Neuroinflammation has been identified as a crucial element in several neurological disorders. Glial cells play a critical role in directing neuroinflammation, both in deleterious and beneficial ways.
This article explores the ethical considerations surrounding the reporting of offlabel and experimental treatments in medical case reports,with a focus on fields such as oncology,psychiatry,and pediatrics.It emphasize...This article explores the ethical considerations surrounding the reporting of offlabel and experimental treatments in medical case reports,with a focus on fields such as oncology,psychiatry,and pediatrics.It emphasizes the balance between innovation and evidence-based medicine,highlighting the critical role of case reports in disseminating clinical experiences and advancing medical knowledge.The discussion delves into the ethical framework guiding case reporting,including principles of patient autonomy,informed consent,non-maleficence,beneficence,justice,and transparency.Challenges such as negative outcome reporting,commercial interests,and the balance between innovation and caution are examined.Recommendations for ethical vigilance,the development of comprehensive guidelines,and the role of regulatory bodies are proposed to ensure patient safety and uphold scientific integrity.The article concludes by underscoring the importance of a collaborative effort among clinicians,researchers,ethicists,and regulatory bodies to foster the responsible advancement of medical science while adhering to the highest ethical standards.展开更多
To make oral test accurately reflect the actual English spoken ability of candidates and play its role in guiding and promoting the improvement of English learners in the teaching, we must ensure that the design of sc...To make oral test accurately reflect the actual English spoken ability of candidates and play its role in guiding and promoting the improvement of English learners in the teaching, we must ensure that the design of scientific questions, the feasibility and validity of judgments to make an accurate and fair measurement of testers' language ability.展开更多
Speaking is the main purpose and most important skill for second language learning.This paper reviews the important validity considerations in designing a test,such as face validity,content validity,on the basis of wh...Speaking is the main purpose and most important skill for second language learning.This paper reviews the important validity considerations in designing a test,such as face validity,content validity,on the basis of which the author analyzes the oral test paper for the postgraduate entrance interview in Shaanxi University of Technology,thus putting forward some methods to improve the test paper.展开更多
Teaching English speaking is a complicated task which requires more effort taken in the preparation stage.This essay covers most of factors in terms of theory and practice that should be taken into account in this stage.
Analgesics have consistently remained the most common substance involved in human poisonings in the United States, with immediate action opioid analgesics associated with the greatest percent of fatalities per exposure.
The paper states the characteristics and basic market positioning of WiMAX. It should be noted that WiMax is a new generation WMAN (Wideband MAN) broadband wireless access standard with good forward extensibility. It ...The paper states the characteristics and basic market positioning of WiMAX. It should be noted that WiMax is a new generation WMAN (Wideband MAN) broadband wireless access standard with good forward extensibility. It is emphasized that the basic market positioning of WiMAX should be nothing but WMAN applications. It is predicted that the applications of WiMax would face severe challenges mainly due to its high cost, at least at the initial stage. Finally the paper gives all-around analysis on the relationship between Wi-Fi, WiMAX, WBMA, 3G, 3G+ and 4G.展开更多
This article verified that the Tu state mentioned in the oracle inscriptions was the Xia people after the Xia Dynasty had been conquered by Tang, the first king of the Shang Dynasty m c.a. 16th century B.C. The state...This article verified that the Tu state mentioned in the oracle inscriptions was the Xia people after the Xia Dynasty had been conquered by Tang, the first king of the Shang Dynasty m c.a. 16th century B.C. The state of Xia, which originated from Yu, was entitled "Xia Hou"; its king was hence called "Xia Hou Di" (Emperor of Xia Hou), e.g."Xia Hou Di Qi". The Xia people, together with the Yin (Shang) people, and the Zhou people, were the so-called "people of San Dai" (Three Dynasties). As mentioned in "Lunyu, Bayi", they founded the states, with the Xia people being associated with the pine, the Yin people with the cypress, and the Zhou people with the chestnut.展开更多
Skilled individual agents are firm basis of a strong soccer team. The skills available to Everest 2002 (agents) include kicking, dribbling, forwarding, ball interception and tackling. These intermediate sub goals are ...Skilled individual agents are firm basis of a strong soccer team. The skills available to Everest 2002 (agents) include kicking, dribbling, forwarding, ball interception and tackling. These intermediate sub goals are implemented by a combination of local optimization which hopes to determine the optimal primitive action from a local perspective and adversarial consideration which takes into account opponents and limitations imposed by simulation environment. Everest 2002 RoboCup simulation teams, building on 11 skilled agents and an on-line coach, won the 2nd place in RoboCup 2002 simulation league.展开更多
In the laboratory,environmental enrichment（EE）is used as a protocol to understand the functional,behavioral and molecular mechanisms that underlie neural plasticity（van Praag et al.,2000;Sale et al.,2014）.In addit...In the laboratory,environmental enrichment（EE）is used as a protocol to understand the functional,behavioral and molecular mechanisms that underlie neural plasticity（van Praag et al.,2000;Sale et al.,2014）.In addition,it is utilized to provide supplementary resources to animals in order to maintain their well-being and to preserve the scientific validity of the study at hand（see http：//www.nap.edu/catalog/12910/guide-for-thecare-and-use-of-laboratory-animals-eighth）.展开更多
