Clinical Effect of an Improved Post-Operative Feeding Protocol“in Transition”Infants of Congenital Heart Disease with Pulmonary Hypertension

Background:To achieve successful management of infants with congenital heart disease(CHD)together with pulmonary hypertension(PH),postoperative care,especially feeding care is vital in addition to surgery.Postoperative feeding is comprised of three stages:feeding in the intensive care unit,feeding in the general ward and family feeding,in which the general ward is considered as the“transitional stage”.At present,there is little research on the optimal mode of feeding care for the transitional stage,and there is no universally recognized and accepted protocol.Methods:We retrospectively analyzed 114 CHD infants with PH who underwent family-centered(FC)feeding care from July 2017 to December 2018,and prospectively studied 122 CHD infants with the same baseline level who adopted the improved mode,nurse-parent-driven(NPD)feeding mode from January 2019 to June 2020.The feasibility and efficacy of NPD as a“transitional”feeding nursing mode in CHD infants with PH were compared with the FC cohort by observing and analyzing the stress of family caregivers,feedingrelated complications,the proportion of breastfeeding,improvement of nutritional status,acquisition of knowledge and skills of feeding care,inpatient’s satisfaction rating and prognosis.Results:When compared with the FC feeding care,the NPD mode significantly reduced the burden of family caregivers,improved the rate of feeding care knowledge and skills and inpatient’s satisfaction rating,reduced the incidence of improper feeding-related complications,and enhanced the proportion of breastfeeding and nutritional status of infants at the“transitional stage”(all P<0.05).The self-assessment score of care ability of family caregivers and weight gain of children in the NPD group were significantly higher than those in the FC group(all P<0.05)during the follow-up.Conclusions:As a transitional mode of feeding in CHD infants with PH,NPD feeding care is superior to the conventional FC mode,which therefore can be adopted as a standard protocol in clinical practice.

Effects of Palivizumab Guideline Changes on RSV Admissions in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease and Prematurity

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes significant morbidity and mortality in patients with a history of prematurity and congenital heart disease (CHD). In 2014, the guidelines for Palivizumab became more restrictive for this population. We hypothesized the percentage of RSV+ admissions would increase overall and in this target group (TG) specifically. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of patients under age 2 years admitted with bronchiolitis two seasons prior to the change (Pre) and two seasons after (Post). Our TG included patients who were eligible prior to the 2014 changes but currently no longer eligible. We used chi-square analysis to answer the two main hypotheses: 1) Percent RSV+/total bronchiolitis Pre vs Post and 2) Percent of TG/RSV+ Pre vs Post. Results: 1283 patients (546 pre, 737 post) were admitted with the diagnosis of RSV between 2012-2016, 866 actually tested positive for RSV (367 Pre, 499 Post). There was no significant difference in the number of total patients admitted with RSV (Pre = 67.2%, Post = 67.7%) or in our TG (Pre 7.1% vs Post 8.2%). TG overall had a more complicated course: longer length of stay, median 5 days, IQR 2 - 12 vs 3 days, IQR 1 - 5, (p < 0.001), intensive care unit admissions (36% vs 22.8%, p = 0.02), positive pressure ventilation (25.4% vs 15.4%, p = 0.03) and intubation (16.4% vs 6.8%, p = 0.004), but there was no difference Pre vs Post. Conclusion: The TG had an overall higher acuity, but there was no increase in the number of patients hospitalized with RSV or severity as a result of the Palivizumab guideline changes.

≤10 kg婴幼儿先天性心脏病的围手术期治疗

目的评估低体重(≤10 kg)婴幼儿先心病的外科手术效果,总结临床经验。方法回顾性分析心外科低体重(≤10 kg)婴幼儿先心病1382例的临床资料。男性665例,女性717例;年龄6 d~3岁,平均(9.58±1.84)个月;体重1.6~10.0 kg,平均(8.82±1.13)kg。其中1305例在全身麻醉下行心脏畸形根治术,77例行姑息手术。结果全组手术顺利,术后死亡13例,占0.94%。死亡原因:低心排综合征7例,恶性心律失常1例,低氧血症5例(其中严重肺部感染2例)。结论低体重婴幼儿先心病的外科手术治疗是安全可行且有价值的,临床效果肯定,但必须正确掌握手术时机,缩短手术时间,严格进行围手术期管理,提高手术疗效。

