Nuclear Gluon Density in the Constituent Quark Model

The nuclear gluon distribution is predicted using the constituent quark model.We point out that the nuclear shadowing and andsliadowing depress nuclear gluon field when x<0.08 and enhance it when 0.08<x<0.2.

Electric and Magnetic Form Factors of Proton in Relativistic Constituent QuarkModel

Based on relativistic constituent quark (RCQ) model, the electric and magnetic form factors are analyzed.The ratio of the two form factors for the proton G Ep/ G Mp , which is an image of its charge and magnetization distributions,is calculated in the light-front formulism of RCQ model. Recently, this ratio was measured at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab) using the polarization technique. The new data presented span the range 3.5 GeV^2<Q^2<5.6 GeV^2 and are well described by a linear Q2 fit. Also, the ratio √Q^2F2p/KpF1p reaches a constant value while Q^2 becomes larger than 2 (GeV)2. Our calculation results are presented and appear to be consistent with the experimental ones.

Nucleon Form Factors and N-△ Transitions in a Hypercentral Constituent Quark Model with Meson Cloud

我们学习核子形式因素和核子 -- Δ(1232 ) 在亢奋的中央成分夸克的一个框架的转变当模特儿。介子介子云效果明确地被考虑。我们介子遮蔽的结果表演实质地作出贡献到核子形式因素以及到他合法地Δ(的振幅 1232 ) ，并且它与试验性的测量相比给一个改进协议。

Phytochemical constituents,analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of methanol extract of Triumfetta rhomboidea leaves in animal models

Objective:To investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the methanolic extract of the leaves of Triumfetta rhomboidea on mice and rats respectively.And to screen the phytochemical constituent of the extract. Methods:The analgesic effect was determined by acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice.While the anti-inflammatory activity was determined by egg albumin-induced oedema of the rat paw.Phytochemical screening was done by standard procedures.Results:Triumfetta rhomboidea leaf extract(50 -400 mg/kg) caused a statistically significant inhibition on the egg albumin-induced eodema or inflammation in Wister albino rats with P【0.001(ANOVA).This effect was higher than the observed effect with Piroxicam(0.5 mg/kg) which was used as a standard.The effect was also dose-dependent.Furthermore,Triumfetta rhomboidea extract caused a statistically significant reduction in the number of acetic acid-induced writhing in mice,with P【0.001(ANOVA).These effects were also does-dependent and greater than the analgesic effects by paracetamol which was used as a reference drug.Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids,steroids, triterpenoids alkaloids,tannins and saponins in Truimfetta rhomboidea leaf extract.Conclusion:Triumfetta rhomboidea can be recommended for acute inflammatory disorders and diseases associated with pains.This also supports its traditional use as an anti-snake bite and anti-cancer or anti-tumor agent.Further study is on the way to find out the mechanism of its action and also to isolate,identify and characterize the active principle responsible for these effects in this plant.

Development of multiple soft computing models for estimating organic and inorganic constituents in coal

The distribution of the various organic and inorganic constituents and their influences on the combustion of coal has been comprehensively studied.However,the combustion characteristics of pulverized coal depend not only on rank but also on the composition,distribution,and combination of the macerals.Unlike the proximate and ultimate analyses,determining the macerals in coal involves the use of sophisticated microscopic instrumentation and expertise.In this study,an attempt was made to predict the amount of macerals(vitrinite,inertinite,and liptinite)and total mineral matter from the Witbank Coalfields samples using the multiple input single output white-box artificial neural network(MISOWB-ANN),gene expression programming(GEP),multiple linear regression(MLR),and multiple nonlinear regression(MNLR).The predictive models obtained from the multiple soft computing models adopted are contrasted with one another using difference,efficiency,and composite statistical indicators to examine the appropriateness of the models.The MISOWB-ANN provides a more reliable predictive model than the other three models with the lowest difference and highest efficiency and composite statistical indicators.

