Construction of Legal System of China's Farmland Protection under the Coexistence of Multiple Objectives:Historical Logic,Practical Problems and Optimization Paths

[Objectives]To explore the evolution of the legal system of farmland protection and explore the rules and characteristics of policy development based on the theory and logic of institutional change since China's reform and opening up,reveal the problems and deep-seated reasons of its legislation,clarify the direction of farmland protection in the new period,and solve the"non-agricultural""non-grain"and ecological problems of farmland.[Methods]Literature analysis and inductive deduction methods were used.[Results]The evolution of the farmland protection legal system has gone through the process of"national consciousness-policy guidelines-institutional system",the change from"single subject to multiple subjects";change from the use of"one-way administrative means to coordinated use of administrative,economic and technical means".The practical problems of the farmland protection legal system are mainly due to the insufficient systematization of the farmland protection legal system itself,the generalization of quantity protection,the transformation of quality protection,and the absence of ecological protection.[Conclusions]It is recommended to improve the existing farmland protection legal system from the establishment of the Farmland Protection Law,the improvement of the farmland protection public participation mechanism and supervision mechanism,the establishment of the farmland quality construction and improvement system,the differentiated farmland occupation and supplementation balance system,and the ecological restoration system.

On the “Law and Literature” Campaign in the Chinese Context and Its Significance for the Construction of China's Legal System

"Law and literature " comes from an American radical law school of the1970 s,and it was then considered a campaign,thus the school became one of the most post-modernistic schools of thought. Due to its western theoretic background,it is necessary to interpret its context; in other words,the "Law and literature"problems shall be interpreted in the Chinese context,which can also provide much inspiration and reference for the construction of China's legal system.

LEGAL SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION

To set up a completelaw system for China’s foreigntrade and economiccooperation is an urgent taskin our legislation work.Usinglegal measures to preventforeign products from invadingChina’s national industry;Rectifying the foreign tradeorder;Further improving theenvironment for foreigninvestment. Officials from the Treatyand Law Department of theMinistry of Foreign Trade andEconomic Cooperation(MOFTEC)talk about the LegalSystem Construction of ForeignTrade and EconomicCooperation.

Legal System Construction for Energy Industry in China

In a very real sense,China did not have a legal system of energy until 1978 when the policy of reform and opening-up was carried out.Over the 30 years since then,China has achieved great accomplishments in energy development,which have attracted worldwide attention,

Some Thoughts on Lawyers and Legal Construction

To construct the rule of law, we can not only rely on the legal system itself, but also should we take good use of the legal person＇s active participation in the building process, which would be the driving force. Only the static legal system itself can not rule out the presence of ruling of man and something like unjust privilege. However, legal person＇s dynamic involving in the construction of rule of law, by means of legal person＇s constraints to the person of rule of man, can effectively protect citizens＇ legitimate rights and interests, by what we can achieve the maximum degree of eliminating social injustice as well. There is no doubt that the lawyer is just the strong force that above-mentioned who promotes the process of legal construction to develop better and longer.

Some Thoughts on Lawyers and Legal Construction

To construct the rule of law, we can not only rely on the legal system itself but also should we take good use of the legal person＇ s active participation in the building process, which would be the driving force. Only the static legal system itself can not nile out the presence of ruling of man and something like unjust privilege. However, legal person＇s dynamic involving in the conslluction of rule of law, by means of legal person＇s constraints to the person of rule of man, can effectively protect citizens＇ legitimate rights and interests, by what we can achieve the maximum degree of eliminating social injustice as well. There is no doubt that the lawyer is just the Sllong force that above-mentioned who promotes the process of legal construction to develop better and longer.

Unenumerated Rights Clauses and the System of Restriction on Fundamental Rights——Another Construction Plan for Article 51 of the Constitution of PRC

According to constitutional jurisprudence in China,Article 51 of the Constitution is an unenumerated restrictive clause.Such theoretical construction fails to justify the differentiated restrictions established in the Constitution and makes it difficult to explain the constitutional status of human dignity. Article 51 implies the possibility of other theoretical constructions. It is not an unenumerated restriction clause but an unenumerated rights clause. It aims to provide guarantees for general freedom of action not enumerated in the Constitution rather than restricting fundamental rights. The actual benefit of this kind of theoretical construction lies in that it can establish the basis of the constitutional text for general freedom of action and promote the people’s correct understanding of the model of restriction on fundamental rights established by the Constitution of PRC.

