Investigation of contact behavior on a model of the dual-mobility artificial hip joint for Asians in different inner liner thicknesses

BACKGROUND The four components that make up the current dual-mobility artificial hip joint design are the femoral head,the inner liner,the outer liner as a metal cover to prevent wear,and the acetabular cup.The acetabular cup and the outer liner were constructed of 316L stainless steel.At the same time,the inner liner was made of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene(UHMWPE).As this new dual-mobility artificial hip joint has not been researched extensively,more tribological research is needed to predict wear.The thickness of the inner liner is a significant component to consider when calculating the contact pressure.AIM To make use of finite element analysis to gain a better understanding of the contact behavior in various inner liner thicknesses on a new model of a dual-mobility artificial hip joint,with the ultimate objective of determining the inner liner thickness that was most suitable for this particular type of dual-mobility artificial hip joint.METHODS In this study,the size of the femoral head was compared between two diameters(28 mm and 36 mm)and eight inner liner thicknesses ranging from 5 mm to 12 mm.Using the finite element method,the contact parameters,including the maximum contact pressure and contact area,have been evaluated in light of the Hertzian contact theory.The simulation was performed statically with dissipated energy and asymmetric behavior.The types of interaction were surface-to-surface contact and normal contact behavior.RESULTS The maximum contact pressures in the inner liner(UHMWPE)at a head diameter of 28 mm and 36 mm are between 3.7-13.5 MPa and 2.7-10.4 MPa,respectively.The maximum von Mises of the inner liner,outer liner,and acetabular cup are 2.4–11.4 MPa,15.7–44.3 MPa,and 3.7–12.6 MPa,respectively,for 28 mm head.Then the maximum von Mises stresses of the 36 mm head are 1.9-8.9 MPa for the inner liner,9.9-32.8 MPa for the outer liner,and 2.6-9.9 MPa for the acetabular cup.A head with a diameter of 28 mm should have an inner liner with a thickness of 12 mm.Whereas the head diameter was 36 mm,an inner liner thickness of 8 mm was suitable.CONCLUSION The contact pressures and von Mises stresses generated during this research can potentially be exploited in estimating the wear of dual-mobility artificial hip joints in general.Contact pressure and von Mises stress reduce with an increasing head diameter and inner liner’s thickness.Present findings would become one of the references for orthopedic surgery for choosing suitable bearing geometric parameter of hip implant.

Effect of wheelset flexibility on wheel–rail contact behavior and a specific coupling of wheel–rail contact to flexible wheelset

The fexibility of a train＇s wheelset can have a large effect on vehicle–track dynamic responses in the medium to high frequency range.To investigate the effects of wheelset bending and axial deformation of the wheel web,a specifi coupling of wheel–rail contact with a fexible wheelset is presented and integrated into a conventional vehicle–track dynamic system model.Both conventional and the proposed dynamic system models are used to carry out numerical analyses on the effects of wheelset bending and axial deformation of the wheel web on wheel–rail rolling contact behaviors.Excitations with various irregularities and speeds were considered.The irregularities included measured track irregularity and harmonic irregularities with two different wavelengths.The speeds ranged from 200 to400km/h.The results show that the proposed model can characterize the effects of fexible wheelset deformation on the wheel–rail rolling contact behavior very well.

Static Radical Stiffness and Contact Behavior of Nonpneumatic Mechanical Elastic Wheel

Conventional pneumatic tires exhibit disadvantages such as puncture,blowout at high speed,pressure maintenance,etc.Owing to these structural inevitable weaknesses,non?pneumatic tires have been developed and are investigated.A non?pneumatic mechanical elastic wheel(NPMEW)is introduced and investigated as a function of static radical stiffness characteristics and contact behavior.A bench test method is utilized to improve the riding comfort and the traction traffic ability of NPMEW based on tire characteristics test rig,and the static radical stiffness characteristics and the contact behavior of NPMEW are compared with that of an insert supporting run?flat tire(ISRFT).The vertical force?deformation curves and deformed shapes and contact areas of the NPMEW and ISRFT are obtained using a set of vertical loads.The contact behavior is evaluated using extracted geometrical and mechanical feature parameters of the two tires.The results indicate that the NPMEW appears to exhibit considerably high radical stiffness,and the numerical value is dependent on the mechanical characteristic of the flexible tire body and hinge units.NPMEW demonstrates more uniform contact pressure than ISRFT within a certain loading range,and it can efficiently mitigate the problem of stress concentration in ISRFT shoulder under heavy load and enhance the wear resistance and ground grip performances.

