Exploring the impact of economic growth and energy consumption on SO_(2) emissions in China based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis

This study aims to analysis the influence of economic growth(EG)and energy consumption(EC)on sulfur dioxide emissions(SE)in China.Accordingly,this study explores the link between EG,EC,and SE for 30 provinces in China over the span of 2000-2019.This study also analyzes cross-sectional dependence tests,panel unit root tests,Westerlund panel cointegration tests,Dumitrescu-Hurlin(D-H)causality tests.According to the test results,there is an inverted U-shaped association between EG and SE,and the assumption of the Environmental Kuznets Curve(EKC)is verified.The signs of EG and EC in the fixed effect(FE)and random effect(RE)methods are in line with those in the dynamic ordinary least squares(DOLS),fully modified ordinary least squares(FMOLS)and autoregressive distributed lag(ARDL)estimators.Moreover,the results verified that EC can obviously positive impact the SE.To reduce SE in China,government and policymakers can improve air quality by developing cleaner energy sources and improving energy efficiency.This requires the comprehensive use of policies,regulations,economic incentives,and public participation to promote sustainable development.

Does economic growth stimulate energy consumption?New evidence from national and regional levels in China

A detailed investigation of the nexus between economic growth and energy use is imperative for formulating sustainable development policies.In this study,we examine panel cointegration and causality relations among economic growth,energy use,capital stock,and labor in 30 Chinese provinces between 2000-2019.We conduct a comprehensive empirical analysis based on panel modeling and a neoclassical production function.The findings of the second-generation panel unit root and co-integration tests reveal that these variables have long term co-integration linkages.We then perform a panel cointegration estimation using the fully modified ordinary least squares technique and find that total energy consumption,electricity consumption,capital stock,and labor significantly influence economic growth at the national and regional levels in China.Moreover,the outcomes of the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test indicate the existence of a two-way causal nexus between economic output and total energy consumption at the national level,but only a causal link from GDP to total energy use in the eastern and central regions.Conversely,a causality from total energy use to economic output is identified in the western region.Finally,we provide policy implications for the sustainable development of both energy and the economy at the national and regional levels.

The age at first consumption of forage in calves and its effect on growth and rumination in the short‑and long‑term

Background Previous investigations into the effect of dietary forage on calf performance have been inconsistent,and there is a paucity of information exploring the effect of age on the growth performance and rumination of calves.Eighty-four female Holstein calves(41.5±4.2 kg)were enrolled at birth,a subset of the calves were fed calf starter only(CON,n=21)while the rest(n=63)were classified into three treatment groups:the early(EHAY,n=26,5.1±0.8 d),the middle(MHAY,n=21,7.9±0.8 d)and the late(LHAY,n=16,12.1±1.4 d)hay consumers.The short-term effect of the age at first forage consump-tion(AFF)on calves’feed intake was monitored until d 84.In addition,the long-term effects of AFF on body weight,structural growth and rumination behavior were recorded until d 196.Rumen samples were collected on d 1,7,35,84 and 196 to ana-lyze the rumen fermentation,while fecal samples were collected from d 78 to 84 to estimate digestibility parameters.Results Treatment had no effect on feed intake.While,the EHAY calves tended to have lower BW and ADG compared to LHAY and CON calves.Several total-tract apparent digestibility parameters and digestible nutrients intake were significantly lower in EHAY calves compared with CON and LHAY calves.Calves in the EHAY group tended to begin ruminating ealier,while CON calves were the latest(12.3 vs.15.5 days of age).A treatment and time interaction was present for rumination time due to greater rumination in calves consuming hay compared to CON calves in week 10 to 12,the differences in rumination disappeared afterwards,no long-lasting significant differences in the rumina-tion and rumen fermentation parameters were found between treatments.Conclusions In conclusion,this study showed that hay consumption earlier in life(in the first week,around 5 days of life)could negatively affect the growth of the calf in the short and long term.Compared to consuming hay from the second week(around 12 days of life)or feeding concentrate only without hay,starting to consume hay from the first week could compromise nutrient digestibility and digestible nutrient intake independent of developing rumination behaviour and rumen fermentation.