基于血小板聚集率检测的阿司匹林剂量调整方案在儿童先心病抗栓治疗中是否更优

目的 以高危血栓风险先心病儿童为对象,针对阿司匹林治疗反应多样性及近远期血栓发生率仍较高的问题,评价基于血小板功能检测目标导向的阿司匹林个体化抗栓治疗方案的临床效果是否优于传统固定剂量的给药方案。方法 采用前瞻随机对照注册研究(ChiCTR2000036446)。纳入阜外医院小儿外科中心自2020年4月~2021年4月所有行先心病手术并且需要术后常规应用阿司匹林抗栓治疗的6岁内患儿。所有入组患儿随机分为阿司匹林固定剂量组3 mg/(kg·d)和剂量调控组。剂量调控组在3剂和6剂阿司匹林后分别行花生四烯酸诱导的血小板聚集率(PAG-AA)检测。对3剂后PAG-AA>20%者,阿司匹林加量至6 mg/(kg·d);6剂后PAG-AA仍>20%者,联用氯吡格雷0.2 mg/(kg·d)治疗。比较两组患者术后3月包括死亡在内的累计血栓事件发生率和出血事件发生率。结果 对比阿司匹林反应低下、血栓事件与出血不良事件,两组患者数据比较无统计学差异。在接受相同剂量的阿司匹林[3 mg/(kg·d),1次/d]连续3剂后,不同个体的PAG-AA存在较大差异。剂量调控组通过增加阿司匹林剂量,延长阿司匹林使用时间与联合用药,整体阿司匹林反应性得到了改善,但与固定剂量组比较无统计学差异。两组在术后3月接受随访期间以及最终复查时均无死亡病例发生,两组阿司匹林反应低下病例的血栓事件和出血事件发生率比较无明显差别。Spearman相关性检测显示阿司匹林低反应与血栓事件无明显的相关性。结论 与固定剂量阿司匹林抗栓治疗方案相比,基于血小板聚集率检测的阿司匹林剂量个体化抗栓治疗方案并不具有优越性,并不能显著降低先天性心脏病高危血栓风险患儿术后早期3月内血栓及出血事件发生率。血栓事件与阿司匹林反应低下无明显相关性。

促进先天性心脏病婴儿术后直接母乳喂养的证据应用

目的:将促进先天性心脏病婴儿术后直接母乳喂养的证据应用于临床并评价其应用效果,为护理人员开展循证实践及证据应用与临床转化提供思路。方法:遵循复旦大学循证护理中心的“证据临床转化模式”,总结促进先天性心脏病婴儿术后直接母乳喂养的相关证据,制定相应的临床审查指标,逐条审查并分析障碍因素,构建实施策略并进行实践变革。结果:与基线审查相比,护士对审查指标的执行率及证据相关知识的知晓度、直接母乳喂养维持率、纯母乳喂养及母乳喂养(包括纯母乳喂养和混合喂养)的维持率、母亲母乳喂养自信心评分得到显著提高(P<0.01)。结论:促进先天性心脏病婴儿术后直接母乳喂养的证据应用在规范护士行为,提高护士对证据相关知识的掌握度、提高先天性心脏病婴儿术后直接母乳喂养维持率、纯母乳喂养及母乳喂养的维持率、母亲母乳喂养自信心等方面存在临床意义。