Detailed crystallographic analysis has been undertaken on the various combinations Of 24 martensite variants in the 18R martensite of a Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloy. Based upon the calculated crystallographic data, the...Detailed crystallographic analysis has been undertaken on the various combinations Of 24 martensite variants in the 18R martensite of a Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloy. Based upon the calculated crystallographic data, the interface energy of different twin interfaces was calculated using a lowangle-grain-interface model. For the variant/variant pairs in a self-accommodating group. the A/C type and A/B type interfaces have low interface energy, and A/D type interface is an intermediate one. In contrast, the intervariant interfaces that belong to different plate groups have high intrface energy. The calculated results are consiStent with the previous observations of the mobility of intervariant interfaces.展开更多
The biogenic monoamines dopamine （DA）, norepinephrine （NE） and serotonin （5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT） are major neuromodulators in the mammalian central nervous system （CNS）. DA containing neurons are found in ...The biogenic monoamines dopamine （DA）, norepinephrine （NE） and serotonin （5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT） are major neuromodulators in the mammalian central nervous system （CNS）. DA containing neurons are found in i） the mesolimbic system in which cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area （VTA） project axons into the amygdala, cortex, hippocampus and the nucleus accumbens; and ii） the nigrostriatal system in which cell bodies located in the substantia nigra pars compacta send their axons into the dorsolateral parts of the striatum （Bjorklund and Dunnett, 2007）. The central noradrenergic neurons are concentrated in distinct brainstem nuclei with the locus coeruleus （LC） being the most prominent nucleus which projects a diffusely arborizing axonal network to most areas of the CNS （Szabadi, 2013）.展开更多
Since the latest revision of the TNM system reclassified T3N0 tumours into the ⅡB stage, N2 lesions became the major determinant of the ⅢA stage. Concerning the minority of patients with T3N1 tumours in this stage,
Attention to the development of low hilly cities increases, in order to guide their development towards efficient and ecological land use. This paper takes eco-safety into consideration in the future layout of land fo...Attention to the development of low hilly cities increases, in order to guide their development towards efficient and ecological land use. This paper takes eco-safety into consideration in the future layout of land for construction, and incorporates ecological security factors into traditional methods of land suitability evaluation based on topographic conditions. Taking the Longfeng New Town in Suining City as an example, the GIS platform is used to superimpose various evaluation factors. The evaluation index system is determined using the combination of the Delphi Technique and AHP. The result of correcting traditional land suitability evaluation is obtained, which provides decision support for improving the scientificity of land use planning and layout.展开更多
With an adjusted model, we reconsider simple 1,2-dyotropic reactions with the introduction of a concept based on the intramolecular dynamics of a tetrahedron (van ’t Hoff modeling). In fact the dyotropic reactions ar...With an adjusted model, we reconsider simple 1,2-dyotropic reactions with the introduction of a concept based on the intramolecular dynamics of a tetrahedron (van ’t Hoff modeling). In fact the dyotropic reactions are strongly related to conversions originated from neighbouring group participation or anchimeric assistance, defined as the interaction of a center with a lone pair of electrons in an atom and the electrons present in aδor π bond. The researchful 1,2-dyotropic reactions, based on the 1,2-interchange of halogens, methyl and hydrogen taking place in a concerted fashion, are in competition with the two-step reaction in which the neighbouring group participation or anchimeric assistance comes to full expression by ionic dissociation of the other exchangeable (halogen) atom. As to be expected there is an essential difference between halogen or methyl exchange regarding the number of electrons participating in the transition state. This aspect becomes evident in the geometries of the corresponding transition state geometries. In this paper we refer to ab initio MO calculations and VB considerations. We consider the 1,2-halogen exchange as a combination of two SN2 reactions each containing four electrons. The van ’t Hoff dynamics appears a useful model in order to illustrate the computations in a straightforward manner.展开更多
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. Neurosarcoidosis (NS) is a rare but potentially devastating manifestation of sarcoidosis, with a prevalence of approximately 5% in p...Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. Neurosarcoidosis (NS) is a rare but potentially devastating manifestation of sarcoidosis, with a prevalence of approximately 5% in patients with systemic sarcoidosis. Due to the possible involvement of any part of the nervous system, a myriad of neurological manifestations can occur. Clinical features resulting from involvement of the hypothalmo-pituitary axis and cranial nerves, in particular, cranial nerve VII are the more common presentations of this condition. Medical therapy with corticosteroids is the mainstay of treatment and providing tissue for diagnosis remains the principal indication for surgery. Therapeutically, neurosurgery is indicated only for life-threatening complications. We describe the clinical case of a patient with fatally progressive NS who had multiple anesthetic exposures. This case highlights the perioperative considerations of NS and its anesthetic implications.展开更多
基金supported by a grant from the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation(NRF),which is funded by the Korean government(MSIP)(NRF-2020M3E5D9079764)(to KS)。
文摘Neuroinflammation has been identified as a crucial element in several neurological disorders. Glial cells play a critical role in directing neuroinflammation, both in deleterious and beneficial ways.
