characteristics and inductance effect of transient electromagnetic method

Small multi-turn coil devices are used with the transient electromagnetic method （TEM） in areas with limited space, particularly in underground environments such as coal mines roadways and engineering tunnels, and for detecting shallow geological targets in environmental and engineering fields. However, the equipment involved has strong mutual inductance coupling, which causes a lengthy turn-off time and a deep “blind zone”. This study proposes a new transmitter device with a conical-shape source and derives the radius formula of each coil and the mutual inductance coefficient of the cone. According to primary field characteristics, results of the two fields created, calculation of the conical-shaped source in a uniform medium using theoretical analysis, and a comparison of the inductance of the new device with that of the multi-turn coil, show that inductance of the multi-turn coil is nine times greater than that of the conical source with the same equivalent magnetic moment of 926.1 A·m2. This indicates that the new source leads to a much shallower “blind zone.” Furthermore, increasing the bottom radius and turn of the cone creates a larger mutual inductance but increasing the cone height results in a lower mutual inductance. Using the superposition principle, the primary and secondary magnetic fields for a conical source in a homogeneous medium are calculated; results indicate that the magnetic behavior of the cone is the same as that of the multi-turn coils, but the transient responses of the secondary field and the total field are more stronger than those of the multi-turn coils. To study the transient response characteristics using a cone-shaped source in a layered earth, a numerical filtering algorithm is then developed using the fast Hankel transform and the improved cosine transform, again using the superposition principle. During development, an average apparent resistivity inverted from the induced electromotive force using each coil is defined to represent the comprehensive resistivity of the conical source. To verify the forward calculation method, the transient responses of H type models and KH type models are calculated, and data are inverted using a “smoke ring” inversion. The results of inversion have good agreement with original models and show that the forward calculation method is effective. The results of this study provide an option for solving the problem of a deep “blind zone” and also provide a theoretical indicator for further research.

Dynamic Responses of Mobile Offshore Base Connectors

A Mobile Offshore Base (MOB) is a multi-purpose logistics base, which can be stationed in coastal or international waters. In the conceptual design of the MOB, attention should he paid to the dynamic responses of the inter-module connectors because tremendous loads occur in the connectors. In this paper, a study on dynamic responses of the MOB connectors is carried out by use of the Rigid Module Flexible Connector (RMFC) model which assumes that the module stiffness is significantly larger than that of the connector. In the analysis, the connector is modeled as a linear spring, which restricts relative translations but allows for relative rotations of modules. The 3-D source distribution method is adopted to determine the hydrodynamic forces of the modules, and the hydrodynamic interaction between modules is taken into account. The module motions and connector loads for 12 connector stiffness cases in regular and irregular waves are calculated with the multi-rigid-body motion equations. And the calculated results are compared with those from relative references. It is shown that the results obtained by different methods are in good agreement.

Seismic behavior of large-scale FRP–recycled aggregate concrete–steel columns with shear connectors

The application of fi ber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for the development of high-performance composite structural systems has received signifi cant recent research attention. A composite of FRP–recycled aggregate concrete (RAC)–steel column (FRSC), consisting of an outer FRP tube, an inner steel tube and annular RAC fi lled between two tubes, is proposed herein to facilitate green disposal of demolished concrete and to improve the ductility of concrete columns for earthquake resistance. To better understand the seismic behavior of FRSCs, quasi-static tests of large-scale basalt FRSCs with shear connectors were conducted. The infl uence of the recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) replacement percentage, shear connectors and axial loading method on the lateral load and deformation capacity, energy dissipation and cumulative damage were analyzed to evaluate the seismic behavior of FRSCs. The test results show that FRSCs have good seismic behavior, which was evidenced by high lateral loads, excellent ductility and energy dissipation capacity, indicating RAC is applicable in FRSCs. Shear connectors can signifi cantly postpone the steel buckling and increase the lateral loads of FRSCs, but weaken the deformation capacity and energy dissipation performance.