面向2035年高等教育强国建设的法律保障体系建构:价值意蕴、基本框架与逻辑遵循

高等教育法律体系有助于妥善处理高等教育内外部关系、推进高等教育治理现代化以及有效抵御与规避高等教育发展风险。高等教育强国建设的法律保障体系主要由高等教育法律体系的元结构、层级结构和法治结构组成,以制度-主体-资源、结构-质量-效益、公平-自由-开放等方面为主要保障内容。为此,我们应坚持以党的领导为法律保障体系建构的政治方向、以人民为中心为法律保障体系建构的根本原则、以人的自由全面发展为法律保障体系建构的价值追求、以支撑引领中国式现代化为法律保障体系建构的根本目标,综合考量、系统设计,建成横向、纵向贯通的面向2035年高等教育强国法律保障体系。

“建构中国自主法学知识体系”的命题阐释

“建构中国自主法学知识体系”,是一个由政治命题衍生而成的学术命题。对于这一命题的题旨情境,可从意蕴定位、概念融贯和理论示范渐次展开,由此理解“为何建构”的问题。以古典中国的政法传统、近代中国的知识革命、当代中国的法学体系为线索,勾勒中国法学知识由传统向现代的演化,可以深入理解“何以建构”之历史逻辑。在方法要义上,阐释“建构中国自主的法学知识体系”命题,可从政治家、思想家、法学家、法律家、社会治理精英以及更大范围“公众”的统合视角展开,以融贯一体为基本方法,以政法知识为核心支点,以法理均衡为推进主线,从整体上更新对“如何建构”的认知。

中国共产党在中央苏区时期法制建设的民主特质及立法精神

习近平总书记在中国共产党第二十次全国代表大会的报告中强调:“坚持共产党的领导”是“中国式现代化的本质要求”。马克思主义传入中国及中国共产党的成立,开辟了中国现代化建设的新方向。中国共产党在中央苏区时期进行了现代化国家建设的重要尝试,在法制建设方面贯彻了马克思主义人民民主的原则,体现了充分的民主性。这一时期,中国共产党制定和颁行的一系列法律、法令、条例、训令,以马克思主义人民民主思想为根本指导思想,以解放中国社会的广大劳苦人民群众、建立工人和农民的民主专政为根本目的,同时在立法、执法、司法过程中又特别注重人民对权力的民主监督。中国共产党在苏维埃时期的法制建设实践,体现着中国共产党最早的民主政治理念,是当代中国社会主义法治的源头所在。

中国式现代化网络安全法治体系建设新探索

网络化信息化数字化既为我们勾勒出中国式现代化的美好图景,为推进高质量高水平对外开放、助力大国竞争与博弈注入了强劲动力,同时也为我们带来了巨大的挑战。因此,我们必须牢牢把握信息革命的历史机遇,完善网络安全立法,加快网络强国建设;注重制度建设与综合治理并重,营造风清气正的网络空间;规范网络文明行为,提升网络文明素养;促进多元治理,构建网络空间命运共同体;凝聚价值共识,强化网络空间思想引领,把高质量推进中国式网络安全法治体系与治理能力现代化的发展作为全面建设社会主义现代化国家的重要战略任务和关键支撑要素。

新时期政法学术期刊推动法学学术体系建设之维度

政法学术期刊是政法理论界与实务界交流的重要学术平台,其在探索中国式法治现代化道路中需肩负起应有的时代职责。特别是在法学“三大体系”建设进程中,新时期政法学术期刊应立足于习近平法治思想,着力从工具价值、人民立场与政治逻辑三个维度推动法学学术体系建设,积极参与并肩负起在加快构建中国特色哲学社会科学战略任务中的使命担当。

宅基地资格权的政策意蕴、实践探索与法律构造

宅基地制度从“两权分置”向“三权分置”发展,衍生出宅基地资格权并将其作为宅基地权利构造之关键。宅基地资格权作为“保障宅基地农户资格权”这一改革要求的权利载体,是“两权分置”下宅基地使用权中身份性权利的权利载体,也是“三权分置”下实现农民“户有所居”的关键抓手。农户作为保障宅基地资格权的主体指向,通过设置宅基地资格权以实现在住的方面的基本保障功能。相关实践探索彰显出宅基地资格权的典型特征并可从中归纳出宅基地资格权的认定条件、认定程序、权利内容。面对宅基地“三权分置”改革所面临的易引发农户基本住房需求保障风险、实质弱化宅基地权利中身份性内容的风险以及将保障功能极端化的风险,需要重新厘定宅基地资格权的内涵,在立法上独立设置宅基地资格权,建立宅基地资格权认定规则,强化宅基地资格权内容设计,实现宅基地资格权制度的系统构造。