婴儿经右腋下小切口治疗先天性心脏病的疗效分析

目的探讨经右腋下小切口建立体外循环在婴儿心内直视手术中应用的效果。方法回顾性分析2018年6月—2022年2月在新疆医科大学第一附属医院小儿心胸外科接受心脏手术的185例先天性心脏病(CHD)患儿(3~12个月),其中房间隔缺损98例,室间隔缺损87例。将两组患儿按照手术方法不同分为胸骨正中切口组(A组)与右侧腋下小切口组(B组)。比较A、B组房间隔缺损与室间隔缺损患儿手术时间、体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、术后住院时间、ICU滞留时间、呼吸机插管时间、术后24 h胸腔引流量、FLACC评分、患儿家属切口满意度及并发症发生情况。结果房间隔缺损患儿A、B组手术时间、体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。房间隔缺损患儿B组住院时间、ICU滞留时间、呼吸机插管时间短于A组(P<0.05),术后24 h胸腔引流量少于A组(P<0.05)。房间隔缺损患儿不同时间点的FLACC评分有差异(P<0.05);两组的FLACC评分有差异(P<0.05),B组低于A组;两组FLACC评分的变化趋势有差异(P<0.05)。房间隔缺损患儿家属满意度评分B组高于A组(P<0.05)。房间隔缺损患儿术后均未出现相关并发症。室间隔缺损患儿A、B两组手术时间、体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。室间隔缺损患儿B组住院时间、ICU滞留时间、呼吸机插管时间均短于A组(P<0.05),术后24 h胸腔引流量少于A组(P<0.05)。室间隔缺损患儿不同时间点的FLACC评分有差异(P<0.05);两组的FLACC评分有差异(P<0.05),B组低于A组;两组FLACC评分的变化趋势无差异(P>0.05)。室间隔缺损患儿家属B组切口满意度评分高于A组(P<0.05)。室间隔缺损患儿A组有2例出现胸廓畸形,1例切口感染;B组出现1例术后肺不张。结论在婴儿群体中经右腋下小切口治疗CHD,切口隐蔽、美观,对患儿的身体及心理创伤小,住院时间缩短,术后呼吸机插管时间缩短、胸腔引流量减少,能有效减轻疼痛,更容易被患儿及其家属接受,临床疗效优于正中开胸。

Risk factors related to acute renal failure after cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease in low body weight infants

Background Acute renal failure （ARF） is a common complication and a very important cause of postoperative death in children with congenital heart disease. Large cohort investigation of the morbidity and related risk factors for ARF in very young and low-body-weight children in China is still absent. Methods Data of 518 infants after cardiac surgery were analyzed retrospectively. The correlation between multivariate risk factors and ARF after cardiac surgery was analyzed by logistic regression. Results The incidence of postoperative ARF within 30 days was 6.9% （n = 36）. High RACHS-1 Score, long duration of CPB, rethoracotomy exploration and postoperative low cardiac output were independent risk factors of ARF. There were statistical significances in intensive care unit staying [（21.73 ± 7.28） days vs （7.41 ± 3.76） days], P 0. 001] and mortality （27.8% vs 7.5%, P 0. 001） between the patients with or without ARF. Conclusions Acute renal failure is a key negative factor for the survivors after cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease in very young patients with low body weight. High RACHS-1 Score, long duration of CPB, rethoracotomy exploration and postoperative low cardiac output are independent risk factors for development of ARF.

L-LWiDose^4技术在新生儿先天性心脏病CT血管成像中的临床应用

目的:探讨低X线辐射剂量及低碘浓度等渗对比剂联合iDose^4迭代重建技术(L-LWiDose^4)在新生儿先天性心脏病CT血管成像(CTA)中的可行性。方法:前瞻性收集2015年1月至2018年3月温州医科大学附属第二医院育英儿童医院新生儿科需行心脏CTA检查的连续102例患者,随机分为2组,采用不同的扫描方案:常规组(A组)53例,采用100 kVp、100 mAs、碘海醇(350 mg I/mL),重建方式为滤波反投影(FBP)算法;实验组49例,采用80 kVp、80 mAs、碘克沙醇(270 mg I/mL),根据iDose^4迭代算法可以得到i Dose4-1～i Dose4-7 7组图像,选取iDose^4-2～i Dose^4-6 5组图像,分别记为B组、C组、D组、E组、F组。依据新生儿体质量采取不同的对比剂注射剂量并计算碘摄入量。测量主动脉弓、气管分叉水平降主动脉、肺动脉干及主动脉弓层面两侧胸大肌和竖脊肌CT值,测量气管分叉层面周围空气CT值的标准差(SD),记为背景噪声,计算信噪比(SNR)和对比噪声比(CNR),并对图像质量进行主观评价。记录容积CT剂量指数(CTDIvol) 和剂量长度乘积(DLP),并计算有效剂量(ED)和体型特异性剂量评估(SSDE)。以手术或心导管造影为"金标准",统计并比较各组CTA检查的诊断符合率。结果:实验组CTDIvol、SSDE、DLP、ED较常规组分别降低了57.08%、56.62%、58.31%、56.97%(P<0.05)。常规组、实验组对比剂碘摄入量分别为(1.83±1.27)g和(1.61±1.36)g,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。B组、F组图像客观评价不及A组、C组、D组、E组(P<0.05)。A组、D组、E组图像主观评价差异无统计学意义。常规组、实验各组诊断符合率分别为98.6%、81.6%、87.7%、97.9%、97.9%、96.9%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:80 kVp、80 mAs、碘克沙醇(270 mg I/mL)联合iDose^4迭代重建技术新生儿先天性心脏病CTA检查,在降低患者的电离辐射剂量和对比剂碘剂量的同时,其图像质量能够满足临床诊断需要。