Evolution of interfacial heat transfer,contact behavior and microstructure during sub-rapid solidification of molten steel with different hydrogen contents

Typical Q235 low-carbon steel samples with different hydrogen contents(0.0004,0.0008,and 0.0013 wt.%)were prepared by adjusting the environment humidity and moisture.The effects of hydrogen on interfacial heat transfer,contact behavior,and microstructure evolution were investigated using a novel droplet solidification technique.The results revealed that when the hydrogen content increases from 0.0004 to 0.0013 wt.%,the maximum heat flux between the molten steel and cooling substrate decreases from 8.01 to 6.19 MW/m^(2),and the total heat removed in the initial 2 s reduces from 10.30 to 8.27 MJ/m^(2).Moreover,the final contact angle between the molten steel and substrate increases from 103.741°to 113.697°,and the number of pores on the droplet bottom surface increases significantly from 21 to 210 with the increase in hydrogen.The surface roughness of the droplet bottom surface increases from 20.902 to 49.181 pm.In addition,the average grain size of the droplet increases from 14.778 to 33.548 pm with the increase in the hydrogen content.The interfacial contact condition becomes worse due to the escape of hydrogen from the steel matrix during the cooling process,which leads to the reduction in the interfacial heat transfer and the increase in the grain size.

Relationship between the real contact behavior and tribological characteristics of cotton fabric

The tribological characteristics of cotton fibers play an important role in engineering and materials science,and real contact behavior is a significant aspect in the friction behavior of cotton fibers.In this study,the tribological characteristics of cotton fibers and their relationship with the real contact behavior are investigated through reciprocating linear tribotesting and real contact analysis.Results show that the friction coefficient decreases with a general increase in load or velocity,and the load and velocity exhibit a co‐influence on the friction coefficient.The dynamic change in the real contact area is recorded clearly during the experiments and corresponds to the fluctuations observed in the friction coefficient.Moreover,the friction coefficient is positively correlated with the real contact area based on a quantitative analysis of the evolution of friction behavior and the real contact area at different loads and velocities.This correlation is evident at low velocities and medium load.

Contact Behavior of Worn Bearings with Elastoplastic Functionally Graded Coating Based on Mixed Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication

The dynamic contact behavior of worn bearings with elastoplastic functionally graded coating is studied,and the interacting effect between worn band and functionally graded surface is analyzed.The surface deformation and roughness are included in the film thickness.The mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication combined with point contact model is introduced to analyze the oil pressure in the contact zone.By using the Fourier transform method and Papkovich-Neuber potential function,the displacements and stress fields in the elastoplastic functionally graded coating are obtained.The second-order central difference method is used to solve the Reynolds equation.It is found that the repeated surface interaction can result in the sharp increase in pressure in bearings,and the oil pressure increases with increasing graded index.The entrainment of oil in the inlet and outlet zones becomes more evident if a large graded index is selected.

Microstructure and Contact Fatigue Behavior of Nano-SiO_2/Ni Coating Prepared by Electro-Brush Plating

The composite coating nano SiO 2/Ni was prepared by co depositing nano SiO 2 particles with pure nickel through electro brush plating. By taking into account the effect of microstructure, heat treatment and load on the contact fatigue life, the anti contact fatigue behavior of the composite coating was examined and compared with that of nickel coating. As a result, the contact fatigue life decreased with the increasing of load. The contact fatigue lives of nano SiO 2/Ni coating were 16.5% and 45.2% higher than those of nickel coating respectively under the loads of 60 N and 140 N, and 326.3% higher than its counterpart of nickel coating after annealed under the load of 140 N. From the SEM image of fatigue fracture, it has been observed that the fatigue fracture of the composite coating initiated in the sub surface as well as at the track surface due to the huddling of units, and propagated along the interface between grain units.