Minimization of Air Consumption and Potential Savings of Textile Denim Fabric Manufacturing Process

One of the most important aspects of Bangladesh’s textile industry is denim. Bangladesh now has a new opportunity thanks to the global demand for denim among fashion industry professionals. Entrepreneurs from Bangladesh provide denim products to well-known international merchants all over the world. The worldwide denim market is predicted to expand by roughly 8% through the year 2020. We must raise the standard of denim if we are to keep up with the expanding industry. In contrast to projectile and rapier systems, air-jet weaving machines nowadays can weave practically all types of yarns without any issues and at higher rates. Due to this, air-jet looms are an excellent substitute for other weft insertion techniques. This kind of device still has one significant flaw, though, and that is the enormous power consumption brought on by the creation of compressed air. Researchers and manufacturers of air-jet looms have therefore worked very hard to find a solution to this issue and achieve a huge reduction in air consumption without compromising loom performance or fabric quality. Therefore, the purpose of this project is to look into ways to decrease air consumption and reduce auxiliary selvedge waste without any decrease in loom performance and fabric quality on existing air-jet weaving looms which reduce the manufacturing costs with process improvement. Just updating the air pressure allowed a weaving mill to reduce air usage by 11 cfm. So, with just almost no cost, a company with 100 looms could save $0.15 M each year, on compressed air. Two new methods for decreasing process costs on air jet looms have also been developed by this project work.

Cointegration analysis with structural changes between consumption and economic growth in China

In order to investigate the existence of a stable long-run equilibrium relationship between economic growth and consumption in China, the relationship between the gross domestic product （GDP） and consumption in China was investigated by the cointegration analysis method. Using the Engle-Granger （EG） test and considering the possibility of structural changes, the impact of external economic shocks on the long-run equilibrium relationship between economic growth and consumption in China was analyzed. Analysis results show that without considering structural changes, the EG test cannot detect cointegration in the series subjected to structural changes; in considering structural changes, cointegration is successfully detected by specifying the dummy variable. In addition, the error correction models were constructed in different periods. This study verifies the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between economic growth and consumption in China, and this relationship has significantly changed in 1989 and 1997, respectively.

The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth and the development strategy of a low-carbon economy in Kazakhstan

Fossil energy is the material basis of human survival, economic development and social progress. The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is becoming increasingly close. However, energy consumption is the major source of greenhouse gases, which can significantly affect the balance of the global ecosystem. It has become the common goal of countries worldwide to address climate change, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and implement sustainable development strategies. In this study, we applied an approximate relationship analysis, a decoupling relationship analysis, and a trend analysis to explore the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth using data from Kazakhstan for the period of 1993-2010. The results demonstrated： （1） the total energy consumption and GDP in Kazakhstan showed a ＂U＂-type curve from 1993 to 2010. This curve was observed because 1993-1999 was a period during which Kazakhstan transitioned from a republic to an independent country and experienced a difficult transition from a planned to a market economy. Then, the economic system became more stable and the industrial production increased rapidly because of the effective financial, monetary and industrial policy support from 2000 to 2010. （2） The relationships between energy con- sumption and carbon emissions, economic growth and energy exports were linked; the carbon emissions were mainly derived from energy consumption, and the dependence of economic growth on energy exports gradually increased from 1993 to 2010. Before 2000, the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth was in a recessional decoupling state because of the economic recession. After 2000, this relationship was in strong and weak decoupling states because the international crude oil prices rose and energy exports increased greatly year by year. （3） It is forecasted that Kazakhstan cannot achieve its goal of energy consumption by 2020. Therefore, a low-carbon economy is the best strategic choice to address climate change from a global perspective in Kazakhstan. Thus, we proposed strategies including the improvement of the energy consumption structure, the development of new energy and renewable energy, the use of cleaner production technologies, the adjustment and optimization of the industrial structure, and the expansion of forest areas.

