Responses of Photosynthetic Pigment, Phenol and Total Saponin Contents of Panax notoginseng to Supplemental UV-B under Field Conditions

[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the content changes and their correlations of the photosynthetic pigment,phenols,including total phenols,total flavonoids and anthocyanins,and total saponins of the one-year-old P.notoginseng plants under supplemental UV-B stress in fields.[Method] The one-year-old plants were irradiated by UV-B in field for 1 min per day,and the plants under the UV-B lamp were regarded as a circle center,achieving an annular leaf-sampling.The photosynthetic pigment,phenols and total saponins of the leaves were determined spectrophotometrically.[Result] With the increase of sampling radius,the supplemental UV-B intensity decreased significantly,the contents of chlorophyll （Chl） a,Chl b,Chl （a＋b）,carotenoid （Car） and total photosynthetic pigment （Chl＋Car） of the leaves increased extremely significantly,the Chl a/b and total phenol content （TPC） decreased extremely significantly,but the Chl （a＋b）/Car changes were not significant.The contents of total flavonoids,anthocyanins and saponins all increased due to the increasing of UV-B,displaying dose effects.The UV-B intensity was positively correlated with the Chl a/b,and negatively with the Chl a,Chl b,Chl （a＋ b）,Car and （Chl＋Car） contents; and the two of TPC,total flavonoid content （TFC）,total anthocyanin content （TAC） and total saponin content （TSC） were positively correlated,all reaching extremely significant level.The UV-B intensity was positively and significantly correlated with the total flavonoid content （TFC）,negatively and significantly with the Chl （a＋b）/Car,and positively and insignificantly with the TPC,TAC and TSC.[Conclusion] For one-year-old plants of P.notoginseng,UV-B can decrease the contents of the Chl a,Chl b,Chl （a＋b）,Car and （Chl＋Car） and increase the Chl a/b and TPC,and,furthermore,induce the increases of the TFC,TAC and TSC in a dose-dependent manner.However,UV-B can hardly change the Chl （a＋b）/Car.The supplemental UV-B of well-suited dose might be one of the effective measures to improve the TSC of P.notoginseng.

Effect of Rhizobium Inoculation and Supplementation with Phosphorus and Potassium on Growth and Total Leaf Chlorophyll (Chl) Content of Bush Bean <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>, L.

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of Rhizobium inoculation and supplementation of phosphorus and potassium on growth and total leaf chlorophyll content to the three released bush bean varieties in northern Tanzania. To achieve this aim, the glasshouse experiment was conducted at Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology while field experiment were carried out at Tanzania Coffee Research Institute, in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania between April-July 2014. The experiment was laid out in factorial arrangement. Factor I comprised of three bush bean varieties. Factor II involved two inoculation treatments viz 1) inoculation with Rhizobium spp. and 2) without inoculation. Factor III included four fertilizer levels (0 Kg·ha-1 20 Kg K ha-1, 30 Kg P ha-1 and 20 kg·K + 30 Kg P ha-1). Both screen house and field experiments were replicated four times. Plant growth parameters (plant height (cm), number leaves per plant, stem girth (mm)) were measured at 2, 4 and 6 weaks after planting (WAP). The chlorophyll was extracted by using Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and absorbance was determined at 645 and 663nm using UV/Visible spectrophotometer. Results showed that Rhizobium application significantly improved the number of leaves per plant, plant height, pant girth and total leaf chlorophyll content. Furthermore, compared with the zero treatment control, potassium fertilization significantly increased the number of leaves per plant, plant height, pant girth and total leaf chlorophyll content of the three varieties. In general, these parameters were significantly increased with phosphorus supplied at 30 kg/ha. The combination of these supplies at different levels resulted in significant interactions in some parameters and thus indicating need for these inputs in the study area.

A pilot study of antioxidant potential of endophytic fungi from some Sudanese medicinal plants

Objective: To evaluate the total phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity of ethyl acetate extracts of 21 endophytic fungi isolated from five Sudanese medicinal plants: Calotropis procera, Catharanthus roseus, Euphorbia prostrate, Vernonia amygdalina and Trigonella foenumgraecum. Methods: Crude extracts of endophytic fungi and their host plants were tested by classical Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method to determine the total phenolic content, also total antioxidant capacity was estimated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging in vitro method. Results: Among the endophytes, endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp. from Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds demonstrated the highest both total phenolic content in term of gallic acid equivalent(GAE) [(89.9±7.1 mg GAE/g)] and antioxidant activity for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay [IC50:(18.0±0.1 μg/m L)]. A high positive linear correlation(R2=0.999 1) was found between total antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of endophytic fungi isolated from Vernonia amygdalina. Conclusions: The present study revealed that some endophytic fungi from the five Sudanese medicinal plants could be a potential source of novel natural antioxidant compounds.