Meniscus Behavior in Electromagnetic Soft-Contact Continuous Casting Round Billet Mold

Using molten Pb-Sn-Bi alloy, the meniscus shape under high frequency magnetic field of φ100 mm round billet caster was investigated. The effect of some parameters on meniscus shape was studied. The results show that for a mold with 12 segments, the meniscus shape is relatively stable. With increasing power input, the menis- cus height increases with intensification of fluctuation. For the given caster, the reasonable power input is about 70 kW. The coil should be near to the top of mold and/or the initial meniscus should be near to the center of the coil. The lower the frequency, the higher is the meniscus height. With increasing frequency, the free surface is more flattened and meniscus becomes more stable. In practice, the power input should be increased simultaneously with frequency. The optimal frequency is about 20 kHz.

EFFECT OF CONTACT ANGLE HYSTERESIS ON DROPLET BEHAVIORS:TWO-PHASE LATTICE BOLTZMANN SIMULATION

An approach of dealing with contact angle hysteresis in lattice Boltzmann method is introduced in detail.The approach is also used to investigate droplet behaviors on surfaces of chemical inhomogeneities or roughness(non-ideal surfaces).Droplet slipping on surfaces under gravity or in shear flows,and droplet impacting on surfaces are numerically simulated.It is found that the present approach is suitable to model droplet motions on non-ideal surfaces and the contact angle hysteresis has an obvious effect on the motion of droplets.

The Effect of Contact-Based Interventions on the Attitudes and Behaviors of Nursing Students towards People with Mental Illness: A Literature Review

Background: Student nurses and other healthcare students are the future mental health professionals and have the potential for changing the future of mental healthcare. Therefore, their negative attitudes and behaviors should be screened and corrected by effective anti-stigma interventions. Otherwise, they would likely withhold some health services and practice coercive treatments once planning care to people with mental illness. However, little is known on effective approaches to correct these negative attitudes and behaviors, despite the previous reviews that have shown that contact-based interventions have demonstrated positive attitudinal and behavioral changes for nursing students towards people with mental illness. Aim: The aim of this literature review was to compile the available research evidence on contact-based interventions that have targeted the attitudes and behaviors of nursing students towards people with mental illness. Methods: The relevant literature was extracted by searching electronic databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL) and by hand checking reference lists of past similar reviews. Results: Eleven studies were retrieved and included in this review. The included studies in this review either have employed social contact interventions, video-based social contact interventions, or both types for the aim of combining or comparing. Furthermore, the included studies either have targeted the attitudes of nursing students towards people with mental illness (including prejudice), or a combination of attitudinal and behavioral outcomes (including behavioral intentions and social distance). No studies have targeted behavioral outcomes solely. Conclusions: From the available literature, the current authors cannot draw conclusions on the most effective type, form, or ingredients of contact-based interventions among nursing students, as previous literature has large variations. No consistency was found in the previous studies regarding the types or contents of effective contact-based interventions. The compiled evidence in this review, has suggested that contact-based interventions (both social contact and video-based social contact) have been effective in changing the attitudes and behaviors of nursing students favorably, similarly to what previous reviews have found.