基于扎根理论的公立医院法治建设评价模型之构建研究

基于扎根理论的方法,深度调研来自北京、深圳、南京、武汉、长沙、海口、泸州、重庆等地区的有关专家并开展半结构式访谈,应用NVivo11.0软件对访谈资料实施三级编码,制定构建出包含核心范畴、主范畴、初始范畴和初始概念的公立医院法治建设评价模型,其中党建引领、管理体系、依法治院、法治监督、法治保障和法治环境是其关键要素,建议将该公立医院法治建设评价模型作为公立医院法治建设情况之评价研究的理论框架和实务工具。

论场内数据交易的法律制度建构

“数据二十条”提出,“完善和规范数据流通规则,构建促进使用和流通、场内场外相结合的交易制度体系,规范引导场外交易,培育壮大场内交易”。以北上广深及贵阳等地为代表的各地人大常委会、人民政府及政府相关部门、数据交易所开始采取措施,对数据条例、交易所管理办法、数据交易规则(规范)等进行完善。但各自为政现象严重,缺乏统一适用的全国性立法。《数据安全法》等法律、规章、规范性文件对场内数据交易虽有所涉及,但过于抽象化、原则化,可操作性不强。应从数据交易所的公益性、经营者特性、中介人特性出发,建立与之配套的场内数据交易法律制度,颁布“场内数据交易法”,打造安全、可靠、可信、可追溯的数据交易平台,引导交易主体进场交易,规范数据交易市场秩序。

建立中国特色法治建设激励制度研究

激励是法律的基本功能之一,建立中国特色法治建设激励制度对于完善中国特色社会主义法律规范结构、解决法治建设内生动力不足问题以及推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化具有重要意义。截至目前,我国已有多部法律法规对激励制度作出原则规定,且在激励制度的运用上积累了一定的经验,加之境外国家和地区也有成功经验可供借鉴,此时建立中国特色法治建设激励制度具有较高可行性。建立中国特色法治建设激励制度应当遵循科学化、体系化原则,精神激励为主、物质激励为辅原则,明确性、时机性原则以及程序公正、公开原则,而具体的制度设计和构建,则应当从选择激励的立法模式、确定激励的范围、增加激励的种类、优化激励的方式以及设置激励的程序等几个方面着手。

新时代我国生态文明制度建设的成就、经验与展望

新时代十年来,我国围绕环境法制建设、环境政策规范和环境管理体制三个主要方面精准发力,环境立法逐步走向健全,环境政策规范不断完善,环境管理和执法效能不断提升,生态文明制度建设取得显著成效,取得了坚持顶层设计与基层实践相结合、坚持整体推进与重点突破相结合、坚持垂直管理与统一监管相结合、坚持刚性约束与多元激励相结合等若干工作经验。新时代新征程推进生态文明制度建设仍需在制度内容丰富完善、制度整合衔接和制度执行落实等方面持续发力,协同推动生态文明制度的效能充分释放。

优化营商环境的行政法治进路探索——以湖南省营商环境为研究样本

行政法治有助于构建优质营商环境。以湖南省营商环境为样本进行实证分析,发现其营商环境建设中尚存地方立法阻滞、行政执法不力、行政司法薄弱的现实困境,追本溯源,精准施策,应完善立法体制,夯实优化营商环境的制度基础;践履执法规范文明,提振营商环境建设的执法效能;维护司法公平,建构营商环境发展的司法保障,推动营商环境中的行政法治体系建设,促进湖南省营商环境高质量发展。

法律视角下农村土地经营权流转问题研究

农村土地经营权流转是提高农村土地整合利用、促进农业农村现代化的有效途径。然而,当前土地经营权流转仍存在各种问题和不足。因此,需要从法律角度对农地经营权的入市交流和流转问题进行系统研究。在分析经营权流转的基本现状和法律困难的基础上,从明确土地经营权权利性质、健全农村土地的产权制度、优化农地经营权融资制度、强化经营权流转法律保障等方面,探讨了健全和完善农地经营权流转法律制度的策略。

新中国成立以来我国环境法制建设的发展历程

1949—1977年我国环境法制建设萌芽。1973年我国制定了第一部环境保护法律文件。1978—1991年,我国环境法制建设起步并蓬勃发展,环境保护首次被写入宪法及其完善,环境保护法试行并于10年后正式颁布实施,诸多单行环境保护法律颁布实施。1992—2012年,我国先后制定出台多项单行法律,加快推进环境立法进程,建立和完善更加合理科学、系统高效的法律保障体系。党的十八大以来,我国既创新出台了新的相关法律条文,也对现有相关环境保护法律进行了修订。这一时期我国制定出台及修订完善了一系列一般性环境保护法律,开展了专门性环境立法及修订工作,我国环境法制建设进入系统完善阶段。