文摘This article explores the ethical considerations surrounding the reporting of offlabel and experimental treatments in medical case reports,with a focus on fields such as oncology,psychiatry,and pediatrics.It emphasizes the balance between innovation and evidence-based medicine,highlighting the critical role of case reports in disseminating clinical experiences and advancing medical knowledge.The discussion delves into the ethical framework guiding case reporting,including principles of patient autonomy,informed consent,non-maleficence,beneficence,justice,and transparency.Challenges such as negative outcome reporting,commercial interests,and the balance between innovation and caution are examined.Recommendations for ethical vigilance,the development of comprehensive guidelines,and the role of regulatory bodies are proposed to ensure patient safety and uphold scientific integrity.The article concludes by underscoring the importance of a collaborative effort among clinicians,researchers,ethicists,and regulatory bodies to foster the responsible advancement of medical science while adhering to the highest ethical standards.
文摘To make oral test accurately reflect the actual English spoken ability of candidates and play its role in guiding and promoting the improvement of English learners in the teaching, we must ensure that the design of scientific questions, the feasibility and validity of judgments to make an accurate and fair measurement of testers' language ability.
文摘Speaking is the main purpose and most important skill for second language learning.This paper reviews the important validity considerations in designing a test,such as face validity,content validity,on the basis of which the author analyzes the oral test paper for the postgraduate entrance interview in Shaanxi University of Technology,thus putting forward some methods to improve the test paper.
文摘Teaching English speaking is a complicated task which requires more effort taken in the preparation stage.This essay covers most of factors in terms of theory and practice that should be taken into account in this stage.
文摘Analgesics have consistently remained the most common substance involved in human poisonings in the United States, with immediate action opioid analgesics associated with the greatest percent of fatalities per exposure.
文摘The paper states the characteristics and basic market positioning of WiMAX. It should be noted that WiMax is a new generation WMAN (Wideband MAN) broadband wireless access standard with good forward extensibility. It is emphasized that the basic market positioning of WiMAX should be nothing but WMAN applications. It is predicted that the applications of WiMax would face severe challenges mainly due to its high cost, at least at the initial stage. Finally the paper gives all-around analysis on the relationship between Wi-Fi, WiMAX, WBMA, 3G, 3G+ and 4G.
文摘This article verified that the Tu state mentioned in the oracle inscriptions was the Xia people after the Xia Dynasty had been conquered by Tang, the first king of the Shang Dynasty m c.a. 16th century B.C. The state of Xia, which originated from Yu, was entitled "Xia Hou"; its king was hence called "Xia Hou Di" (Emperor of Xia Hou), e.g."Xia Hou Di Qi". The Xia people, together with the Yin (Shang) people, and the Zhou people, were the so-called "people of San Dai" (Three Dynasties). As mentioned in "Lunyu, Bayi", they founded the states, with the Xia people being associated with the pine, the Yin people with the cypress, and the Zhou people with the chestnut.
文摘Skilled individual agents are firm basis of a strong soccer team. The skills available to Everest 2002 (agents) include kicking, dribbling, forwarding, ball interception and tackling. These intermediate sub goals are implemented by a combination of local optimization which hopes to determine the optimal primitive action from a local perspective and adversarial consideration which takes into account opponents and limitations imposed by simulation environment. Everest 2002 RoboCup simulation teams, building on 11 skilled agents and an on-line coach, won the 2nd place in RoboCup 2002 simulation league.