Structure of the Quarks and a New Model of Protons and Neutrons: Answer to Some Open Questions

The described structural model tries to answer some open questions such as: Why do quarks not exist in the open state? Where are the antiparticles from the Big Bang?

1-19 Gluonic Structure of the Constituent Quark

Based on both the constituent quark picture and the instanton model for QCD vacuum, we calculate the unpolarized and polarized gluon distributions in the constituent quark and in the nucleon. Our approach consists of two main steps. At the first step, we follow the Altarelli-Parisi (AP) approach[1] to calculate the gluon distributions inside the constituent quark generated by the perturbative quark-gluon interaction, the non-perturbative quarkgluon interaction, and the non-perturbative quark-gluon-pion anomalous chromomagnetic interaction. The nonperturbative interactions are related to the existence of the instantons, strong topological fluctuations of gluon fields, in the QCD vacuum. At the second step, the convolution model is applied to derive the gluon distributions in the nucleon.

Distribution of 9 Principal Tidal Constituents and Tide Prediction for the East China Sea

By use of the hydrodynamic model, the harmonic constants of 8 principal tidal constituents (Q(1), O-1, P-1, K-1, N-2, M-2, S-2 and K-2) are obtained for the East China Sea, and the harmonic constant of S-a is calculated by two-dimensional interpolation. The calculated results agree well with the observed data around the sea. The harmonic constants can be used to predict the tide in the East China Sea. The cotidal charts of the 9 tidal constituents reveal their distribution.

Experimental investigation on the nanoindentation viscoelastic constitutive model of quartz and kaolinite in mudstone

The creep behaviors in deep underground engineering structures,especially in soft rocks,have a remarkable impact on the long-term stability of the excavations,which finally leads to the high risk and failure of it.Accordingly,it is essential to recognize the time-dependent deformation through the investigation of this phenomenon.In this study,the creep behaviors of soft rocks were examined to help understand the underlying mechanism of the extended time-dependent deformation.Due to the limited results about the time-dependent properties of the constituents of the rock that reveal their heterogeneity,the targeting nanoindentation technique(TNIT),was adopted to investigate the viscoelastic characteristics of kaolinite and quartz in a two-constituent mudstone sample.The TNIT consists of identifications of mineralogical ingredients in mudstone and nanoindentation experiments on each identified constituent.After conducting experiments,the unloading stages of the typical indentation curves were analyzed to calculate the hardness and elastic modulus of both elements in mudstone.Additionally,the 180 s load-holding stages with the peak load of 50 mN were transformed into the typical creep strain-time curves for fitting analysis by using the Kelvin model,the standard viscoelastic model,and the extended viscoelastic model.Fitting results show that the standard viscoelastic model not only can perfectly express the nanoindentation creep behaviors of both kaolinite and quartz but also can produce suitable constants used to measure their creep parameters.The creep parameters of kaolinite are much smaller than that of quartz,which causes the considerable time-dependent deformation of the soft mudstone.Eventually,the standard viscoelastic model was also verified on the quartz in a sandstone sample.

QQqq Four-Quark Bound States in Chiral SU(3) Quark Model

The possibility of QQqq heavy-light four-quark bound states has been analyzed by means of the chiral SU(3) quark model,where Q is the heavy quark (c or b) and q is the light quark (u,d,or s).We obtain a bound state for the bbnn configuration with quantum number J^R=1^+,I=0 and for the ccnn(J^R=1+,I=0) configuration,which is not bound but slightly above the D~*D~* threshold (n is u or d quark).Meanwhile,we also conclude that a weakly bound state in bbnn system can also be found without considering the chiral quark interactions between the two light quarks, yet its binding energy is weaker than that with the chiral quark interactions.