The Relation between Age Structure of Population and Resident Consumption Based on Endogenous Growth Theory

Within the framework of endogenous growth theory,the dynamic relation between age structure of population and resident consumption was studied,and explicit relation between resident consumption and dependency coefficient was obtained through Hamiltonian function method. Then,an empirical study was carried out based on panel data of 31 provinces of China in 2000-2013. The study gave following results: there is negative correlation between child dependency coefficient and resident consumption and there is positive correlation between elderly dependency coefficient and resident consumption; urbanization level weakens the negative effect of child dependency coefficient on resident consumption but it increases the positive effect of elderly dependency coefficient on resident consumption; social expenditure weakens the negative effect of child dependency coefficient on resident consumption,but it intensifies positive effect of elderly dependency coefficient on resident consumption. These results indicate that current population structure of China is favorable for growth of resident consumption demand,but in such aging population structure,economic development may lose demographic dividends.

The relationship between energy consumption, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in Pakistan

Developing countries are facing the problem of environmental degradation.Environmental degradation is caused by the use of non-renewable energy consumptions for economic growth but the consequences of environmental degradation cannot be ignored.This primary purpose of this study is to investigate the nexus between energy consumption,economic growth and CO_(2) emission in Pakistan by using annual time series data from 1965 to 2015.The estimated results of ARDL indicate that energy consumption and economic growth increase the CO_(2) emissions in Pakistan both in short run and long run.Based on the estimated results it is recommended that policy maker in Pakistan should adopt and promote such renewable energy sources that will help to meet the increased demand for energy by replacing old traditional energy sources such as coal,gas,and oil.Renewable energy sources are reusable that can reduce the CO_(2) emissions and also ensure sustainable economic development of Pakistan.

The Relationship between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in the USA: A Non-Linear ARDL Bounds Test Approach

We study the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in the case of USA by using an asymmetric ARDL bounds test approach to achieve the actual model. The quarterly data set covers the period of 1973:1- 2013:4. The findings indicate that the effect of energy consumption is asymmetric in the long term but not in the short term. In the long run, the effect of negative component of energy consumption on economic growth is small and statistically insignificant. The coefficient of the positive component of energy consumption is found about 0.9 and statistically significant at 1% level. We conclude that energy saving policies such as technological progress and organizational rearrangements may have the dimmer effect for the impact of a negative component of energy consumption and the booster effect for impact of the positive component of energy consumption. Thus, energy saving policy should be tightly followed by the goal of high economic growth.

Empirical Analysis on the Relations between Rural Residents' Consumption and Economic Growth——A Case of Liaoning Province

Liaoning is a granary province with a large agricultural population and great market potential. Expanding rural residents' consumption becomes a necessity for enlarging domestic demand, solving three agriculture problems and promoting sustainable and rapid economic development. The research shows that since invigorating old industrial base in Liaoning, the contribution rate of rural residents' consumption to economic motivation is low and unstable, which has become one of the choke points for the development of economy. By using the grey correlation method, the influences of rural residents' consumption in different periods to GDP per capita are analyzed, the results show that the consumption level of rural residents were increasing, but their contribution rate on economic growth showed the descending tend. The residential expenses stay in the major position of consumption expenses; the education and entertainment products and service consumption play an important role; the growth of transportation and telecommunication is slow; the expenses on medical care are low and its contribution rate on economic growth is relatively weak. The countermeasures on developing rural economy, increasing rural residents' income, improving rural consumption environment, accelerating rural infrastructure construction, constructing and perfecting rural social security system and expanding rural consumption credit market are put forward to expand rural residents' consumption demand and realize the sustainable development of economy.

A Causality Analysis of Coal Consumption and Economic Growth for China and India

China and India are the two countries with the strongest economic growth in the world. Meanwhile they consume much of the global coal to fuel their economic development. With coal burning as a major factor contributing to global greenhouse gas emissions, China and India are confronted with a dilemma of economic growth and environment protection. Will coal consumption reduction cause economic shocks? Is there a causal relationship between coal consumption and economic growth in China and India? In this paper Granger causality tests were used to examine the relationship between coal consumption and GDP in China and India, using data for the period from 1965 to 2006. It was found that a unidirectional causality from GDP to coal consumption existed in China while a unidirectional causality from coal consumption to GDP did in India. Therefore, developing cleaner and more efficient technologies is essential to reduce their CO2 emissions to reach sustainable development.

