A Survey of Applications Research on Content-Centric Networking

As a named data-based clean-slate future Internet architecture,Content-Centric Networking(CCN)uses entirely different protocols and communication patterns from the host-to-host IP network.In CCN,communication is wholly driven by the data consumer.Consumers must send Interest packets with the content name and not by the host’s network address.Its nature of in-network caching,Interest packets aggregation and hop-byhop communication poses unique challenges to provision of Internet applications,where traditional IP network no long works well.This paper presents a comprehensive survey of state-of-the-art application research activities related to CCN architecture.Our main aims in this survey are(a)to identify the advantages and drawbacks of CCN architectures for application provisioning;(b)to discuss the challenges and opportunities regarding service provisioning in CCN architectures;and(c)to further encourage deeper thinking about design principles for future Internet architectures from the perspective of upper-layer applications.

An Efficient Update Strategy for Content Synchronization in Content-Centric Networking(CCN)

Content-centric Networking(CCN) is progressively flattering the substitutable approach to the Internet architecture through illuminating information(content) dissemination on the Internet with content forenames.The emergent proportion of Internet circulation has expectant adjusting Content-centric architecture to enhance serve the user prerequisites of accessing content.In recent years,one of the key aspects of CCN is ubiquitous in-network caching,which has been widely received great attention in research interest.One foremost shortcoming of in-network caching is that content producers have no awareness about where their content is put in storage.Because routers in CCN have caching capabilities,therefore,each and every content router can cache the content item in its storage capacity.This is problematic in the case in which a producer wishes to update or make the changes in its content item.In this paper,we present an approach regarding how to address this issue with a scheme called efficient content update(ECU).Our proposed ECU scheme achieves content update via trifling packets that resemble contemporary CCN communication messages with the use of additional table.We measure the performance of ECU scheme by means of simulations and make available a comprehensive exploration of its results.

Super Node Routing Strategy in Content-Centric Networking

There were two strategies for the data forwarding in the content-centric networking(CCN): forwarding strategy and routing strategy. Forwarding strategy only considered a separated node rather than the whole network performance, and Interest flooding led to the network overhead and redundancy as well. As for routing strategy in CCN, each node was required to run the protocol. It was a waste of routing cost and unfit for large-scale deployment.This paper presents the super node routing strategy in CCN. Some super nodes selected from the peer nodes in CCN were used to receive the routing information from their slave nodes and compute the face-to-path to establish forwarding information base(FIB). Then FIB was sent to slave nodes to control and manage the slave nodes. The theoretical analysis showed that the super node routing strategy possessed robustness and scalability, achieved load balancing,reduced the redundancy and improved the network performance. In three topologies, three experiments were carried out to test the super node routing strategy. Network performance results showed that the proposed strategy had a shorter delay, lower CPU utilization and less redundancy compared with CCN.

COCP:Coupling Parameters Content Placement Strategy for In-Network Caching-Based Content-Centric Networking

On-path caching is the prominent module in Content-Centric Networking(CCN),equipped with the capability to handle the demands of future networks such as the Internet of Things(IoT)and vehicular networks.The main focus of the CCN caching module is data dissemination within the network.Most of the existing strategies of in-network caching in CCN store the content at the maximumnumber of routers along the downloading path.Consequently,content redundancy in the network increases significantly,whereas the cache hit ratio and network performance decrease due to the unnecessary utilization of limited cache storage.Moreover,content redundancy adversely affects the cache resources,hit ratio,latency,bandwidth utilization,and server load.We proposed an in-network caching placement strategy named Coupling Parameters to Optimize Content Placement(COCP)to address the content redundancy and associated problems.The novelty of the technique lies in its capability tominimize content redundancy by creating a balanced cache space along the routing path by considering request rate,distance,and available cache space.The proposed approach minimizes the content redundancy and content dissemination within the network by using appropriate locations while increasing the cache hit ratio and network performance.The COCP is implemented in the simulator(Icarus)to evaluate its performance in terms of the cache hit ratio,path stretch,latency,and link load.Extensive experiments have been conducted to evaluate the proposed COCP strategy.The proposed COCP technique has been compared with the existing state-of-theart techniques,namely,Leave Copy Everywhere(LCE),Leave Copy Down(LCD),ProbCache,Cache Less forMore(CL4M),and opt-Cache.The results obtained with different cache sizes and popularities show that our proposed caching strategy can achieve up to 91.46%more cache hits,19.71%reduced latency,35.43%improved path stretch and 38.14%decreased link load.These results confirm that the proposed COCP strategy has the potential capability to handle the demands of future networks such as the Internet of Things(IoT)and vehicular networks.