Chiral SU(3) Quark Model Study of Tetraquark States: cn■/cs

魅力奇怪的家庭 D sJ (2317), D sJ (2460), 和 D 有令人吃惊的性质的 s (2632), ，正在质问现在的模型。许多理论解释被奉献给这个问题。大多数作者建议他们不是常规 c 夸克模型状态，但是可能是 P 波浪 c 的四夸克的状态和一个四夸克的状态。在这个工作，我们跟随 four-quark-state 图画，并且学习 cn/cs 状态的群众(n 是 u 或 d 夸克) 在 chiral 苏(3 ) 夸克模型。数字结果表演有旋转同等值 J P = 0 + 可能不是 D s (2632) 。同时，我们也结束那 D sJ (2317 ) 和 D sJ (2460 ) 不能作为纯四夸克的状态被解释。

A New Quantum Number Triangular Array That Defines the Internal Organization of Valence Quarks, the Hadron Quark Model, and the CKM Matrix

Purpose: The Harmonic Neutron Hypothesis, HNH, has demonstrated that many of the fundamental physical constants, including the quarks, are associated with partial harmonic fractional exponents, , of a fundamental frequency, vF. The model has shown that the properties of the quarks are based on a progression of prime number composites. They also fall on three separate power law lines related to integer factors of the Y-intercept, , of a fundamental electromagnetic line which is scaled by the Rydberg constant, R and Planck’s constant. The quark lines are scaled by the quantum number factors {1, 2, 3}, and their Y-intercepts are referred to as nbem. The goal is to present a new proto-quark model in a six-quark inverted triangular array that defines the global organization of the valence quarks, which determines the hadronic quantum numbers, the standard hadron quark model, and the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix. Methods: The charm, bottom, top quarks are associated with power law line Y-intercept, nbem equal to 1;the strange and down quarks with nbem equal to 2;and the up quark with nbem equal to 3. An inverted equilateral triangular array with three rows arranged from upper row (triangle base) to bottom row (triangle vertex), is associated respectively with nbem numbers 1, 2, and 3. The novelty of our perspective thus defines a new global valence quark organization which supersedes the Standard hadron composite quark model. The quarks are ordered via relative mass, partial fractions, and nbem quantum number. The top row of our inverted triangle includes the c, b, and t quarks from left to right;the middle row depicts the d and s quarks;and the bottom row, the up quark. Results: Our array depicts a quantum generator of the global organization of the valence quarks defining the composite quark model. The vertices of the triangular array are the up quarks, the midpoints are the down quarks. All weak transitions are from a corner to a midpoint or vice versa. The standard 3 by 3 CKM matrix is generated from the new quark triangle with each up type quark (u, c, and t) transforming to each down type (d, s, and b), with their experimental flavor transition magnitudes given. Conclusion: A new quark quantum number, nbem, is an important discovery that generates a new proto-valence quark triangle that secondarily generates the composite quark model and the CKM matrix.

Nuclear Matter in a Chiral SU(3) Quark Mean-Field Model

A quark meson coupling model based on SU(3)L × SU(3)R symmetry and scale invariance is proposed.The quarks and mesons get masses through symmetry broken. We apply this SU(3) chiral constituent quark model to investigating the nuclear matter at finite temperature and density. The effective baryon masses, compression modulus and hyperon potentials are all reasonable. The critical temperature ofliquid-gas phase transition is also calculated in this model.

Interplay Between Quark-Antiquark and Diquark Condensates in Vacuum in a Two-Flavor Nambu-Jona-Lasinio Model

借助于一个相对论的有效潜力，我们在在处于二风味的 Nambu-Jona-Lasinio ( NJL )的地面状态的真空的夸克反夸克冷凝物【 qq 】 和 diquark 冷凝物【 qq 】 之间的经分解研究竞争为 Gs-Hs 相图建模并且获得，在 G 和 H 是在scalarquark反夸克的各自的四费米子的联合常数的地方，隧道和数量渲染反三位字节 diquark 隧道。在 thechiral 限制，仅仅有纯【 qq 】 的结果表演分阶段执行什么时候 Gs/Hs 】 2/3 ，并且当 Gs/Hs 减少到 0 将首先有的 2/3 】Gs/Hs ≥ ，共存冷凝物【 qq 】 和【 qq 】 然后一个纯【 qq 】 阶段分阶段执行。在非零暴露夸克团大小写，在的 Gs/Hs 的临界数值纯 <QQ > 到冷凝物 【 qq 】 和 【 qq 】 的共存阶段的阶段愿望转移将是不到 2/3。我们的理论结果，与在 QCD 的真空有结节夸克冷凝物的现在的现象学的事实结合了，将也强加真实限制到被打算模仿 QCD 的任何giventwo风味 NJL 模型，即在这为结果建模在在 Hartree 近似的 Fierz 转变以后的最小的比率 Gs/Hs 一定比 2/3 大。Afew 现象学的象 QCD 一样 NJL 模型被检查并且分析。