Evaluation of the Shear Strength of Perfobond Rib Connectors in Ultra High Performance Concrete

Since the previous strength prediction models for the perfobond rib connector were proposed based upon the results of push-out tests conducted on concretes with compressive strength below 50 MPa, push-out test is performed on perfobond shear connectors applying ultra high performance concretes with compressive strength higher than 80 MPa to evaluate their shear resistance. The test variables are chosen to be the diameter and number of dowel holes and, the change in the shear strength of the perfobond rib connector is examined with respect to the strength of two types of UHPC: steel fiber-reinforced concrete with compressive strength of 180 MPa and concrete without steel fiber with compressive strength of 80 MPa. The test results reveal that higher concrete strength and larger number of holes increased the shear strength, and that higher increase rate in the shear strength was achieved by the dowel action. The comparison with the predictions obtained by the previous models shows that the experimental results are close to the values given by the model proposed by Oguejiofor and Hosain [1].

Optimal Stiffness for Flexible Connectors on A Mobile Offshore Base at Rough Sea States

This paper investigates a simplified method to determine the optimal stiffness of flexible connectors on a mobile offshore base(MOB) during the preliminary design stage. A three-module numerical model of an MOB was used as a case study. Numerous constraint forces and relative displacements for the connectors at rough sea states with different wave angles were utilized to determine the optimized stiffness of the flexible connectors. The range of optimal stiffnesses for the connectors was obtained based on the combination and intersection of the optimized stiffness results, and the implementation steps were elaborated in detail. The percentage reductions of the optimized and optimal stiffness of the flexible connector were determined to quantitatively evaluate the decreases of the constraint force and relative displacement of the connectors compared with those calculated by using the original range of the connector stiffnesses. The results indicate the accuracy and feasibility of this method for determining the optimal stiffness of the flexible connectors and demonstrate the rationality and practicability of the optimal stiffness results. The research ideas, calculation process, and solutions for the optimal stiffness of the flexible connectors of an MOB in this paper can provide valuable technical support for the design of the connectors in similar semisubmersible floating structures.

Improved HHT and its application in narrowband radar imaging for precession cone-shaped targets

Imaging the spatial precession cone-shaped targets with narrowband radar is a new technical approach in mid-course recognition problem. However, most existing time-frequency methods still have some inevitable deficiencies for extracting microDoppler information in practical applications, which leads to blurring of the image. A new narrowband radar imaging algorithm for the precession cone-shaped targets is proposed. The instantaneous frequency of each scattering point is gained by using the improved Hilbert-Huang transform, then the positions of scattering points in the parameter domain are reconstructed. Numerical simulation and experiment results confirm the effectiveness and high precision of the proposed algorithm.

Academic health sciences libraries as connectors to knowledge beyond literature

Libraries at large academic medical centers in the United States are undergoing a transformation from their traditional role as knowledge repositories to a new role as connectors to knowledge. This transformation is fueled by the move away from library-held print resources as the primary source of information used by researchers,clinicians and students. Knowledge resources critical to the missions of academic medical centers now include online books and journals,very large data sets,software tools,and expertise far beyond the walls of the library. This article illustrates how Bernard Becker Medical Library at Washington University in St. Louis has seized the opportunity to recast itself as a connector to knowledge beyond literature and strengthen its vital role within the university as a catalyst for learning and discovery.

Influences of polishing on return loss of optical fiber connectors

With Al2O3 and SiO2 as polishing medium, under different polishing conditions, e.g. with different polishing pressure, polishing time and polishing fluid, the influences of polishing treatment on the return loss of optical fiber connectors were investigated. The return loss of optical fiber connectors is 32CD*238dB before polishing. The results show that dry polishing（i.e. no polishing fluid） with Al2O3 has less influence on return loss of optical fiber connectors, while dry polishing with SiO2 reduces return loss to about 20dB because of the end-face of optical fiber contaminated. The wet polishing（i.e. using distilled water as polishing fluid） with Al2O3 or SiO2 can increase return loss to 45CD*250dB, but wet polishing with Al2O3 may produce optical fiber undercut depth of 80CD*2140nm. Wet polishing with SiO2 should be preferentially selected for optical fiber connectors and polishing time should be controlled within 20CD*230s.

