On Evaluating University Teachers’ Morality and Ethics in the New Era

University teachers play an important role in promoting moral and political education among university students.Regular and long-term construction of teachers’morality and ethics will contribute to the success of the fundamental task of cultivating talents.The present study proposes that due to the multiple identities of university teachers,it is necessary to evaluate the construction of teachers’morality and ethics in terms of what to evaluate and how to evaluate?It is expected that the attempt will provide useful guidance for the construction of university teachers’morality and ethics.

Kant and Confucius:Moral Ethics Behind Western and Eastern Approaches to International Relations

International relations(IR)as a discipline is currently experiencing a crisis that may be viewed as a protest against the Euro-centric theories in humanities and the Western view on global politics,some of the most vocal opponents coming from Asia,with China at its core.This paper aims to compare the principles that depict moral ethics serving as a base for political idealism in the West and the East with Kant’s views as a foundation for Western idealism and Confucius’s ethical theory as a ground for an ideal society from the Asian perspective.The comparison is conducted along the following axes:the notions of autonomy,will,and freedom,initially developed to depict an ideal world order in the Kantian view.As a result of this comparison,the common feature between the two types of ethics,namely the strive for human dignity,becomes apparent.In conclusion,the paper suggests that researchers should concentrate on common features in the two philosophies instead of juxtaposing their apparent differences,which politically reflect the opposition of individualism and collectivism.Stress on human dignity shall become a unifying factor in modern international politics instead.

Food Choices, Morality, and the Role of Environmental Ethics

In the present article we analyze the ethical dimensions of the issue of human nutrition.Three axes which relate our human diet and food to the moral philosophy,namely the killing of living organisms,overpopulation,and genetically modified products respectively,will be analyzed.Finally,we will refer to the philosophy of Deep Ecology and the possible answers it gives to the moral dilemmas we face.

The preliminary inspiration of＂ethics＂ and ＂morality＂ to the ideological and political education

To distinguish the fact judgment and the value judgment and to unify the reason and the emotion has become the advanced stage of ethics with the subjective and the objective unity. From the free ＂ethics＂ in the primary stage to the ＂morality＂ with the ＂subjective freedom＂ and the ＂practical reasoning＂ to the ＂ethics＂ with the subjective and objective unity in the advanced stage, the motion process has great enlightenment on the origin of the ideological and political education, the ＂idea of moral and profit＂, and the holistic interpersonal concept and so on.

On Scientific-Technological Ethics

Ethics and morality are old and constantly updated topic. In the modern science and technology rapid development situation, study of ethics of science and technology is relatively backward. The times call for advanced and reasonable ethics of science-technology. Basic concepts and characteristics of ethics and morals are distinguished and defined in this paper. Three ethic essences of science-technology are abstracted from scientific-technological generation, application, and development. The three-dimension system of basic principles for scientific-technologic ethics is created, as illustrated by the portions given in this paper. The evolution formula of value system is derived, and used for appraising whether the science-technology activity is in all reason. Furthermore, it provides the theory base for quantified management. Finally, it is pointed out that morality and law should be supplemented each other in the science-technology management.

Ethical Leadership and Moral Imagination: A Moderated Mediation Model of Proximity and Organizational Commitment

Moral imagination is the ability that can help individuals overcome constraints of organizational mental models to develop fresh frameworks and to make ethical decisions on the basis of those frameworks.This study aimed to explore the moderated mediator role of organizational commitment between ethical leadership and moral imagination.Data of 281 employees were collected,and results showed that when the victim of a certain ethical issue is their own company,organizational commitment fully mediated the effect of ethical leadership on moral imagination;however,when the victim is other company,ethical leadership and organizational commitment hadn't any effect on moral imagination.Those results showed the process that ethical leadership uses to influence moral imagination is not a social learning process but a social exchange process.