Extended Quark Potential Model from Random Phase Approximation

The quark potential model is extended to include the sea quark excitation using the random phase approx-imation. The effective quark interaction preserves the important QCD properties - chiral symmetry and confinementsimultaneously. A primary qualitative analysis shows that the π meson as a well-known typical Goldstone boson andthe other mesons made up of valence qq quark pair such as the ρ meson can also be described in this extended quarkpotential model.

A Gaussian Model for Anisotropic Strange Quark Stars

For studying the anisotropie strange quark stars, we assume that the radial pressure inside an anisotropic star can be obtained simply by isotropie pressure plus an additional Gaussian term with three free parameters （A, μ and X）. According to recent observations, a pulsar in a mass range of 1.97±0.04M has been measured. Hence, we take this opportunity to set the free parameters of our model. We fix X by applying boundary and stability conditions and then search the A - μ parameter space For a maximum mass range of 1.9M 〈 Mmax 〈 2.1M. Our results indicate that anisotropy increases the maximum mass M and also its corresponding radius R for a typical strange quark star. Furthermore, our model shows magnetic field and electric charge increase the anisotropy factor △. In fact, △ has a maximum on the surface and this maximum goes up in the presence of magnetic field and electric charge. Finally, we show that anisotropy can be more effective than either magnetic field or electric charge in raising maximum mass of strange quark stars.

Vertex Decoupling and Quark Deconfinement in Soliton Bag Model at Finite Temperature

By means of the Matsubara Green’s function method,we investigate the temperature dependence of coupling constant gqqa in soliton bag model.We find Sqqo will decrease as temperature increases in high temperature region and will approach zero at critical temperature T_(c).The quark deconfinement phase transition in soliton bag model is discussed.

Pion Cloud Effects on △-N Mass Splitting from Quark Models

Pion cloud effects on △-N mass splitting are studied based on quark models. Pseudo-scalar pion-quarkcoupling is discussed in the relativistic and nonrelativistic frameworks. We separately calculate the pion cloud effects bythe one-pion exchange potential and by another method which is consistent with the baryon chiral perturbation theory.Remark able discrepancy in the mass splitting between the two methods is shown.

Meson Cloud Effect on △(1232) Resonance Transition Properties with a Relativistic Quark Model Approach

Based on a relativistic quark model approach, the transition properties of the first nucleon resonance △(1232), and the coupling constants gπNN, g△πN are investigated. Tvo different vays to remove the center of mass motion are considered. The results of the relativistic approaches with and without center ofmass correction are compared with those of nonrelativistic constituent quark model. Moreover, pion meson cloud effect on these calculated observables is explicitly addressed. Better results are obtained by taking the pion meson cloud into account.

■Ω and ■^(*)Ω Dibaryons in SC7(3)Chiral Quark Model

The binding energy of the six quark system with strangeness s=-5 is investigated by the SU(3)chiral constituent quark model.The single ■^(*)Ω channel calculation with spin S=Q and the coupled ■Ω-■^(*)Ω channel calculation with spin S=1 are considered.It is shown that in the spin S=0 case,the binding energy of ■^(*)Ω is ranged from 80.0 to 92.4MeV,while in the S=1 case,the additional ■^(*)Ω channel increases the binding energy of ■Ω to a range of 26.2-32.9 MgV.