An accurate retransmission timeout estimator for content-centric networking based on the Jacobson algorithm

Accurately estimating of Retransmission TimeOut (RTO) in Content-Centric Networking (CCN) is crucial for efficient rate control in end nodes and effective interface ranking in intermediate routers. Toward this end, the Jacobson algorithm, which is an Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) on the Round Trip Time (RTT) of previous packets, is a promising scheme. Assigning the lower bound to RTO, determining how an EWMA rapidly adapts to changes, and setting the multiplier of variance RTT have the most impact on the accuracy of this estimator for which several evaluations have been performed to set them in Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) networks. However, the performance of this estimator in CCN has not been explored yet, despite CCN having a significant architectural difference with TCP/IP networks. In this study, two new metrics for assessing the performance of RTO estimators in CCN are defined and the performance of the Jacobson algorithm in CCN is evaluated. This evaluation is performed by varying the minimum RTO, EWMA parameters, and multiplier of variance RTT against different content popularity distribution gains. The obtained results are used to reconsider the Jacobson algorithm for accurately estimating RTO in CCN. Comparing the performance of the reconsidered Jacobson estimator with the existing solutions shows that it can estimate RTO simply and more accurately without any additional information or computation overhead.

Degree-Based Probabilistic Caching in Content-Centric Networking

Content-Centric Networking is a novel future network architecture that attracts increasing research interests in recent years. In-network caching has been regarded as a prominent feature of Content-Centric Networking since it is able to reduce the network traffic, alleviate the server bottleneck and decrease the user access latency. However, the CCN default caching scheme results in a high caching redundancy, causing an urgent need for an efficient caching scheme. To address this issue, we propose a novel implicit cooperative caching scheme to efficiently reduce the caching redundancy and improve the cache resources utilization. The simulation results show that our design achieves a higher hit ratio and a shorter cache hit distance in comparison with the other typical caching schemes.

Exploring Hits-Based Content Provisioning Mechanism in Content-Centric Networking

In-network caching and Interest packets aggregation are two important features of Content-Centric Networking(CCN).CCN routers can directly respond to the Interest request by Content Store(CS)and aggregate the same Interest packets by Pending Interest Table(PIT).In this way,most popular content requests will not reach the origin content server.Thus,content providers will be unaware of the actual usages of their contents in network.This new network paradigm presents content providers with unprecedented challenge.It will bring a great impact on existing mature business model of content providers,such as advertising revenue model based on hits amount.To leverage the advantages of CCN and the realistic business needs of content providers,we explore the hits-based content provisioning mechanism in CCN.The proposed approaches can avoid the unprecedented impact on content providers' existing business model and promote content providers to embrace the real deployment of CCN network.

车联网场景下基于内容中心网络的优化缓存策略

车联网中,如何有效选择缓存位置和缓存内容对于提高整体网络性能至关重要。针对上述问题,引入了内容中心网络技术,提出了一种新的优化缓存策略——缓存位置和缓存内容的选择取决于车辆节点值和内容流行度(Vehicle Node Value and Content Popularity,VNVCP)。首先,定义了连通性、中间中心性和特征向量中心性3个车辆节点属性用来评估车辆节点的值,具有不同值的车辆节点缓存具有不同流行度的内容,内容的重要性由其受欢迎程度决定。其次,该策略利用不同类型内容受欢迎程度的差异确保缓存内容分布均匀,同时评估来自多个属性的车辆节点的值以提高车辆节点利用率。仿真结果表明,VNVCP在缓存命中率、平均跳数和传输延迟方面明显优于传统的LCE(Leave Copy Every where)、Prob(0.5)和MPC(Most Popular Content)。