刚性接触网磨耗动态检测系统视觉标定方法研究

接触线磨耗是综合反映接触网服役性能的重要指标。针对接触线空间布置范围大,磨耗检测精度要求高,人工检测效率低的难题,提出综合运用激光三角和沙姆成像原理,研究构建基于线结构光测量技术的车载接触线磨耗主动视觉检测方法。提出采用高斯-牛顿非线性最小二乘优化方法,对像平面与光平面单应性矩阵、镜头畸变参数进行交叉迭代求解,建立面向接触线磨耗动态检测的大视场、高精度视觉模型及其参数标定方法,解决接触线磨耗检测系统视觉建模及参数标定难题。立足现场实际需求,研制接触线磨耗车载检测装置,分步开展室内静态标定实验和现场动态检测试验。结果表明,实验室标定重投影误差控制在0.083 mm以内,与传统模型相比提高53.1%。接触线磨损宽度、磨损深度及磨损面积动态检测数据与人工静态测量数据相比,RMS误差分别控制在0.119 mm, 0.115 mm, 0.788 mm2以内。

浮选颗粒条栅结构表面润湿行为特性研究

矿物颗粒间表面润湿性差异是浮选成功的关键,受表面化学性质与物理形貌结构的双重影响。为进一步明确表面物理形貌结构对液滴在矿物颗粒表面上润湿行为的影响,采用光刻显影技术制备了5种具有不同粗糙度系数和表面面积分数的条栅结构聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)表面,并利用自制的动/静态接触角测量系统及润湿三相接触线行为测试系统对液滴在PDMS表面上的润湿行为进行了测试。动/静态接触角测试结果表明:当表面粗糙度系数相同时,固体表面面积分数增加,条栅结构表面不同润湿方向上的接触角均呈减小趋势,而当表面面积分数相同时,条栅结构表面不同润湿方向上的接触角则与固体表面粗糙度系数呈正相关;此外,各样品表面垂直于条栅结构方向的动/静态接触角均大于平行方向(即θ_(⊥)>θ_(∥)),且不同润湿方向上接触角的差异随样品表面润湿性的增强而减小。动态接触角测试结果还表明:表面接触角滞后(Δθ=θ_(a)-θ_(r))与表面面积分数呈正相关,而与表面粗糙度系数呈负相关,且前进与后退接触角的预测值与试验值基本吻合,说明动态接触角能够真实地反映固体表面润湿性;此外,在液滴滚动时,其运动行为总是周期性地发生后端接触线先从固体表面分离,而后液滴重新与固体表面发生黏附形成新的前端接触线的过程,这种运动特性在不同条栅结构表面上完全相同。润湿三相接触线行为测试结果表明:液滴在条栅结构表面优先沿着条栅结构方向润湿或去润湿,而跨越条栅结构润湿时,受表面微结构的“钉扎”作用,润湿半径远小于平行润湿方向,且三相接触线在不同条栅结构表面的移动均呈现“解钉—钉扎—再解钉—再钉扎”的一种断续周期性过程。研究结果深化了矿物颗粒表面物理形貌结构对其润湿行为特性的影响,可为后续通过表面形貌调控颗粒表面润湿性起到一定的理论支撑作用。

考虑颗粒形貌的干砂热传导特性研究

为揭示颗粒形貌对干砂热导率的影响规律,通过砂颗粒形貌测量和室内热探针试验,研究不同天然河砂的二维颗粒形貌统计分布特征以及颗粒形貌特征参数与热导率的相关关系,同时从细观尺度探讨砂颗粒接触传热的内在机制。结果表明:天然河砂颗粒圆度和球度值的统计分布具有正态分布特征,期望值可作为定量表征颗粒形貌的参数;干砂热导率随孔隙率增加而减小,在半对数坐标中两者具有良好的线性关系,直线斜率与“平均形貌因子”Am呈线性减小关系;相同孔隙率下,浑圆颗粒的干砂热导率值较大,不同干砂间热导率值的差异随孔隙率的增加而逐渐减小;提出的热导率计算新模型综合考虑了颗粒形貌和矿物组分的影响,相比于传统Côté和Konrad模型,具有更好的适用性和先进性;颗粒形貌对干燥状态下无黏性土热传导特性的作用受多因素综合影响,与应力环境、颗粒刚度等密切相关。