Analysis of Health-Associated Phytochemical Compounds in Seven <i>Hypoxis</i>Species

Some species of the genus Hypoxis within the Hypoxidaceae family are known to contain phenolic glycosides that have different clinical functions. In the African continent Hypoxis species are regarded as valuable medicinal plants that have been used for decades by traditionalists and natives to treat numerous ailments. The corms and rhizomes of the geophytes contain hypoxoside, a norlignan diglucoside, which is one of the important phytochemicals with medicinal functions found in Hypoxis. In this study corm extracts of seven species: H. acuminata, H. argentea, H. filiformis, H. gerrardii, H. hemerocallidea, H. iridifolia and H. parvifolia were analyzed for the presence of ellagic acid, total phenolic content (TPC) and hypoxoside. Extracts of H. iridifolia and H. gerardii had the highest levels of total phenolic content of 369.6 μg/g and 318.2 μg/g, respectively, compared to the rest of the species. Hypoxoside was found to be present in corm extracts of all the species in varying proportions. H. gerrardii, H. argentea and H. filiformis had the highest relative hypoxoside content of 7.1%, 6.6% and 6.6%, respectively. It is interesting to note that Hypoxis hemerocallidea, the most commonly used species for medicinal extracts contained a much lower level of hypoxoside than most of the other species. Our study included species that have not been previously analyzed for either TPC or hypoxoside presence such as H. filiformis and H. gerrardii, thus providing novel information regarding the medicinal status and biochemical compounds of these Hypoxis species.

仿野生种植三叶青不同部位总黄酮分析及其抗炎、抗氧化能力比较

目的:比较仿野生种植三叶青不同部位中总黄酮含量、抗氧化活性以及抗炎能力差异。方法:采用醇提工艺对仿野生种植三叶青茎叶、块根、根须进行提取,比较不同部位间总黄酮含量差异;通过DPPH自由基、ABTS^(+)自由基、羟自由基清除实验以及铁离子还原力测定,比较仿野生种植三叶青不同部位间抗氧化能力的强弱;采用脂多糖(LPS)诱导RAW264.7细胞作为炎症模型,通过细胞NO的释放量比较仿野生种植三叶青不同部位间的抗炎能力差异。结果:在最佳提取工艺条件下,测得仿野生种植三叶青茎叶、块根、根须总黄酮含量分别为11.86±0.23、8.48±0.10、7.52±0.02 mg·g^(-1);建立三叶青HPLC指纹图谱,共标定了10个共有峰,通过对照品指认出6号峰为芦丁、8号峰为槲皮素、9号峰为山奈酚,并对其含量进行检测,结果显示块根中三种指标成分含量均最高,其次根须,茎叶最低。检测仿野生种植三叶青不同部位对DPPH自由基、ABTS^(+)自由基以及羟自由基的IC_(50)值,茎叶分别为0.2107、0.2315、0.7625 mg/mL;块根分别为0.3134、0.3758、0.8967 mg/mL;根须分别为0.2058、0.2587、0.7856 mg/mL。三叶青茎叶、块根、根须对铁离子还原能力的吸光度值分别为0.172、0.153、0.184。当仿野生种植三叶青三部位的质量浓度在25~200μg/mL之间时,它们不会对RAW264.7细胞造成毒性,能够有效地抑制LPS诱导的NO释放,从而达到良好的抗炎效果。结论:本研究结果为仿野生种植三叶青不同部位的质量评价提供参考,并对仿野生种植三叶青非药用部位废物再利用及后续全资源开发提供理论依据。

艾士卡法与库仑法分析燃料煤中全硫含量的对比

介绍了一种新型的分析燃料煤中全硫含量的方法——艾士卡-离子色谱法。该方法结合了艾士卡法和离子色谱法的优点,避免了传统艾士卡法的操作步骤复杂和精密度较低的问题。同时,该方法与目前广泛使用的库仑滴定法在检测煤的全硫含量的结果上无显著性差异,因此对于St<1.00%的煤样,艾士卡-离子色谱法可以一定程度上代替库仑滴定法。这一方法的提出为燃料煤全硫含量的分析提供了一种更加高效、准确的手段。

密度法测定盐水中硫酸根滴度

目前,在黏胶纤维生产过程中,通常对盐水中硫酸根滴度的测定采用络合滴定法,但该方法操作繁琐、测定时间长且终点颜色不易辨别,不便于过程分析使用。通过试验发现,盐水中主要组分为硫酸钠和氯化钠,可采用密度法计算出硫酸根滴度,此方法相比其他方法操作简便,测定时间短,而且准确可靠。

