Characterization for wave equations in viscoelastic media based on the constant Q property

The constant Q property in viscoelastic media assumes that the quality factor Q does not change with frequency(i.e.,the Q value is independent of the frequency).For seismic waves propagating in viscoelastic media,the wave equation is determined by the viscoelastic media model.Equivalence relations exist between various frequency domain mathematical models and physical rheological models for the constant Q property.Considering two elastic moduli and three attenuation variables,24 kinds of wave equations based on diff erent generalized rheological models are divided into six classes in this study,and the 12 kinds of specifi c representation for the wave equations in the time domain are derived.On the basis of the equivalence relations between the generalized rheological models,the diff erence and equivalence relation between diff erent wave equations are proven and clarifi ed.Results show that the high-order generalized rheological model can accurately characterize the attenuation characteristics of seismic waves and has advantages in characterizing the dispersion characteristics in viscoelastic media.Lastly,the seismic refl ection characteristics caused by the diff erence of Q value are verifi ed by the forward modeling of the constant Q wave equation in this study,thereby providing a theoretical basis for the analysis and inversion of the formation Q value from refl ection seismic data.

FAST SOLUTION OF TRANSIENT SCATTERING FROM ELECTRICALLY LARGE COMPLEX OBJECTS BASED ON TIME DOMAIN INTEGRAL EQUATION SOLVERS

A fast Time Domain Integral Equation(TDIE) solver is presented for analysis of transient scattering from electrically large conducting complex objects.The numerical process of Marching-On-in-Time(MOT) method based TDIE encounters high computational cost and exorbitant memory requirements.A group-style accelerated method-Plane Wave Time Domain(PWTD) algorithm,which permits rapid evaluation of transient wave field generated by temporally bandlimited sources,is employed to reduce the computational cost of MOT-based TDIE solvers.An efficient compressed storage technique for sparse matrix is adopted to decrease the enormous memory requirements of MOT.The scheme of the Multi-Level PWTD(MLPWTD)-enhanced MOT with compressed storage for sparse matrix is presented for analysis of transient scattering from electrically large complex objects in this paper.The numerical simulation results demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the presented scheme.

TTI介质中的纯qP波衰减补偿最小二乘逆时偏移成像方法

为有效提高衰减各向异性介质中地震波成像剖面的质量,实现稳定的TTI介质中的衰减补偿成像,提出一种基于黏声TTI纯qP波方程的最小二乘逆时偏移方法。在最小二乘偏移框架的基础上,推导相应的Born正演方程、伴随算子和梯度敏感核。由于伴随算子是衰减的,可以避免衰减补偿引起的数值不稳定性。通过同时考虑各向异性和吸收衰减的影响,衰减补偿最小二乘逆时偏移可以提供高分辨率、更少假象和振幅均衡的偏移结果。最后,通过模型试验和实际数据的测试及分析,验证了新方法的可行性和适用性。结果表明,黏声TTI最小二乘逆时偏移成像在衰减区域可进行高质量成像,丰富成像剖面中的波数成分,拓宽成像剖面中的频带宽度,提高地下介质成像剖面的分辨率及成像精度。

Implementation of Time-Scale Transformation Based on Continuous Wavelet Theory

The basic objective of time-scale transformation is to compress or expand the signal in time field while keeping the same spectral properties. This paper presents two methods to derive time-scale transformation formula based on continuous wavelet transform. For an arbitrary given square-integrable function f(t),g(t) = f(t/λ) is derived by continuous wavelet transform and its inverse transform. The result shows that time-scale transformation may be obtained through the modification of the time-scale of wavelet function filter using equivalent substitution. The paper demonstrates the result by theoretic derivations and experimental simulation.

Non-Split PML Boundary Condition for Finite Element Time-Domain Modeling of Ground Penetrating Radar

As a highly efficient absorbing boundary condition, Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) has been widely used in Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulation of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) based on the first order electromagnetic wave equation. However, the PML boundary condition is difficult to apply in GPR Finite Element Time Domain (FETD) simulation based on the second order electromagnetic wave equation. This paper developed a non-split perfectly matched layer (NPML) boundary condition for GPR FETD simulation based on the second order electromagnetic wave equation. Taking two-dimensional TM wave equation as an example, the second order frequency domain equation of GPR was derived according to the definition of complex extending coordinate transformation. Then it transformed into time domain by means of auxiliary differential equation method, and its FETD equation is derived based on Galerkin method. On this basis, a GPR FETD forward program based on NPML boundary condition is developed. The merits of NPML boundary condition are certified by compared with wave field snapshots, signal and reflection errors of homogeneous medium model with split and non-split PML boundary conditions. The comparison demonstrated that the NPML algorithm can reduce memory occupation and improve calculation efficiency. Furthermore, numerical simulation of a complex model verifies the good absorption effects of the NPML boundary condition in complex structures.