文摘In the laboratory,environmental enrichment（EE）is used as a protocol to understand the functional,behavioral and molecular mechanisms that underlie neural plasticity（van Praag et al.,2000;Sale et al.,2014）.In addition,it is utilized to provide supplementary resources to animals in order to maintain their well-being and to preserve the scientific validity of the study at hand（see http：//www.nap.edu/catalog/12910/guide-for-thecare-and-use-of-laboratory-animals-eighth）.
文摘Detailed crystallographic analysis has been undertaken on the various combinations Of 24 martensite variants in the 18R martensite of a Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloy. Based upon the calculated crystallographic data, the interface energy of different twin interfaces was calculated using a lowangle-grain-interface model. For the variant/variant pairs in a self-accommodating group. the A/C type and A/B type interfaces have low interface energy, and A/D type interface is an intermediate one. In contrast, the intervariant interfaces that belong to different plate groups have high intrface energy. The calculated results are consiStent with the previous observations of the mobility of intervariant interfaces.
基金supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(SFB636)to PS and FM
文摘The biogenic monoamines dopamine （DA）, norepinephrine （NE） and serotonin （5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT） are major neuromodulators in the mammalian central nervous system （CNS）. DA containing neurons are found in i） the mesolimbic system in which cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area （VTA） project axons into the amygdala, cortex, hippocampus and the nucleus accumbens; and ii） the nigrostriatal system in which cell bodies located in the substantia nigra pars compacta send their axons into the dorsolateral parts of the striatum （Bjorklund and Dunnett, 2007）. The central noradrenergic neurons are concentrated in distinct brainstem nuclei with the locus coeruleus （LC） being the most prominent nucleus which projects a diffusely arborizing axonal network to most areas of the CNS （Szabadi, 2013）.
文摘Since the latest revision of the TNM system reclassified T3N0 tumours into the ⅡB stage, N2 lesions became the major determinant of the ⅢA stage. Concerning the minority of patients with T3N1 tumours in this stage,
文摘Attention to the development of low hilly cities increases, in order to guide their development towards efficient and ecological land use. This paper takes eco-safety into consideration in the future layout of land for construction, and incorporates ecological security factors into traditional methods of land suitability evaluation based on topographic conditions. Taking the Longfeng New Town in Suining City as an example, the GIS platform is used to superimpose various evaluation factors. The evaluation index system is determined using the combination of the Delphi Technique and AHP. The result of correcting traditional land suitability evaluation is obtained, which provides decision support for improving the scientificity of land use planning and layout.
文摘With an adjusted model, we reconsider simple 1,2-dyotropic reactions with the introduction of a concept based on the intramolecular dynamics of a tetrahedron (van ’t Hoff modeling). In fact the dyotropic reactions are strongly related to conversions originated from neighbouring group participation or anchimeric assistance, defined as the interaction of a center with a lone pair of electrons in an atom and the electrons present in aδor π bond. The researchful 1,2-dyotropic reactions, based on the 1,2-interchange of halogens, methyl and hydrogen taking place in a concerted fashion, are in competition with the two-step reaction in which the neighbouring group participation or anchimeric assistance comes to full expression by ionic dissociation of the other exchangeable (halogen) atom. As to be expected there is an essential difference between halogen or methyl exchange regarding the number of electrons participating in the transition state. This aspect becomes evident in the geometries of the corresponding transition state geometries. In this paper we refer to ab initio MO calculations and VB considerations. We consider the 1,2-halogen exchange as a combination of two SN2 reactions each containing four electrons. The van ’t Hoff dynamics appears a useful model in order to illustrate the computations in a straightforward manner.
文摘Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. Neurosarcoidosis (NS) is a rare but potentially devastating manifestation of sarcoidosis, with a prevalence of approximately 5% in patients with systemic sarcoidosis. Due to the possible involvement of any part of the nervous system, a myriad of neurological manifestations can occur. Clinical features resulting from involvement of the hypothalmo-pituitary axis and cranial nerves, in particular, cranial nerve VII are the more common presentations of this condition. Medical therapy with corticosteroids is the mainstay of treatment and providing tissue for diagnosis remains the principal indication for surgery. Therapeutically, neurosurgery is indicated only for life-threatening complications. We describe the clinical case of a patient with fatally progressive NS who had multiple anesthetic exposures. This case highlights the perioperative considerations of NS and its anesthetic implications.