代谢组学在体外循环心脏手术器官损伤中的研究进展

体外循环(CPB)主要应用于心脏手术,CPB会造成脑、心、肾等重要脏器的损害,产生相关的并发症。代谢组学是研究生物体受外部刺激所产生的全部变化的代谢产物的科学,CPB后机体的代谢物成分会发生变化。研究心脏手术围术期的代谢变化,可以为疾病的发病机制提供重要的见解,并有潜力识别新的生物标志物。本综述主要介绍代谢组学的现状,以及其在CPB心脏手术对脑、心、肾、肺等重要脏器损伤中的研究进展,并就代谢组学在该领域的未来做一展望。

婴儿心脏术后肌钙蛋白T水平对机械通气时间延长的影响

目的探讨肌钙蛋白T对婴儿心脏术后机械通气时间延长的影响。方法回顾性选取2019年1月至4月在南方医科大学附属广东省人民医院心外科行体外循环下心内直视术的192例先天性心脏病婴儿,按术后即刻肌钙蛋白T水平分为肌钙蛋白T高值组(3798.0~10000.0 ng/L)、中值组(1827.0~3709.0 ng/L)和低值组(316.2~1801.0 ng/L),各64例。低值组中,女28例,男36例,日龄203.00(129.75,274.50)d;中值组中,女30例,男34例,日龄118.00(76.50,173.75)d;高值组中,女24例,男40例,日龄168.50(78.00,219.25)d。采用方差分析、秩和检验、χ^(2)检验进行统计分析,通过单因素和多因素logistic回归模型分析术后肌钙蛋白T水平与术后机械通气时间延长的相关性,通过单因素和多因素线性回归模型分析术后肌钙蛋白T水平与重症监护停留时间及术后住院天数的相关性。结果术前日龄越小、手术体外循环时间越长、主动脉阻断时间越长,术后肌钙蛋白T水平越高(均P<0.05)。在校正了性别、日龄、胎龄、术前血红蛋白、术前血清肌酐、体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、先天性心脏病手术风险调整评分(RACHS-1)等因素后,多因素回归模型发现,肌钙蛋白T水平升高是机械通气时间延长的独立危险因素[OR=1.2(1.1,1.3),P<0.001]。结论肌钙蛋白T水平升高与婴儿先天性心脏病术后机械通气时间延长有关。

前门控技术在复杂先天性心脏病的应用价值

目的探讨128层CT前门控技术在复杂先天性心脏病的临床应用价值。方法收集我院进行小儿先天性心脏病CTA检查并进行手术治疗的56例患者,随机分为2组,A组为前门控扫描模式28例,B组为非门控扫描模式28例。比较两种扫描方式在复杂先天性心脏病中显示心内结构和病变的能力、图像质量、辐射剂量的差异。结果A组有效辐射剂量为0.91±0.16msv,B组为1.05±0.25msv,A组患儿所受的有效辐射剂量低于B组;A组图像质量主观评分高于B组,A组术前诊断准确率为96.0%,漏诊3例,B组诊断准确率为86.8%,漏诊12例,误诊1例,A组术前CT诊断准确率大于B组。结论128层MSCT前门控技术在小儿复杂先心病中既可以降低患儿所受的有效辐射剂量,又能清楚显示心内外结构和病变,提倡推广使用。

人文护理联合肠内营养支持的集束化护理对低出生体质量先天性心脏病手术患儿的影响

目的:探讨人文护理联合肠内营养支持下集束化护理对低出生体质量先天性心脏病手术患儿的影响。方法:选取2020年3月—2023年3月喀什地区第一人民医院收治的低出生体质量先天性心脏病并行手术治疗的患儿100例为研究对象,按随机数字表法分成观察组与对照组,各50例。对照组予以常规护理,观察组在对照组基础上给予人文关怀联合肠内营养支持的集束化护理。比较两组患儿干预前后的白蛋白、前白蛋白、总蛋白水平以及舒适度。结果:干预4周后,两组白蛋白、前白蛋白、总蛋白水平均升高,观察组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组舒适度高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.014)。结论:针对低出生体质量的先天性心脏病手术患儿,应用手术护理联合肠内营养支持的集束化护理干预措施,可以显著改善患儿的白蛋白、前白蛋白、总蛋白水平,提高患儿舒适度。