An Oscillating Wave Energy Converter with Nonlinear Snap-Through Power-Take-Off Systems in Regular Waves

Floating oscillating bodies constitute a large class of wave energy converters, especially for offshore deployment. Usually the Power-Take-Off（PTO） system is a directly linear electric generator or a hydraulic motor that drives an electric generator. The PTO system is simplified as a linear spring and a linear damper. However the conversion is less powerful with wave periods off resonance. Thus, a nonlinear snap-through mechanism with two symmetrically oblique springs and a linear damper is applied in the PTO system. The nonlinear snap-through mechanism is characteristics of negative stiffness and double-well potential. An important nonlinear parameter γ is defined as the ratio of half of the horizontal distance between the two springs to the original length of both springs. Time domain method is applied to the dynamics of wave energy converter in regular waves. And the state space model is used to replace the convolution terms in the time domain equation. The results show that the energy harvested by the nonlinear PTO system is larger than that by linear system for low frequency input. While the power captured by nonlinear converters is slightly smaller than that by linear converters for high frequency input. The wave amplitude, damping coefficient of PTO systems and the nonlinear parameter γ affect power capture performance of nonlinear converters. The oscillation of nonlinear wave energy converters may be local or periodically inter well for certain values of the incident wave frequency and the nonlinear parameter γ, which is different from linear converters characteristics of sinusoidal response in regular waves.

Applying a Step Approach Method in Solving the Multi-Frequency Radiation From a Complex Obstacle

In this paper,a step approach method in the time domain is developed to calculate the radiated waves from an arbitrary obstacle pulsating with multiple frequencies.The computing scheme is based on the Boundary Integral Equation and derived in the time domain;thus,the time-harmonic Neumann boundary condition can be imposed.By the present method,the values of the initial conditions are set to zero,and the approach process is carried forward in a loop from the first time step to the last.At each time step,the radiated pressure on each element is updated.After several loops,the correct radiated pressures can be obtained.A sphere pulsating with a monopole frequency in an infinite acoustic domain is calculated first.This result is compared with the analytical solution,and both of them are in good agreement.Then,a complex-shaped radiator is taken as the studied case.The pulsating frequency of this case is multiple,and the waves propagate in half space.It is shown that the present method can treat multiple-frequency pulsation well,even when the radiator is a complex shape,and a robust convergence can be attained quickly.

Elastic Full Waveform Inversion Based on the Trust Region Strategy

In this paper, we investigate the elastic wave full-waveform inversion (FWI) based on the trust region method. The FWI is an optimization problem of minimizing the misfit between the observed data and simulated data. Usually, the line search method is used to update the model parameters iteratively. The line search method generates a search direction first and then finds a suitable step length along the direction. In the trust region method, it defines a trial step length within a certain neighborhood of the current iterate point and then solves a trust region subproblem. The theoretical methods for the trust region FWI with the Newton type method are described. The algorithms for the truncated Newton method with the line search strategy and for the Gauss-Newton method with the trust region strategy are presented. Numerical computations of FWI for the Marmousi model by the L-BFGS method, the Gauss-Newton method and the truncated Newton method are completed. The comparisons between the line search strategy and the trust region strategy are given and show that the trust region method is more efficient than the line search method and both the Gauss-Newton and truncated Newton methods are more accurate than the L-BFGS method.

伪谱法在常Q粘弹介质地震波场模拟中的应用效果

本文采用伪谱法推导了常Q粘弹介质中地震波场的运动方程和波动方程,并进行了地震波场数值正演模拟,模拟结果达到了其它模拟方法同样的效果.但与其它方法相比,采用伪谱法不仅简洁明了,更便于理解;更重要的是它比以往的方法更具有通用性.由此可以说,如果采用伪谱法模拟其它更复杂的粘弹介质模型时,完全可以避免不必要的而且烦杂的数学推导过程;直接将体积松弛模量和剪切松弛模量代入即可得其波动方程.