The Ethics of Therapy Selection in Dermatology

Off-label use of medication is common in many areas of medicine and particularly in dermatology. Off-label use of medication, whether by prescription or use of samples, creates special ethical issues that include informed consent, patient autonomy and the fundamental adage “first, do no harm”. The choice of medication is also influenced by the patient and appropriate use ultimately depends on a thorough discussion of the risks and benefits as well as a mutually agreed treatment plan.

Empiricism, Moral Philosophy, and Ethical Behavior

I argue in this paper that moral philosophers need to incorporate into their teaching and writing a number of empirical findings on ethical practices. Principal among these is clearer guidelines on speaking out against wrongdoing, as well as the development of codes of ethics that have been proven to work. The adoption of the critical thinking and the analytical methodology of other disciplines is also suggested. Several benefits will result. The most noticeable will be a strengthening of ethical practices and behavior in the institutions and organizations with which we live and work. A second benefit will be the education and employment of a body of people--graduates in moral philosophy--with the skills and knowledge to bring about, and further strengthen, this enhanced ethical environment. A third benefit will be the matching of the claims of philosophical thought with actual reality.

Ethics and Law： Reassessment on the Legal Positivism

Legal system in a modern society is administered by judiciary which is due to separation of powers in a constitutional government whose role is congruent with market-based （i.e., capitalist） social formation. At the outset of modernity, an overall morality, as a social system, lacked for ordering all social relations in modern society under overdetermination of market relationships and class differentiation. Despite the fact that we may attribute moral property to the patterned relationship, there is somewhat a common character between morals and laws that both of them visibly set forth by reciprocity between individuals and social groups, which are backed by external sanctions as manifested with notion of justice, as evaluative criterion of impartiality. Thereby, the other problem is a tiny relationship or sometimes tension between social systems of morals and individual ethical virtues; even though some philosophers are willing to equate virtues, morals, and the law as squarely reducing virtues to obey the established law. As though, legal system and some morals incidentally coincide, the law cannot be evenly rely on morality in spite of presumed legitimacy by means of morals that have been overall subject matter of philosophy of law. Regarding the social structure of any capitalist society, I frankly say that law autonomously or semi-autonomously arose as a discrete depolitical power system other than system of morals which was ultimately determined by mode of production. Therefore, it relies on a convention-like social approbation, whatsoever is stably or unstably balanced with political power.

The thoughts of reconstructing the current difficulty of the contemporary Chinese ethics

随着改革开放和社会主义市场经济的深入和发展,我国传统的伦理理论与现实出现了脱节,加之官员腐败、各种分配不公以及虚拟网络的冲击等原因,当代中国面临着国家伦理认同危机,各种伦理问题突出,道德失范和精神缺失现象严重。因此,必须立足国情,辩证的对待传统伦理及外来伦理文化,正确处理效率与公平的关系,强化权力运行制约和监督体系,完善建立现代市场新秩序和网络道德新秩序,推动适应时代需要的伦理新道德的构建。

Ethics and the Techno-Economic Future

The general theme-“ethics in the future”-intends to question a form of human knowledge,ethics,in relation to a dimension of time,the future.In broader terms,the title refers to a question about the relationship between knowledge and time,which in turn includes questions such as:“To what do different forms of knowledge-ethics,economics,physics-refer when they discuss the future?”;“What do they mean by a possible,probable,preferable future?”;“What future emerges through their key concepts?”;“What kind of future challenges present knowledge within an epochal context that is established in the form of an incessant reproduction of relative means and ends,one that is constantly outdated?”;“What form of knowledge is required first and foremost so that the establishment of this epoch can take place?”

Teacher's Professional Ethics

Teachers play an important role in society,whose career is considered to be the most glorious one under the sun.They have deep and lifelong influence on students and the prosperity of a country and even the bright future of the whole world.Teacher should be a person with great virtue that sets good examples for the students.However,nowadays,there exist various problems about teacher’s ethics due to complex social,economical,cultural or personal issues.It’s urgent and imperative for teachers to learn and improve professional ethics to be a better mentor.This paper begins with the definition of ethics,emphasizes the importance of teachers’professional ethics,talks about current situation in this area,analyzes the reasons why there are immoral problems about teachers and suggests some practical strategies on how to improve it.

