Boundary Element Analysis (Laplace Transform Solution) of Groundwater Unsteady Flow to a Multiple Well System in a Confined Aquifer

The calculations of unsteady flow to a multiple well system with the application of boundary elementmethod (BEM) are discussed. The mathematical model of unsteady well flow is a boundary value problem ofparabolic differential equation. It is changed into an elliptic one by Laplace transform to eliminate time varia-ble. The image function of water head H can be solved by BEM. We derived the boundary integral equation ofthe transformed variable H and the discretization form of it, so that there is no need to discretize the bounda-ries of well walls and it becomes easier to solve the groundwater head H by numerical inversion.

SHEARING FLOW NEAR A BYPASS WITH A BALL IN IT

This article contributes to the variation of a shearing flow near the entrance of a bypass with a ball in it. It was assumed that the fluid is incompressible, the flow is steady with small Reynolds number, and at a distance far from the entrance there is an uniform shearing flow. In order to fit in with a more complicated geometry, the finite element method was used. Especially, the automatic FEM Code Composition System was used. This method reduces computing work tremendously.

STUDIES ON THE LAW OF LAMINAR HELICAL FLOW OF POWER-LAW FLUID IN ECCENTRIC ANNULI

The flow of mud under a constant axial pressure gradient in eccentric annuli was studied extensively in this paper. Assumed that the inner wall was rotating at a constant angular velocity, then the constitutive equation of power law fluid and the equation of motion were given. The expressions of apparent viscosity, velocity, flow rate and pressure loss were obtained. In Some numerical results were given by alternation-substitution method. The conclusions are that the viscosity difference between wide and narrow clearance is reduced with increasing the rotation of inner cylinder and/or decreasing the eccentric distance. The flow rate will be increased with increasing the rotation of inner cylinder and eccentric distance, etc.. The pressure loss in eccentric flow is quite large than in concentric axial flow. The results are useful for calculating hydraulic parameters in drilling engineering.

ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS OF THE HELICAL FLOW OF NONNEWTONIAN FLUID IN ECCENTRIC ANNULAR SPACE

Many problems in petroleum and chemical industry can be reduced to the solution of the helical flow of non-Newtonian fluid in eccentric annular space. The laminar helical flows of the power law fluid and Bingham fluid in eccentric annular space were studied. An approximate analytical solution was obtained by the infinite subdivision method, namely, the eccentric flow was replaced by the infinite concentric flows. Then, the expressions for apparent viscosity distribution, velocity distribution and the flow rate were derived for the power law fluid and the Bingham fluid respectively. In addition, the expressions for pressure drop and stability parameter were also given. It is concluded that this method is much easier to use and more accurate than the method which solves the equations directly. The results are useful for the drilling technology of oil industry, etc.

Confined gravity flow sedimentary process and its impact on the lower continental slope,Niger Delta

There is active gravity flow sedimentation on the lower continental slope of Niger Delta. High-resolution 3-D seismic data enable a detailed study on the gravity flow deposition process and its impact. The lower continental slope of Niger Delta is characterized by a stepped complex topography, which resulted from gravity sliding and spreading during Miocene and Pliocene. Two types of accommodations are identified on the slope: ponded accommodation as isolated sub-basins and healed slope accommodation as connected tortuous corridors, where multi-scale submarine fans and submarine channels developed. Gravity flow deposition process is affected by the characteristics of gravity flows and the receiving basin. At the early stage, gravity flow deposition process was dominated by "fill and spill" pattern in the ponded accommodation, whereas it was confined to the healed slope accommodation during the late stage. On the lower continental slope of Niger Delta, complex slope topography controlled the distribution and evolution of the gravity flow, producing complicated gravity depositional patterns.

STRUCTURES OF CONFINED VORTEX BREAKDOWN IN CONSTANT DIAMETER PIPE FLOW

Numerical solutions of three-dimensional, incompressible and unsteady Navier-Stokes equations for constant diameter swirling pipe flows are used to study vortex breakdown, including the detailed flow structures in the bubble domain and the ＂tail＂ behind the bubble during the vortex breakdown, and a comparison is made between the numerical solutions and the experimental results.

Batch synthesis of transfer-free graphene with wafer-scale uniformity

Scalable synthesis of transfer-free graphene over insulators offers exciting opportunity for next-generation electronics and optoelectronics.However,rational design of synthetic protocols to harvest wafer-scale production of directly grown graphene still remains a daunting challenge.Herein we explore a batch synthesis of large-area graphene with wafer-scale uniformity by virtue of direct chemical vapor deposition(CVD)on quartz.Such a controllable CVD approach allows to synthesize 30 pieces of 4-inch graphene wafers in one batch,affording a low fluctuation of optical and electrical properties.Computational fluid dynamics simulations reveal the mechanism of uniform growth,indicating thermal field and confined flow field play leading roles in attaining the batch uniformity.The resulting wafer-scale graphene enables the direct utilization as key components in optical elements.Our method is applicable to other types of insulating substrates(e.g.,sapphire,SiO2/Si,Si3N4),which may open a new avenue for direct manufacture of graphene wafers in an economic fashion.