脱脂母乳在先心病术后乳糜胸婴幼儿中的应用研究进展

乳糜胸是婴幼儿先心病术后一种常见并发症,会导致脱水、电解质异常和营养不良,延长住院时间。国外有研究发现,对于先心病术后乳糜胸的婴幼儿,脱脂母乳是一种有效的治疗选择,还可以让接受低脂饮食的婴幼儿利用母乳的好处。而国内尚未见应用报道,因此本文主要基于国外研究,从应用概况、应用指征、制备方案、应用评估以及应用管理等方面,对脱脂母乳在先心病术后乳糜胸婴幼儿中的应用进行综述,旨在提高国内医护人员对先心病术后乳糜胸婴幼儿营养管理的关注度,优化该类人群的喂养方案,改善其预后。

安康市2017—2021年围产儿出生缺陷监测及先天性心脏病影响因素分析

目的 了解陕西省安康市近五年(2017—2021年)围产儿出生缺陷发生情况及变化趋势,分析围产儿发生先天性心脏病(CHD)的影响因素,为制定有效的出生缺陷防治策略提供科学依据.方法 依据陕西省妇幼健康信息系统中的有关数据,回顾性分析2017—2021年安康市各助产医疗机构围产儿出生缺陷资料.采用病例对照研究设计,选择孕满28周至出生后7天明确诊断为CHD的围产儿为病例组(200例),选择同期诊断为非CHD的出生缺陷儿为对照组(400例),以单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析CHD的影响因素.结果 2017~—2021年共监测安康市围产儿126077例,其中发生出生缺陷1116例,出生缺陷总体发病率为88.52~/万;围产儿出生缺陷发生的前5顺位为CHD(29.90~/万)、多指(趾)(13.72~/万)、唇腭裂(7.54~/万)、外耳其他畸形(6.11~/万)、马蹄内翻足(5.79~/万).2017~—2021年安康市出生缺陷发病率由63.89~/万持续上升至131.96~/万,2021年比2017年增长了约2.07倍,有显著的上升趋势(χ^(2)趋势=106.074,P<0.001);其中CHD发病率上升明显(χ^(2)趋势=81.109,P<0.001).2017~—2021年监测的377例CHD出生缺陷围产儿中,动脉导管未闭、房间隔缺损、室间隔缺损、法洛四联症为4种最常见的CHD,依次占32.10%、24.14%、13.79%、9.02%;其中复合多种亚型的CHD(房间隔缺损+动脉导管未闭、房间隔缺损+室间隔缺损、房间隔缺损+肺动脉瓣狭窄)围产儿有12人,占3.18%.单因素分析显示,病例组与对照组围产儿胎龄及产妇围孕期的自然流产史和烟草暴露史的分布比较差异均有统计学意义(χ^(2)值分别为13.187、5.280、12.927,P<0.05).多因素Logistic回归分析显示,非足月儿(胎龄<37周)(OR=1.834,95%CI:1.196~2.812)和产妇围孕期有烟草暴露史(OR=1.914,95%CI:1.081~3.387)均是围产儿发生CHD的危险因素(P<0.05).结论 加强健康宣教,做好孕期保健,保障足月胎龄分娩,远离烟草等不良暴露,积极参与出生缺陷防控相关的惠民项目,其均是预防出生缺陷发生的有效策略.

需体外循环手术干预的先天性心脏病婴幼儿的营养评估

目的调查需体外循环手术干预的先天性心脏病婴幼儿的营养状况。方法连续收集2021年1月~2022年11月在空军军医大学西京医院心血管外科拟行体外循环手术的479例先天性心脏病婴幼儿(年龄0岁~3岁)的临床资料,收集身高、体质量、疾病类型、诊疗结果和住院天数(HOD)等信息。在营养评估过程中选择与WHO的标准进行对比,并采用Z评分来评价患儿的营养状况,包括年龄别身高Z评分(HAZ)、年龄别体质量Z评分(WAZ)和身高别体质量Z评分(WHZ),分析营养不良相关因素与患儿HOD的相关性。结果生长迟缓(HAZ<-2)、低体质量(WAZ<-2)和消瘦(WHZ<-2)三种营养不良情况分别占16.1%、12.6%和9.0%。其中婴儿期的生长迟缓、低体质量和消瘦三种营养不良情况分别占25.5%、34.0%和14.8%,幼儿期的生长迟缓、低体质量和消瘦三种营养不良情况分别占7.7%、1.2%和6.2%,营养不良的情况与患儿的性别无关。在相关性分析中WAZ、HAZ、WHZ和白蛋白(alumin,ALU)与HOD呈负相关(均P<0.01)。结论需体外循环手术干预的先天性心脏病婴幼儿营养不良的发生率较高,尤其是处于婴儿期的先心病患儿,营养不良可导致该群体患儿HOD延长。