Study of the Dynamic Characteristics of A Cone-Shaped Recovery System on Submarines for Recovering Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

National navies equip their submarines with Autonomous Underwater Vehicle(AUV)technology.It has become an important component of submarine development in technologically-advanced countries.Employing advanced and reliable recovery systems directly improves the safety and operational efficiency of submarines equipped with AUVs.In this paper,based on aerial refueling technology,a cone-shaped recovery system with two different guiding covers(closed structure and frame structure)is applied to the submarine.By taking the Suboff model as the research object,STAR-CCM was used to study the influence of the installation position of the recovery system,and the length of the rigid rod,on the Suboff model.It was found that when the recovery system is installed in the middle and rear of the Suboff model at the same velocity and the same length of the rigid rod,the Suboff model has the good stability and less drag.It experiences the largest drag when being installed in the front of the rigid rod.Moreover,when the recovery system is installed in the front and middle of the rigid rod,the drag increases as its length increases,and the lift decreases as its length increases.Compared with the closed structure guiding cover,the Suboff model will have less drag and better stability when the recovery system uses the frame structure guiding cover.Besides,the deflection and vibration of the rigid rod were also analyzed via mathematical theory.

Forging process modeling of cone-shaped posts

Using the rigid visco-plastic Finite Element Method (FEM), the process offorging for long cone-shaped posts made of aluminum alloys was modeled and the correspondingdistributions of the field variables were obtained based on considering aberrance of grids, dynamicboundary conditions, non-stable process, coupled thermo-mechanical behavior and other specialproblems. The difficulties in equipment selection and die analysis caused by the long cone shape ofpost, as well as by pressure calculation were solved.

A Corpus-Based Study of Adverbial Connectors in Native and Non-native Students＇ Writing

In writing and speaking, adverbial connectors always play a part to connect different parts together at both semantic and syntactic aspects. For it is so important that a lot of scholars have made and are making a series of studies to their functions. On the basis of corpus-based study, this paper firstly makes a comparison to the usage of adverbial connectors in their writings of the native students and non-native students and then exposes a distinctive gap between these two types of writings in usage of adverbial connectors. In order to help Chinese second-language learners acquire English as well as English native speakers do, this study deeply digs this gap and in further provides several pedagogical suggestions for English teachers and second-language learners.

Shear Behavior of Open Steel Tube Connectors in Steel⁃UHPC Composite Decks

Steel and ultra⁃high performance concrete(UHPC)composite decks are effective at reducing fatigue cracking and asphalt pavement damage.The shear behavior of innovative open steel tube(OST)connectors in steel⁃UHPC composite decks was investigated by conducting push⁃out tests.The test parameter is the presence of reinforcement in the deck.The load⁃slip curves and shear behavior of the push⁃out specimens were obtained and discussed.The test results indicate that as compared with plain concrete specimens,the limit slip of reinforced specimens decreased by 32%and the shear stiffness increased by 10%,but the ultimate shear capacity was almost the same.The use of UHPC influenced the failure process as it was observed that the OST connector was sheared off at its lower semi⁃tube,followed by the pull⁃out failure of the upper semi⁃tube.A finite element model was verified by tests and was then used to analyze the deformation and failure behaviors of the composite deck with open tubes.The model demonstrates that there is a stress concentration zone at the connector root,and the lower semi⁃tube is the main component that is subject to loads.