基于主动超声激励的岩石节理刚度分布测量研究

Goodman提出采用节理刚度表征复杂岩石节理面的拓扑行为并为其提供定量值,而无需对节理面的粗糙度、接触面积等参数进行详细测量分析。然而目前对岩石节理刚度的测量仍存在局限,因此,在试验室环境下采用压电陶瓷换能器对完整平板试件和含节理平板试件进行弹性波激励,同时采用三维扫描激光多普测振仪监测平板内弹性波的传播数据。将采集的波场信号数据进行滤波、插值、积分等一系列处理,并基于Schoenberg线性滑移模型计算节理刚度分布,实现岩石节理接触行为的全局参数表征,同时进一步验证了岩石节理全场超声表征的可行性。全场波形数据清晰地揭示了岩石节理界面接触行为,为后续深入探索岩石节理几何形状、孔径、界面性质及其地震特征之间的相互关系奠定了基础。

马尾松不同部位挥发物对松墨天牛触角电位和行为反应的影响

【目的】探究马尾松健康植株不同位置挥发性物质,比较其不同部位的挥发物的种类差异及含量,分析松墨天牛成虫对健康马尾松各部位挥发物的触角电位反应和嗅觉反应,为开展松墨天牛的行为调控技术提供依据。【方法】采用静态顶空法和气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析了马尾松松针、1 cm枝条、5 cm枝条、20 cm树干、30 cm树干、松油脂6个部位的挥发物,并对松墨天牛雌雄成虫进行触角电位测定和行为反应观测。【结果】6个部位的挥发物提取物中,共检测出36种挥发性物质,各部位挥发物种类相近,相对含量差异较大,但其主要挥发物均为萜烯类物质,主要包括月桂烯、蒎烯、左旋-beta-蒎烯、莰烯等。在触角电位试验中,5 cm枝条挥发物提取物的触角电位值最高,松油脂挥发物提取物的触角电位值最高;在行为反应试验中,各部位挥发物对松墨天牛成虫均有一定的引诱作用,其中雌成虫对5 cm枝条挥发物提取物的趋向性最高,雄成虫对30 cm树干和松油脂挥发物提取物的趋向性最高。【结论】健康状态下,马尾松5 cm枝条及30 cm树干和松油脂中萜烯类挥发物制成的植物源引诱剂对松墨天牛两性成虫具有更好的引诱作用,这将为提高现有的诱捕剂效果提供参考,同时为松墨天牛虫害防治提供科学依据。

风荷载下的树木动态行为参数测量方法综述

树木风害机理、风害损失及防治技术的研究是当前的研究热点,其共同基础是了解树木的空气动力学特性。对树木动态行为参数的测量是研究树木空气动力学的基础,对定量化研究树木风载及其安全性评估具有重要意义。在调研国内外相关文献的基础上对树木动态行为参数的测量方法进行了综述。首先,对树干、树枝和树叶的动态行为参数进行了总结;其次,从接触式和非接触式两方面对树木动态行为参数的测量方法进行归纳,对每种方法的适用范围及优缺点进行阐述分析;最后,讨论了目前测量方法的不足,对未来的测量方法进行展望。

混凝土3D细观模型及准静态力学行为分析

混凝土是应用最广泛的建筑材料,在细观尺度上由砂浆、粗骨料和界面过渡区(Interface Transition Zone,ITZ)组成,建立3D细观模型是揭示荷载作用下混凝土材料内部损伤机理的重要研究方法。基于传统的“生成-投放”法建立空间随机分布的随机凸多面体粗骨料模型,并提出骨料重力沉降和粒径缩放建模方法,实现了粗骨料体积率在50%范围内可调控;采用四面体网格划分多面体粗骨料以表征其真实形状;采用等效于零厚度粘结单元的粘结接触表征ITZ,解决了20μm~50μm厚度ITZ的网格划分问题;采用RHT材料模型表征砂浆和骨料,建立了混凝土3D细观有限元模型。随后开展了准静态单轴压缩、单轴拉伸、劈裂拉伸、双轴加载和三轴压缩条件下混凝土试件力学行为的有限元模拟。通过与试验应力-应变关系和试件破坏模式进行对比,验证了所建立的混凝土3D细观有限元模型的可靠性。进一步分析了砂浆、骨料和ITZ的强度,以及骨料粒径和体积率对混凝土单轴压缩力学性能的影响。结果表明增大砂浆强度可显著提高混凝土强度,而骨料和ITZ强度的影响较小;增大砂浆强度和ITZ强度可使混凝土峰值应变显著增大,而增大骨料强度导致混凝土峰值应变略有减小;降低粗骨料体积率和增大骨料最大粒径均可使混凝土强度略有增大且峰值应变减小。