基于三相Biot速度应力波动方程的水合物储层波场数值模拟

天然气水合物储层可以看作由骨架、水合物和孔隙水构成的三相孔隙介质。以三相Biot一阶速度应力波动方程作为声波在水合物储层传播的控制方程,用有限差分法(FDTD)进行数值模拟。波场快照可以清楚展现3个纵波和两个横波,与Biot理论相符。根据实测速度优化控制方程参数,使数值速度与实测速度相符。结果表明:孔隙度对水合物剪应力分量影响最显著,对水合物、孔隙水和骨架速度分量的影响次之,所以储层中孔隙度最适合用水合物剪应力分量来分析。骨架速度分量和应力分量受饱和度的影响较小,水合物剪应力分量受饱和度的影响最大,所以分析储层中水合物饱和度的最佳选择是水合物剪应力分量。

基于弹性反射波正演表达的转换波逆时偏移与反偏移

针对线性化弹性反射波方程无法直接用于弹性转换波反偏移模拟的问题,本文提出基于高频近似的一次反射波模拟新方法.该方法基于地震波传播的散射理论,先对地下速度扰动的空间变化进行高频近似,再基于散射波传播方程推导得到线性化一次反射波传播方程.基于弹性反射地震数据表达,本文采用线性算子的伴随估计反射系数,实现反射波逆时偏移.根据该线性表达,联合背景速度和成像值来模拟一次反射横波传播,实现了弹性波角度域反偏移,并进一步导出成像值关于波速的梯度.数值实验表明,基于弹性反射地震数据表达的偏移成像方法,既克服了极性反转效应,又使成像结果包含了更为丰富的反射角信息;一次反射波模拟方法获得的弹性地震数据具有较高的精度和稳定性,得到的弹性波场的振幅和相位信息与理论解析解吻合较好,有效保证了成像域层析速度反演梯度的稳定求解.

常Q滞弹性介质地震波动数值模拟--时域本构优化逼近

在地震波动模拟中计入常Q滞弹性阻尼,可有效降低模拟波形的误差.就时域有限差分和有限元模拟而言,常基于广义标准线性体建立阻尼介质的时域本构逼近.广义标准线性体由若干标准线性体并联得到,增加标准线性体个数能有效提高模拟精度,但计算量及计算存储将成倍增长.目前尚未有普适的标准线性体个数优化取值方案.本文基于广义标准线性体参数的非线性优化拟合方法,详细分析了时域本构逼近误差的影响因素,清楚揭示了逼近误差仅取决于频带宽度,与频带上下限取值无关这一特性,阐明了构建具有普适性标准线性体个数优化取值方案的可行性.论证了波形模拟精度主要取决于波传播距离与模拟波长的比值以及标准线性体的个数取值.综合考虑上述两个控制因素,结合在波动正反演问题中广为采纳的波形时频误差衡量准则,对不同Q值介质给出了标准线性体个数优化取值表.进一步,本文提出采用不同个数标准线性体以近似不同Q值的阻尼介质时域本构,解决了以往波动数值模拟中统一采用相同个数标准线性体而导致的计算量及计算存储浪费或模拟精度低下等问题,并基于数值实验验证了这一方法的精度.本文工作对推进滞弹性介质波动数值模拟及其在全波形反演问题中的应用具有理论价值和实践意义.

基于广义坐标变换的起伏地表频率域波动方程正演模拟与逆时偏移

高效精确的波动方程正演模拟是地震偏移成像和参数反演的核心,频率域的有限差分方法在正演模拟具备一定优势,包括能够在多震源模拟中计算效率更高,在选择网格间距时更具有灵活性等.然而,这种方法在处理起伏地表问题上较为困难.为了解决起伏地表情况下的频率域波动方程正演模拟与逆时偏移问题,我们提出通过建立广义坐标系,利用传统笛卡尔坐标系到起伏地表坐标系的映射关系,在起伏地表条件下高精度地模拟地震波传播波场.在此基础上,进一步讨论了实现频率域逆时偏移的可行性.并使用均匀模型和Foothills模型的数值测试来验证本文方法基本流程的有效性和计算效率.结果表明,在进行复杂地表场景的频率域地震成像和反演时,本文方法具有作为正演建模求解器的潜力.

CQTBEW算法及其在轴承早期故障诊断中的应用

滚动轴承出现局部剥落、点蚀等故障时,会产生周期性的振动冲击信号,通常对此信号进行分析即可诊断出故障的严重程度以及出现的位置。但是,设备工作时往往伴随着较大的噪声,因此冲击信号,尤其是早期故障的振动冲击信号,很容易被噪声淹没。针对此问题,本文提出一种基于恒Q变换与二进制能量权重的CQTBEW算法,首先将振动冲击信号进行恒Q变换分析,获得时频谱矩阵;其次对矩阵进行频率分段处理,在时间轴设置滑移窗口,筛选局部极值并二值化时频谱,向时域叠加获得能量时域信号,进行功率谱分析诊断获得特征频率;最后进行仿真信号与实验信号的分析验证。结果表明,该方法具有可行性。