Energy consumption,emissions and economic growth in Bahrain

This study examines the Granger causality relationships between economic growth,energy consumption and emissions,from 1980 to 2007 in Bahrain,controlling for capital and urban population using Toda and Yamamoto's approach.It was found that there is unilateral causality which runs from urban population,economic growth,capital and energy consumption to environment.Further,we found strong support for causality running from economic growth to energy consumption,emissions and capital.The existence of these linkages suggests that the government of Bahrain may pursue energy efficiency strategies and carbon emissions reduction policy in the long run without impeding economic growth.Additionally,the long run pursuit of high economic growth given sustained increases in energy efficiency may also reduce CO_2 emissions intensity per unit of her GDP.

Water quality and growth of phytoplankton for the Yellow River estuary reservoirs-The phytoplankton growth potential in reservoirs

In this test,we used phytoplankton assay procedure to carry out determinations of phytoplankton growth potential and limiting nutrients in Gengjing reservoir.The test results revealed that,in Gengying reservoir waters,the phytoplankton growth potential of the autoclaved-filtrates and the filtrates are from 0.2 to 2.1 mg/L and from 0 to 1.0 mg/L,and in waterway waters,those of the autoclaved-filtrates and the filtrates are from 0 to 3.3 mg/L and from 0 to 2.2 mg/L.The phytoplankton growth potential of the autoclaved filtrates is approximately two times higher than those of the filtrates.When phosphorus is adjusted beyond 0.5 mg/L,the growth of the phytoplankton is especially very high.Moreover,the limiting concentration of the phosphorus for the growth of phytoplankton is in the range of 0.025 to 0.05 mg/L;the phytoplankton growth potential of the grit chamber sediment samples is higher than those of the waterway sediment.

Causality Relationship between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Brazil

This study has investigated the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Brazil during the period of 1980-2008. The co-integration test indicates a long-run equilibrium relationship between variables, andenergy consumption appears to be real GDP elastic. This elasticity suggests that energy consumption has a great positive influence on changes in income. The causality results from the error correction model reveal a unidirectional short-run causality from energy consumption to economic growth and a bidirectional strong causality between them. These findings suggest that Brazil should adopt a dual strategy of increasing investment in energy infrastructure, and stepping up energy conservation policies to reduce any unnecessary waste of energy, in order to avoid having a negative effect on economic growth by reducing energy consumption. In contrast, energy conservation is expected to increase the efficient use of energy and, therefore, enhance economic growth.

Implications of Urban Growth on Domestic Water Consumption： A Case Study of Jorhat Town, India

This paper tries to embraces the urban growth in Jorhat town and its implications on water consumption at household＇s level. Urban growth is measured through the increase in the number of population and the aerial extent. It is a pathetic situation for Jorhat residents in case of domestic water consumption that due to rapid increase of population in the town, the existing water supply systems cannot cope with the current demand. So, the people of the town always struggle to collect water from other sources such as River Bhogdoi, ponds, dug well, water vendor etc., moreover, try to satisfy the limited daily household needs. The methodology adopted in this paper is involved on both primary and secondary data. The primary data has been collected through household survey pertains to 600 households from each of 19 municipal wards in Jorhat town in both pre and post monsoon seasons. To highlight the growth of population and population projection, the compound rate of growth method has been used and it is tried to link with the future water demand in Jorhat town,

China's energy consumption growth picks up, structure improved

China＇s energy consumption in the first three quarters grew at a faster pace as use of renewable energy posted steady momentum, official data showed Tuesday. Coal used in building materials and the electric, steel and chemical industries accounted for 85 percent of overall coal consumption during the first nine months, data released by the National Energy Administration （NEA） showed. While petroleum consumption remained steady,

Evaluation of Sponge Gourd(Luffa cylindrical L.)Inbred Lines for Growth Potential and Fruit Quality in Thua Thien Hue Province,Central Vietnam