质子交换膜燃料电池密封系统热力耦合仿真研究

温度影响质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的密封性能和力学行为,因而影响其使用寿命和可靠性。为研究PEMFC在热力耦合下的密封性能和力学行为,建立PEMFC单电池和多电池结构的二维模型,研究密封系统在不同工作温度下的应力-应变分布,讨论橡胶密封圈压缩比、双极板错位和密封垫尺寸对PEMFC密封性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明:温度对密封圈的Mises应力和膜电极组件(MEA)框架接触压力有很大影响;在不同工作温度下单电池和多电池结构的密封性能相似,应力和接触压力分布差别也不大,因此单电池结构的研究结论可以推广到多电池结构;随着橡胶密封圈压缩比和密封圈尺寸的增加,燃料电池密封性能得到改善;而双极板错位会加剧MEA框架的变形;高应力区出现在橡胶密封圈的横截面内部,容易导致局部应力集中和密封失效。

基于杆系离散元理论的结构屈曲显式弧长法研究

基于杆系离散元理论,提出了一种显式弧长法用于结构弹性屈曲全过程分析。建立了新型接触单元-铰固接触单元的本构模型,分别采用离散元法和结构力学方法对铰固接触单元在已知端部位移工况下进行受力分析,并通过端部内力相等建立方程,推导了接触刚度系数;采用动力阻尼技术简化了颗粒运动方程的求解过程,然后引入总位移约束弧长法,详细阐述了与离散元法相结合的求解策略和实施过程,并给出了相关分析参数的计算公式;通过算例验证了该方法的准确性和适用性。在追踪结构屈曲平衡路径时,该方法无需组集刚度矩阵、不涉及矩阵奇异等不收敛问题,且参数少、稳定性好,与传统有限元弧长法相比更具优越性,为结构分析提供了新的算法工具。

分段线性系统经典数学模型的修正与动力学分析

由于间隙的存在,很多机械系统可以简化为分段线性模型,而简化后的模型中副簧系统通常包含阻尼.在大多数文献建立的数学模型中,主、副系统的接触点与分离点固定在间隙处.文章研究发现,由于副簧系统中弹簧与阻尼的力学特性不同,主、副系统的接触点与分离点位置实际上是随着系统参数和运动状态而变化的.若忽视这一点,后续的包括分岔和混沌在内的动力学分析就会出现误差甚至错误.首先基于经典的数学模型,用数值方法揭示了在简谐激励下主系统未返回到间隙处就与副簧系统提前分离,证明了经典数学模型的不当之处.进一步研究发现主系统不仅会出现提前分离,还会出现接触滞后的现象.因此对系统的接触与分离条件提出了修正,得到了更合理的数学模型.研究发现修正后的接触点、分离点位置与修正前相差较大,修正后的幅频响应曲线与修正前存在一定差别;在复杂运动中,修正前后的运动性质也可能发生改变,证明了修正后的模型更加合理,更能反映工程实际.然后,采用平均法并对平均法的积分区间进行推广,求得了修正模型的幅频响应的解析解,并通过龙格库塔法验证了解析解的正确性.对解析解进行稳定性分析,得到了解析解的稳定性判别式.最后,探究了修正模型的副簧系统参数对主系统幅频响应的影响.