Prevalence of Congenital Heart Disease among Infants from 2012 to 2014 in Langfang, China

Background： Congenital heart disease （CHD） is the most common congenital malformations with high mortality and morbidity. The prevalence of CHD reported previously ranged from 4 per 1000 live births to 50 per 1000 live births. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to document the prevalence of CHD in Langfang district of Hebei Province, China by analyzing data collected by hospitals located in 11 the counties of the district, as supported by a public health campaign. Methods： A total of 67,718 consecutive 3-month-old infants were included from July 19,2012 to July 18, 2014. Structural abnormalities were diagnosed based on echocardiography findings, including two-dimensional and color Doppler echocardiography results. Results： Of the 67,718 infants, 1554 were found to have cardiac structural abnormalities. The total prevalence of CHD was 22.9 per 1000 live births, a value significantly higher than the previously reported prevalence of 8 cases per 1000 live births. The top five most common cardiac abnormalities were as follows： atrial septal defect （ASD, 605 cases, 8.93‰）; ventricular septal defect （550 cases, 8.12‰）; patent ductus arteriosus （228 cases, 3.37‰）; pulmonary stenosis （66 cases, 0.97‰）; and tetralogy of Fallot （32 cases, 0.47‰）. The CHD prevalence differed by gender in this study （x^2 = 23.498, P 〈 0.001）, and the majority of ASD cases were females. Regional differences in prevalence were also found （x^2 = 24.602, P 〈 0.001）; a higher prevalence was found in urban areas （32.2 cases per 1000 live births） than in rural areas （21. 1 cases per 1000 live births）. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of CHD in preterm versus full-term infants （x^2 - 133.443, P 〈 0.001 ）. Prevalence of CHD in infants of maternal aged 35 years or over was significantly higher （x^2 86.917, P 〈 0.001）. Conclusions： The prevalence of CHD in Langfang district was within the range reported using echocardiography. Echocardiography can be used to early diagnose the CHD.

Cardiac changes in infants of diabetic mothers

Diabetes mellitus(DM)is a systemic chronic metabolic disorder characterized by increased insulin resistance and/orβ-cell defects.It affects all ages from the foetal life,neonates,childhood to late adulthood.Gestational diabetes is a critical risk factor for congenital heart diseases(CHDs).Moreover,the risk increases with low maternal education,high body mass index at conception,undiagnosed pregestational diabetes,inadequate antenatal care,improper diabetes control,and maternal smoking during pregnancy.Maternal DM significantly affects the foetal heart and foetal-placental circulation in both structure and function.Cardiac defects,myocardial hypertrophy are three times more prevalent in infants of diabetic mothers(IDMs).Antenatal evaluation of the cardiac function and structures can be performed with foetal electrocardiography and echocardiography.Postnatal cardiac evaluation can be performed with natal and postnatal electrocardiography and echocardiography,detection of early atherosclerotic changes by measuring aortic intima-media thickness,and retinal vascular changes by retinal photography.Ameliorating the effects of diabetes during pregnancy on the offspring depends mainly on pregestational and gestational diabetes prevention.However,other measures to reduce the risk,such as using medications,nutritional supplements,or probiotics,still need more research.This review discusses the mechanism of foetal sequels and the risk factors that increase the prevalence of CHDs in gestational DM,the various cardiac outcomes of gestational DM on the foetus and offspring,cardiac evaluation of foetuses and IDMs,and how to alleviate the consequences of gestational DM on the offspring.