煤质灰分、挥发分及全硫测定不确定度分析

基于数学模型法,对煤质灰分、挥发分以及全硫测定不确定度进行综合分析。具体分析中采用库伦测硫仪、工业分析仪等设备实施煤质灰分、挥发分以及全硫测定分析,确定不确定度来源,并对各不确定度分类进行合成及评定,最终计算出合成不确定度和扩展不确定度。研究结果表明,影响最大的测试不确定度分量为仪器示值波动所引起的相对不确定度,对煤质灰分、挥发分以及全硫测定不确定度的影响分别为0.01%、0.03%、0.08%,样品称样以及重复性测定也会导致测定不确定度,但由于相关因素所引发的相对不确定度较少,所以可实施适当忽略处理。

有机肥料中总氮含量测定的前处理方法对比研究

行业标准《有机肥料》(NY/T 525—2021)中测定有机肥料的总氮含量采用浓硫酸-过氧化氢消煮法处理样品,不仅耗时长,而且操作复杂。参考国家标准《复混肥料中总氮含量的测定蒸馏后滴定法》(GB/T 8572—2010)中的硫酸-混合催化剂消化法,采用上述2种方法分别消解有机肥样品,用凯氏定氮法测定有机肥中总氮的含量。结果表明:2种方法平行测定结果的绝对差值均符合标准要求,且准确度较好;硫酸-混合催化剂消化法操作简单,消解时间短,检测效率高,可用于大批量有机肥样品总氮含量的测定;浓硫酸-过氧化氢消煮法得到的消解液不仅可用于总氮含量的测定,还可用于总磷和总钾含量的测定,而硫酸-混合催化剂消化法得到的消解液只能用于测定总氮含量。

Air Pollutant Emissions from Coal-Fired Power Plants

In order to investigate the factual air pollutant emissions from Henan’s power sector in 2010, SO2, NOx and PM emissions from 24 generating sets from 15 coal-fired power plants have been measured. It is shown that SO2 emission values from 22 of 24 generating sets conform to the requirements, which is causing by the high performance of the flue gas desulfurization system. Much higher NOx emissions indicate that the construction of flue gas denitrition systems is necessary. PM emissions varied from 2.3 kg to 299.9 kg per hour. Total sulfur, moisture, ash and volatile content, and net caloric value of coals were investigated to elucidate the relationship between coals and air pollutant emissions.

天然气中硫醇的深度脱硫溶剂研发与工业应用

GB 17820—2018《天然气》实施后,原料气气质中有机硫含量较高(大于20 mg/m^(3))的净化厂采用了有机硫脱除技术,以满足标准中一类气的指标要求。但从国内外有机硫脱除技术的应用情况来看,对于RSH含量高(大于30 mg/m^(3))的原料气,还存在对硫醇脱除率不高的问题,产品气总硫有超标的风险。为此,基于理论计算,开展了RSH脱除机理研究,揭示了硫醇与砜胺溶剂体系的反应机理,通过改善脱硫溶剂中关键组分的亲核性来提升溶剂对硫醇的化学吸收,研发出了一种新型的硫醇深度脱除溶剂。研究结果表明:(1)通过对醇胺分子结构改进,自主合成了分子结构中N原子具有强亲核性的新组分,形成了硫醇深度脱除溶剂,可促进其对硫醇的离解,提高硫醇脱除率。(2)在实验室条件下考察了不同压力、不同气液比条件下硫醇深度脱除溶剂的性能,压力低至1.5MPa,该溶剂对硫醇脱除率大于90%;气液比高达1200时,该溶剂对硫醇脱除率大95%。(3)在天然气净化厂工业应用中,在原料气硫醇含量超过300 mg/m^(3)的条件下,经硫醇深度脱除溶剂净化后,产品气总硫低于5 mg/m^(3),硫醇脱除率超过99%。结论认为,该技术可应用于硫醇含量高的天然气净化处理,技术的推广应用对我国天然气气质升级以及天然气长输管道的安全平稳运行具有重要意义。