Hydroelastic Behaviour and Analysis of Marine Structures

Hydroelasticity of marine structures with and without forward speed is studied directly using time dependent Boundary Integral Equation Method with Neumann-Kelvin linearisation where the potential is considered as the impulsive velocity potential.The exciting and radiation hydrodynamic parameters are predicted in time with transient wave Green function whilst the structural analysis is solved with Euler-Bernoulli beam method at which modeshapes are defined analytically.The modal analysis is used to approximate the hydroelastic behaviour of the floating systems through fully coupling of the structural and hydrodynamic analyses.As it is expected,it is found with numerical experience that the effects of the rigid body modes are greater than elastic modes in the case of stiff structures.The predicted numerical results of the present in-house computational tool ITU-WAVE are compared with experimental results for validation purposes and show the acceptable agreements.

Analysis of Electromagnetic Environment Effect Using TDIE-FDTD-MNA Hybrid Algorithm

It is important but difficult to analyze the electromagnetic environment effect(E3) in the designing of modern airborne,sea,space,and ground systems.Thus a hybrid algorithm of time domain integral equation,finite difference time domain and modified nodal analysis(TDIE-FDTD-MNA) is developed to analyze the E3 of complex systems with cables and nonlinear circuit structures.The plane wave time domain(PWTD) enhanced TDIE method is adopted to solve field problems.The higher order FDTD(2,4) is adopted to solve cable problems.The MNA is adopted to obtain the response of complex circuits(with nonlinear structures).Numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

均匀流中声学速度预测的时域解析公式

采用理论解析和数值计算方法研究均匀流中声学速度预测的时域解析公式。对基于可渗透面原理的声学速度预测,理论分析了对流矢量波动方程的右端源项,结果显示部分对声学速度传播有贡献的可渗透面源被忽略。基于对流矢量波动方程时域积分公式V1A-M,进一步考虑丢失可渗透面源的贡献,发展了解析公式CV1A-M。对均匀平均流中静止与旋转的单极子和偶极子,利用公式V1A-M和CV1A-M数值预测了点源辐射的声学速度。公式CV1A-M数值解与理论值吻合一致,公式V1A-M因可渗透面载荷源部分丢失,数值解与理论值差异明显。均匀流中偶极子点源声辐射不会诱发涡波扰动,线化欧拉方程能够描述声学速度与声学压力间关系。

气泡软化效应下的非线性声场

为研究气泡的存在对介质中非线性声场的影响,本文利用波动方程和Rayleigh-Plesset方程建立的有限差分和有限体积模型,分别求解了在单频波和双频波激励下含气泡水介质中任意时刻的声压分布。计算表明:在非线性条件下,沿声波传播方向长度为半波长的介质内存在共振频移,即介质发生了软化;含气泡水介质的非线性共振频移与振源的振幅有关,在一定范围内,频移随着振幅的增大而增大;并证明了介质中的软化是由气泡平均体积增大而引起的。本研究为提高参量阵声发射和接收效率等提供了一种思路。

TIME DOMAIN BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHODS FOR THE NEUMANN PROBLEM： ERROR ESTIMATES AND ACOUSTIC PROBLEMS

We investigate time domain boundary element methods for the wave equation in R3, with a view towards sound emission problems in computational acoustics. The Neumann problem is reduced to a time dependent integral equation for the hypersingular operator, and we present a priori and a posteriori error estimates for conforming Galerkin approxima- tions in the more general case of a screen. Numerical experiments validate the convergence of our boundary element scheme and compare it with the numerical approximations ob- tained from an integral equation of the second kind. Computations in a half-space illustrate the influence of the reflection properties of a flat street.

基于分数阶拉普拉斯算子解耦的黏声介质地震正演模拟与逆时偏移

时间域常Q黏声波方程,由于含分数阶时间导数项,数值求解需要大量内存,计算效率低,不利于地震偏移的实施.通过一系列近似,可将该方程简化为介质频散效应和衰减效应解耦的分数阶拉普拉斯算子黏声波方程,数值求解内存需求少,计算效率高.本文采用交错网格有限差分逼近时间导数,改进的伪谱法计算空间导数,PML吸收边界去除边界反射,对该方程进行数值离散和地震正演模拟,开展地震数据的黏声介质逆时偏移,实现波场逆时延拓过程中同时完成频散校正和衰减补偿.改善深层构造的成像精度,数值结果表明,基于分数阶拉普拉斯算子解耦的黏声介质地震正演模拟与逆时偏移可大幅度提高地震模拟计算效率,偏移剖面明显优于常规声波偏移剖面,极大改善深层构造的成像品质.