Contemporary treatments and outcomes of preterm infants with critical congenital heart disease in a tertiary cardiovascular institute in China

Background The survival rate of preterm infants with critical congenital heart disease （P-CCHD） has been improved by medicine advances. The aims of this study were to investigate the contemporary treatments for short-term outcomes of P-CCHD and to evaluate risk factors associated with the outcomes. Methods Sixty-four P-CCHD patients admitted to Guangdong General Hospital between 2011 and 2015 were included in this study. De-mographic characteristics and patient records were reviewed. Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk fac-tors of P-CCHD outcome. Results Thirty-six patients underwent surgical treatments for cardiac anomalies. Moreover, 31.25% of the P-CCHD infants did not receive surgery because these parents refused further treat-ment. The in-hospital mortality rate was 8.3% for the patients who underwent surgeries. During a median follow-up of 1.2 years, the survivors were basically healthy. However, mental and physical growth retardation remained. Conclusions Compared to infants in developed Western countries, the treatments and short-term outcomes of P-CCHD infants were satisfactory. However, the long-term outcomes remain to be determined.

The effect of glucose control on clinical outcomes of correction surgery in infants with hyperglycemia and congenital heart disease

Background Currently it remains controversial whether intensive control of glucose is required for pediatric hyperglycemia. Few studies are available on the blood glucose control for the infants receiving congenital heart disease operation. However, there are no uniform standards to control hyperglycemmia after congenital heart disease operation. In this study, we determined the ranges and methods of postoperative blood glycemic control in infants with congenital heart disease. Methods Eighty-two infants younger than 6 months of age, who underwent correction of congenital heart disease in our hospital from 06/01/2014 to 06/01/2015, participated in this study. All patients were randomly divided into two groups： group A （insulin control group） and groupB （non-insulin control group）. Each group was randomly divided into three subgroups （A1-A3.B1-B3）. Children in group A were treated using the glycemic control therapy with insulin. Children in group B received a glycemic control therapy without insulin. Femoral vein blood was drew in 72 hours after the operation to check WBC, CRP, lactate, ALT and Cr. The duration of ICU, incidence of lung infection, hypoglycemia and mortality were recorded. Results The differences of Cr ALT, WBC and CRP indexes were statistically significant （P 〈 0.05） in A and B subgroups, but not between the A and B groups （P 〉 0.05）. The ICU stay time of group A2 and B2 was less than that of other groups, but the difference was not statistically significant （P 〉 0.05）. The incidence of pulmonary infection and hypoglycemia in 2 groups was lower than that in A1 and A3 group. The incidence of complications in group B2 was lower than that in B1 group and B3 group, but there was no significant difference （P 〉 0.05）. There was no significant difference between the A and B groups （P 〉 0.05）. Conclusions Hyperglycemia can increase postoperative pulmonary infection. Aggressive control of blood glucose does not improve patient outcomes, but increases the incidence of hypoglycemia.

The effect of different glucose control schemes on clinical outcomes of congenital heart disease in infants under age of 6 months

Background It remains controversial whether intensive control of glucose is required for pediatric hyperglycemia and no consensus has been reached on the threshold for blood glucose control for perioperative pediatric patients. Few studies have been available on the blood glucose control for the infants receiving congenital heart disease operation. So far, there are no uniform standards to control hyperglycemmia after congenital heart disease operation. In this paper, we determined the ranges and methods of postoperative blood glycemic control in infants with congenital heart disease. Methods Eighty-two infants under 6 months of age, who underwent correction of congenital heart disease in our hospital from 06/01/2014 to 06/01/2015, participated in this study. All patients were randomly divided into two groups according to random number table method： group A （insulin control group） and group B （non-insulin control group）. Each group was furhter divided into three subgroups （A1-A3, B1- B3）. Children in group A were treated using the glycemic control therapy with insulin. Children in group B received a glycemic control therapy without insulin. Femoral vein blood was drew in 72 hours after the operation to check WBC, CRP, lactate, ALT and Cr. The duration of ICU, incidence of lung infection, incidence of hypogly- cemia, and mortality were measured and computed. Results The differences of Cr, ALT, WBC and CRP index between A and B subgroups were statistically significant （P 〈 0.05）. There were no significant differences in ALT, Cr, WBC and CRP levels between the A and B groups （P 〉 0.05）. The stay time of ICU in group A2 was significantly less than that in A1 or A3 group. ICU stay time was significantly less in group B2 than in B1 or B3 group. The incidence of pulmonary infection and hypoglycemia in 2 groups were lower than those in A1 and A3 group. There was no significant difference （P 〉 0.05） in the incidence of complications in B subgroups and between the two groups. Conclusions High blood sugar can increase postoperative pulmonary infection. Aggressive control of blood sugar does not improve patient outcomes, but increases the incidence of hypoglycemia.