New Moral Subjects: Walking the Line Between Autonomy and Automaton

The question of“new moral subjects”arises today in connection with the use of advanced technologies in the context of Industry 4.0,i.e.,the industrial enterprise investing in smart factories,co-robotic,additive manufacturing,augmented reality,cyber security,big data,etc.Industry 4.0 underpins what is being heralded as Industry 5.0.Technologies in this field excel in that they are not used for the mere execution of processes designed,programmed,and controlled by man,but are applied to realise“autonomously”goals in the industrial context.Consequently,their degree of automation is no longer defined by increasing independence from human beings,but by the ability to spontaneously initiate a process and implement it to useful effect.The comparison between man and machine,and the justification for the introduction of“new moral subjects”thus crucially depend on the location of“moral being”in the reference to their“autonomy”as a property characterising the“subject man”,but not the exclusive prerogative of the latter.

Sustainability as an Ethical Aspect of the Theory-Practice Gap in Business Schools

This paper aims to reframe sustainability as an ethical aspect of the theory-practice gap in business and management education for sustainable development,which should be viewed as an integral part of knowledge produced and disseminated in business schools.The paper adopts a narrative approach to review the relevant literature on two streams of research,namely,the theory-practice gap and sustainability in reforming business schools.The synthesis and discussion of the existing literature suggest that while sustainability is frequently viewed with an ethical sentiment,the existing research overlooks its significance in bringing together knowledge and practice in business schools.This paper highlights the potential of sustainability as a theoretical lens in bridging the theory-practice gap in business schools;proposing to rethink the conceptual space that lies in ethics for further theoretical developments.The author urges business and management scholars to engage in burgeoning debates on business school reforms relating to the theory-practice gap and sustainability with an emphasis on ethics.The author contends that the neglected theoretical linkages between the theory-practice gap and sustainability provide fruitful directions for future research.Through a moral lens,business schools can move toward responsible management education for a more sustainable future.

“经师”与“人师”统一:我国中小学教师职前培养的关键难点

中小学教师职前培养是其职业生涯的主体中心环节,在此过程中强调“经师”与“人师”的统一,是其可否成为教师职业胜任者的重中之重,也是中小学教师职前培养的关键难点。当前我国中小学教师职前培养偏重“经师”,体现出知识本位、技能本位、实践本位等目标取向。实现“经师”与“人师”的统一培养特别是培养“人师”意义重大,培养“人师”不仅是弘扬中华优秀传统文化的内在要义,而且是落实“立德树人”教育根本任务的必然要求,还是新时代建设高质量教师队伍的根本遵循。目前在实现“经师”与“人师”统一过程中,还面临着培养主体育人理念存在错位、培养对象在专业学习过程中功利化倾向较为严重、培养过程的核心维度和关键内容失之偏颇等问题。基于此,中小学教师职前培养应遵循国家聚焦制度政策建设、学校致力培养过程改革、高校教师夯实“人师”培养能力、师范生主动提升“人师”力等多维协同,最终实现“经师”与“人师”的统一培养。

应用伦理学的方法论

作为方法体系的应用伦理学,主要包含两个方面的内容:它是一个技术层面上的“方法组合”,是各种原则、规范、推理技巧和分析框架的应用组合;它也是一种“做伦理学”的方法论。应用伦理学的早期范式是一种原则主义,即运用普遍原则判断特殊事例的道德推理。当代应用伦理学的研究范式则是一个“转化”和“应用”多元知识解决道德困境的综合判断决策系统,它有两个重要的方法路径:权衡伦理原则和细化伦理规则。规则的权衡和细化是应用伦理学对道德推理不断开发的过程,是两种具有基础意义的应用伦理学分析方法。应用伦理学不仅打开了一个可适度无限开放的问题域,也催生着一个开放的学科知识交互系统和一个综合判断决策系统。但也应认识到,应用伦理学无法解决所有的道德困境,因此不能对它抱有不合理的预期。