高含硫煤炭中全硫含量的测定及脱硫实验研究

为了解决单一脱硫方法对高含硫煤炭脱硫效果不理想的问题,以西部某煤矿区的高含硫煤炭样品为研究对象,在测定了煤样中全硫含量的基础之上,开展了微波联合碱液脱硫实验研究,重点考察了煤样粒度、煤炭水分含量、碱液浓度、微波温度、微波作用时间以及升温梯度对脱硫效果的影响。结果表明:煤样粒度对全硫含量的影响较大,随着煤炭样品粒度的逐渐增大,全硫含量呈现出“先增大后减小”的趋势。当煤样粒度为0.5~3 mm、煤炭水分质量分数为10%、碱液浓度为6 mol·L^(-1)、微波温度为80℃、微波作用时间为10 min、升温梯度为3.5℃·min^(-1)时,微波联合碱液处理法对目标高含硫煤炭样品的脱硫效果最好,脱硫率可以达到48.52%。研究结果证明,微波联合碱液处理法对高含硫煤炭能够起到较好的脱硫效果,适合在高含硫煤炭脱硫领域进行推广应用。

不同栽培模式、加工方法对绞股蓝生产与总皂苷含量的影响研究

为加强秦巴山区道地中药材绞股蓝发展,提升绞股蓝生产与效益,在房县野人谷镇600 m海拔的露天条件下,采用地下根茎栽培五叶绞股蓝、七叶绞股蓝,并在密郁度为0.4的12年生红豆杉林下栽培七叶绞股蓝,检测翌年4月份绞股蓝单株株高、叶片数、鲜干质量与总皂苷含量,分析五叶绞股蓝与七叶绞股蓝产量、总皂苷含量,及其相关性,并对不同加工措施的露天五叶和七叶绞股蓝卷须总皂苷含量进行检测。结果表明:在600 m海拔的露天栽培条件下,五叶绞股蓝单株株高与地下鲜质量、地下鲜质量与地下干质量分别呈正相关关系(P<0.05),而七叶绞股蓝单株叶片数与地上鲜质量、地上鲜质量与地上干质量分别呈正相关关系(P<0.05),地下鲜质量与地下干质量呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。此外,七叶绞股蓝在密郁度为0.4的红豆杉林下栽培,能够提高植株生长、鲜质量、干质量,且较露天栽培明显提高单株总皂苷含量。综上所述,密郁度为0.4的林下栽培七叶绞股蓝较露天栽培好,可明显提高总皂苷含量。

Variation and adaptation in leaf sulfur content across China

Sulfur is an essential functional element in leaves,and it plays important roles in regulating plant growth,development and abiotic stress resistance in natural communities.However,there has been limited information on the spatial variation in leaf sulfur content(LSC)and adaptive characters on a large community scale.Sulfur in leaves of 2207 plant species from 80 widespread ecosystems(31 forests,38 grasslands and 11 deserts)in China was measured.One-way analysis of variance with Duncan’s multiple-range tests were used to evaluate the differences in LSC among different plant growth forms and ecosystems.We fitted the relationships of LSC to spatial and climate factors using regression.Structural equation modeling analysis and phylogenetic analysis helped us further explore the main factors of LSC variation.LSC ranged from 0.15 to 48.64 g·kg^(-1),with an average of 2.13±0.04 g·kg^(-1) at the community scale in China.We observed significant spatial variation in LSC among different ecosystems and taxa.Overall,LSC was higher in arid areas and herbs.Furthermore,higher LSC was observed under environments of drought,low temperatures and intense ultraviolet radiation.Temperature,precipitation,radiation,soil sulfur content and aridity jointly regulated LSC,explaining 79%of the spatial variation.However,LSC was not significantly related to phylogeny.Our results demonstrate that LSC plays an important role in plant adaptations to extreme environments and further extend our understanding of the biological function of sulfur from the organ to the community level.These findings highlight the importance of sulfur metabolism for our understanding of the impact of global climate change on plants.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of African medicinal plants

Objective:To study antioxidant and antimicrobial properties ofTerminalia catappa,Psidium guajava,Alstonia boonei,Morinda lucida (M. lucida) andSpondias mombin leave extracts using ethanol, petroleum-ether and aqueous media. <br> Methods: The free radical 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydroazyl was used to measure scavenging activities of extracts, while phenolic and flavonoid content were estimated by spectrophotometry. Antibacterial screening of extracts was done by determining zone of inhibition using disc diffusion method. Plant extracts were tested against five strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. After sterilization, the discs were loaded with concentrations of broad spectrum ciprofloxacin, and prepared extract solutions of different concentrations were refrigerated for 24 h. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration of extracts in the screening assay was according to micro-broth dilution, while determination of minimum bactericidal concentration was carried out by agar diffusion. <br> Results: The highest radical scavenging effect was found in petroleum ether extracts of all the plants withM. lucida andPsidium guajava having the highest and lowest values respectively. Aqueous solvent recorded highest phenolic content in all extracts with the exception ofM. lucida. Flavonoid content was extracted better fromAlstonia boonei andM. lucida with ethanol, while aqueous solvent extracted more from the other plants. With exception of extracts from petroleum ether, all others exhibited varying levels of antibacterial activities againstE. coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Salmonella typhi,Vibrio cholera andStaphylococcus aureus. <br> Conclusions:This study proved that all crude extracts showed strong antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials, which qualified them as nutraceuticals in fish feed production.