Plants which contain unisexual flowers are subjected to genetic degradation and yield capacity reduction due to the easily cross-pollination.Sponge gourd,one of species of the Cucurbitaceae which is predominantly cross-pollinating,is cultivated to widely use as vegetable in Vietnamese daily meals.The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the growth potential and fruit quality including fruit aroma of sponge gourd inbred lines.Pure line selection has been performed using self-pollinated method,so that sponge gourd lines would be recovered with high yielding and aroma and thereby recommended for further crop system in Thua Thien Hue province,Central Vietnam.The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design(RCBD)with three replications during the winter-spring season in 2017.Agronomical data were observed and analyzed on seven inbred lines(1-MN1,1-MN2,5-MN1,7-MN1,13-MN2,15-MN1 and 15-MN2)derived from B29 accession(GBVN006904).The results indicated that inbred lines 13-MN2,1-MN2 and 15-MN1 attained more highly fruit weight and yield compared to the others.Four inbred lines consisting of 5-MN1,7-MN1,15-MN1 and 15-MN2 still retained the light aroma after boiling.The inbred lines 1-MN2,7-MN1,13-MN2 and 15-MN1 are considered for appropriately using in breeding program of new luffa.

Analysis on Internal Growth Potential of Agriculture Under the Agricultural Structure Adjustment in Xinjiang

Agricultural structure adjustment has always been the important factors influencing Xinjiang agricultural internal income growth.On the basis of the planting scale,productivity and price in 2010,the paper measured the contributions made by agricultural structure adjustment to Xinjiang agricultural internal income growth through structural optimization.Linear programming model was established by Lingo software,to optimize the structure of planting,horticulture,animal husbandry in Xinjiang and analyze the internal agricultural income growth potential.After structure optimization,Xinjiang agricultural production value will reach 1231.44×108yuan and the farmers'income of production and management will reach 9851yuan.The greatest potential for Xinjiang agricultural internal income growth was husbandry accounting for 41.33% of the total production value.The next one was horticulture,whose share of the total production value has raised to 17.43% from 10%.Fruit industry and animal husbandry will become the pillars of future income growth.There are still some income growth spaces in Xinjiang internal agriculture though the agricultural structure adjustment.The agricultural production value will increase by 44.32%and farmers'production and management income will increase by 68.83%.That will be one of the most important ways to tap the future potential of agriculture internal income growth.

Elasticity Ratio of Resource Consumption and the Resource Consumption

Today the resources are becoming scarcer, which should not be regarded as unexhausted any more. Correspondingly, the production would be constrained by the scarcity of resources clearly. Then the economic researchers would pay much more attention to reducing the consumption of natural resources in the future. Therefore this paper brings foreword the conception of elasticity ratio of resource consumption based on the concept of elasticity and analyzes the relationship between the parameters. For the certain relationships between the elasticity ratio of resource consumption and resource consumption, this paper will try to reveal, to keep economy growing while resource consumption reducing, what conditions should be met as to the relationships among resource productivity, its growth rate, energy saving efficiency, economic growth rate and elasticity ratio of resource consumption. This paper proves the relationship between the China＇s energy consumption and economy growth using statistic data from 1978 to 2003.

Impacts of household income on beef at-home consumption:Evidence from urban China

Beef consumption in China has increased substantially from 5.0 million tons in 2000 to 7.7 million tons in 2019 thanks to rapid income growth,but still remains low compared to pork and poultry consumption.Improving the understanding about the impacts of household income on beef consumption in China is necessary to forecast future beef demand and inform the domestic beef industry,especially in the context of unprecedented expansion of middle income class in China.Based on survey data of 32878 urban households collected by the National Bureau of Statistics of China,we employed the inverse hyperbolic sine(IHS)double-hurdle model to estimate income elasticities of beef demand across different income groups and simulated possible trends of future beef consumption of Chinese urban residents.The empirical results showed that the unconditional income elasticities of beef consumption at home vary between 0.169 for the lowincome group and 0.671 for the high-income group.The simulated results indicated that beef consumption is expected to increase by 12.0 to 38.8%in 10 years and by 18.6 to 70.5%in 15 years under distinct income growth scenarios.Our findings provide practical insights for policy makers and other stakeholders about future beef demand,such as potential opportunities embedded in rising beef demand for domestic producers and world beef exporters as well as the urgency of improving the supply chain resilience of beef in China.