中国古代儒家伦理思想中的道德空间智慧探论

道德空间是指个体以道德规范来调节自我身心,自我与他人、社会,以及自我与自然的关系,从而建构起来的价值空间。它体现为个体在道德关系场域中的得居其位和与外界的共生、共处状态。在以往伦理学理论体系中,道德空间并非显性范畴,但这并不能表明传统伦理思想体系中就没有这方面的思想智慧。中国古代儒家伦理思想就隐藏着丰富的个体道德空间智慧:一是“养浩然之气”和“慎独”学说蕴含的个体身心维度的道德空间智慧,养浩然之气意味着个体恰当安置身心于身心关系场域,慎独意味着个体自我内求道德并以合德方式谨慎把握身心关系,因此它们都是个体身心维度的道德空间建构;二是“仁”“礼”统一学说蕴含的个体与他人、社会维度的道德空间智慧,仁指爱人利人、将心比心、推己及人以形成相互仁爱的人际关系,礼乃仁之具体行为规范和行为模式,以及人们循礼而为所形成的礼和秩序,仁爱关系、礼和秩序都是个体人际维度的道德空间架构;三是“天人合一”学说蕴含的个体与自然维度的道德空间智慧,其中天即自然界,人是作为主体的存在,天人合一意味着天人合德,而天人合德即意味着人以道德规范来协调自我与自然的关系,与自然共生、共处,从而展现出人与自然维度的道德空间意蕴。这些道德空间思想智慧对于人们协调自我身心关系,平衡自我与他人、自我与社会的关系,调节自我与自然的关系,从而实现人与自然的和谐共生,具有重要意义和启迪价值。

聊城地区医护人员安宁疗护认知及态度调查分析

目的调查聊城地区医护人员对安宁疗护的认知及态度现状,并分析相关影响因素,为进一步开展安宁疗护服务提供参考。方法采取便利抽样方法,于2022年1—6月选取404名聊城地区各级医院的医护人员为研究对象,进行安宁疗护知识及态度问卷调查,利用统计学方法进行相关影响因素分析。结果聊城地区医护人员安宁疗护的知识得分为(13.02±4.10)分,平均得分率为65.10%,态度得分为(38.67±5.64)分,平均得分率为64.50%。年龄(41~50)岁、接受过教育培训、医治或护理过中晚期患者、了解伦理道德和文化习俗与知识得分成正相关(P<0.05)。年龄(>50岁)、职称(副高级职称)、岗位(医疗)、医治或护理过中晚期患者会对态度得分产生显著的正向影响关系(P<0.05)。结论聊城地区医护人员对安宁疗护的认知和态度处于中等水平,加强建设规范的安宁疗护体系有助于提高医护人员的安宁疗护认知及态度水平。

应用伦理学中的程序伦理

应用伦理学的任务在于为功能分化的社会各个领域部门出现的道德冲突与伦理悖论提供解答,这一任务的完成有赖于程序伦理理念的建构。作为一种程序伦理,应用伦理学通过体现民主在道德哲学中的运用而呈示了全新的伦理范式。依照论证程序的建构原则,具有价值多元性的商谈决策参与者们唯一能够达成一致的起点只能是中立的程序,但实际上商谈程序又并非纯形式上的和价值中立的,因为程序伦理以自由为价值底蕴,以公正先于善好为价值导向。商谈程序的参与者应具备伦理专业基础知识和敏锐的判断力,对情境有全面精准的把握,善于提炼和厘清伦理问题,能够运用伦理理论工具,自觉遵循程序的基本规范性设定,力求在理性论证基础上赢得也许并非道德真理而是具有一定道德正确程度的道德共识,所有这一切均构成程序伦理的基本样态。