国际空间站宇航光纤通信器件发展综述

光纤通信技术在国际空间站(ISS)上首次大规模应用,是光通信技术从地面进入太空应用的一个重要里程碑。回顾了ISS舱内光纤通信所用宇航光缆和光纤连接器的技术发展历程,阐述了ISS对光纤通信技术的特殊需求;介绍了美国航空航天局(NASA)开展的光纤器件空间适应性试验研究情况,NASA和欧洲太空总署(ESA)负责建造舱段的光纤通信系统,以及NASA针对ISS光纤通信器件缺陷问题的质量调查情况和整改过程;结合ISS光纤通信器件质量问题的案例分析,总结了宇航光缆和光纤连接器在制造、工艺、材料、环境、检测和管理方面存在的问题和经验教训。最后,对宇航光纤通信器件的研发方向进行了展望。

大直径盾构隧道新型纵缝接头抗弯性能试验研究

纵缝接头是盾构隧道受力性能的薄弱部位,管片接头的形式直接影响盾构隧道的力学性能。目前国内的盾构隧道纵缝接头使用的连接件多为螺栓,新型纵缝接头使用了一种新的连接件—滑入式连接件,此种接头在大直径盾构隧道中的受力性能有待研究。本文以新型纵缝接头为研究对象,针对两种不同型号的滑入式连接件,采用模型试验的方法探究了大直径盾构隧道新型纵缝接头的受力性能,通过理论分析计算了新型纵缝接头的极限承载力,并比较分析了传统螺栓纵缝接头和新型纵缝接头的受力性能。结果表明:新型接头衬砌管片的薄弱部位在连接件周围的混凝土区域;滑入式连接件的型号直接影响新型纵缝接头的受力性能,两种接头中连接件尺寸较大的接头转角刚度相较于连接件尺寸较小的接头转角刚度增加了7.2~169.5%,极限承载能力增加了69.9%;新型纵缝接头比螺栓接头有更高的转角刚度,受力性能更好,适用于大直径盾构隧道。

套筒灌浆搭接及对接接头高应力反复拉压试验

为比较套筒灌浆搭接及对接接头间力学性能差异,进行了41个搭接接头和20个对接接头的单拉及高应力反复拉压试验。结果表明:单拉及高应力反复拉压时,两种接头均能实现最大力下总伸长率大于6%、延性系数大于4,强度基本满足规范要求;高应力反复拉压后单拉时,两种接头承载力均有所提高,但接头初始刚度和延性下降;防偏转措施可减少搭接接头残余变形,但其约束刚度有限,搭接接头残余变形略大于对接接头,防偏转搭接接头及对接接头残余变形基本满足规范要求;高应力反复拉压后单拉时,搭接接头套筒中部截面在加载前期纵向受拉、环向受压,加载后期纵向受压、环向受拉,对接接头套筒加载过程中均为纵向受拉、环向受压;高应力反复拉压结束后单拉时,防偏转、不防偏转搭接接头套筒中部截面近钢筋侧最大纵向拉应变分别为对接接头的0.10~0.39倍、0.13~0.18倍,最大环向压应变分别为对接接头的0.09~0.49倍、0.02~0.32倍,搭接接头对套筒材性要求较低;钢筋直径相同时搭接接头材料成本较对接接头降低约35%。

基于SSTDR的光伏连接器故障检测

随着运行时间的增长,光伏连接器会出现氧化、老化、松动等现象,易导致接触不良、发热等问题,最终可能引起断路、电弧等故障,对光伏系统的高效、安全运行造成不良影响。由于光伏连接器故障会引起其等效阻抗的变化,该文采用扩频时域反射法(spread spectrum time domain reflectometry,SSTDR)来进行检测:通过向光伏连接器所在的光伏组件串注入正弦高频信号调制的伪随机序列序列测试信号,分析入射信号与反射信号的相关特性,再与健康状态下的特性进行比较,来实现光伏连接器故障在线诊断。对此进行仿真计算并在4块光伏板组成的光伏组串中进行实验,发现开路故障时包络面积最大可达到5×10^(5),而脱离故障时包络面积最小为0.8×10^(5),二者皆远大于健康时的包络面积0.07×10^(5),可有效诊断光伏连接器是否发生故障。