红外光谱法检测煤中全硫含量的不确定度评定

实验室采用红外光谱法检测煤样品中的全硫含量,对检测过程中的不确定度产生来源进行分析,并评定检测过程中的主要不确定度分量,包括校准使用的标准样品、红外测硫仪的示值误差、样品称量及样品测量重复性等引入的相对标准不确定度。对各个不确定度分量建立数学模型,并计算出合成标准不确定度,再乘以95%置信概率下的扩展因子获得测量结果的扩展不确定度。最终得出实验室煤样品全硫含量分析结果的置信区间为:0.92%±0.02%。

高频红外碳硫法测定萤石中的全碳含量

本报告根据传统换算方法,分析了萤石中的全碳浓度测定时所出现的偏差情况,并采用高频红外碳硫仪准确地计算萤石中的全碳浓度。对称样量,助熔剂加入方法、助熔剂的加入量等方面展开了实验研究,对试验环境加以改善,结果显示:在试样重量为0.1000g,而当纯金属助熔剂和钨助熔剂的添加量分别为0.4g和1.6g时,测试效果更好。本测试方法用于计算真实萤石样品中的全碳,本方法检出率为0.017%,准确度(RSD,n=8)为0.34~3.08%,附加模型回收率为98%至102%。

首钢邻山和植物园植物叶片含硫量的对比

采用比浊法消解和定容、IRIS advantage型等离子体发射光谱仪测定首钢邻山的17种植物叶片和北京植物园邻山相应的植物种类叶片含硫量.结果表明,茜草等5种植物叶片在两个样点的含硫量均排列在前5位,并与其余的植物种类叶片含硫量有显著差异,说明对硫的积累能力强.首钢邻山的植物中,臭椿等5种植物叶片的含硫量极显著高于植物园邻山的相应种,推断其在重污染区的吸硫能力较强.植物园邻山的茜草等5种植物叶片的含硫量极显著高于首钢邻山相应种,推断其在轻度污染区的吸硫能力表现更为突出.

苯酚-硫酸法测定葡萄酒中总糖含量的样品处理

葡萄酒的总糖含量是其质量和类别的重要标志。用苯酚-硫酸法测定葡萄酒中总糖含量常因干扰物质过多而无法实施或导致吸光度值测定误差很大,因此,在测定前须先用沉淀剂除去葡萄酒中蛋白质、单宁酸等杂质并脱色。试验优选了沉淀剂,并探索了沉淀剂加量、处理温度、处理时间等因素对除杂脱色效果的影响。结果表明,用醋酸铅作沉淀剂除杂脱色的优化条件为沉淀剂加量10%、处理温度70℃、处理时间20min,脱色率达97.18%。除杂脱色后测定的干红葡萄酒、干白葡萄酒、红葡萄酒和白葡萄酒4种酒的总糖含量的相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.6%～2.3%,加标回收率为94.7%～97.8%。解决了测定时酒样碳化和色扰问题,方法简便易行,测定数据的稳定性、重现性、精密度和准确度均较高。

污水灌溉对草坪土壤与植株氮含量影响的试验研究

污水灌溉是污水资源化利用的一个重要途径。该研究以草坪草的污水灌溉为例 ,选用了高羊茅、黑麦、早熟禾等 3种典型的冷季型草坪草为主要试验草种 ,以地下滴灌和渗灌为 2种灌水方式 ,以城市居民小区的生活污水经过沙过滤和沉淀处理的出水和自来水为 2种灌溉水源 ,共设 12个试验处理 ,进行了污水灌溉和清水 (自来水 )灌溉的田间对比试验研究 ,探讨了污水灌溉对土壤与植株氮含量的影响。实验结果表明 ,污水灌溉使草坪草根系层 (0～ 30 cm土层 )土壤中的全氮、速效氮和铵态氮的含量低于清水灌溉 ;与此相反 ,污水灌溉可使草坪草根系层及其以下土层硝态氮明显高于清水灌溉。污水灌溉也导致草坪草的植株中全氮的含量比清水灌溉平均高 4 8%。两种污水灌溉方式下 ,土壤全氮、速效氮和铵态氮的含量差异不明显。但与滴灌相比 ,污水渗灌的土壤硝态氮的含量高于污水滴灌的情况 ,尤其是 15～ 30 cm和 30～ 4 5 cm土层 。