基于位置的内容中心WiFi网络转发策略研究

利用内容中心网络的网络内缓存功能,构建了一个可靠且耐延迟的CCDTWiFi架构,该架构可以在诸如野外、灾后场景的特殊网络场景中提供网络连接服务.基于CCDTWiFi,提出了一种基于位置的转发策略,根据用户的位置和移动方向做出转发决策.在真实的环境中进行实验,以评估转发策略的性能.实验结果表明,基于位置的转发策略可以实现较短的内容传输时间.

信息中心网络中的内置缓存技术研究

互联网的应用方式正从以面向主机的点对点通信为主转向以海量内容获取为主.为适应这一转变,研究界提出了多种以信息/内容为中心的新型网络架构.这类网络架构中最重要的特征之一是利用网络内置缓存提高接收者驱动的内容获取的传输效率和网络资源的利用率.与传统的Web缓存、CDN缓存等相比,ICN缓存系统呈现了缓存透明化、泛在化和细粒度化等新特征,对缓存系统的建模、行为理解和优化方法都提出了新的挑战.在介绍了ICN缓存系统的新特征及带来的挑战后,首先从多方面着重阐述和比较了缓存网络的优化方法,之后对缓存网络系统的理论模型研究现状加以阐述,然后分析了仍待解决的关键问题和未来的研究方向.

基于节点介数和替换率的内容中心网络网内缓存策略

网内缓存技术是内容中心网络(CCN)的关键技术之一,CCN采用传统的ALWAYS缓存策略,会造成较大冗余。改进的Betw方案仅考虑了节点介数,容易造成高介数节点缓存更替频繁,内容可用性下降。为了解决这个问题,该文提出一种综合使用网络节点介数和节点缓存内容更替速率作为缓存决策度量的新型网内缓存策略BetwRep,通过权衡节点位置重要性和缓存内容时效性实现回传内容的最佳放置。最后,基于ndnSIM平台进行的网络仿真表明,该文提出的BetwRep缓存策略取得了比Betw方案和ALWAYS方案更低的源端请求负载和更少的平均跳数。

CCN中选择性缓存机制的研究

现有Internet架构存在着众所周知的缺点,未来网络架构的研究成为了热点.其中,CCN(Content-Centric Networking)在众多新架构中正逐渐被大家认为是最有前途的方案之一,它要求网络中的每一节点都要有缓存功能.所以,研究高效的缓存机制就成为实现CCN预期目标的关键.针对CCN现有缓存机制中存在的"无序缓存"的问题,文中提出了选择性缓存机制SC(Selective Caching).它根据用户的潜在需求和内容的流行规律,只在必要的节点上选择性地(而不是沿着内容传输路径处处地)缓存.同时,采用带宽换缓存的思想,利用链路的冗余带宽,将内容分流到相邻节点缓存,进一步提升缓存效率.我们首先提出了缓存空间消耗的理论分析模型,然后在多种实验条件下对SC进行了验证,实验结果表明SC可以提高网络的缓存效率和性能,同时SC的通信、计算、状态记忆等额外开销也都很小.

内容中心网络中面向隐私保护的协作缓存策略

针对内容中心网络节点普遍缓存带来的隐私泄露问题,在兼顾内容分发性能的基础上,该文提出一种面向隐私保护的协作缓存策略。该策略从信息熵的角度提出隐私度量指标,以增大攻击者的不确定度为目标,首先对于缓存策略的合理性给予证明;其次,通过构建空间匿名区域,扩大用户匿名集合,增大缓存内容的归属不确定性。缓存决策时,针对垂直请求路径和水平匿名区域,分别提出沿途热点缓存和局域hash协同的存储策略,减小缓存冗余和隐私信息泄露。仿真结果表明,该策略可减小内容请求时延,提高缓存命中率,在提升内容分发效率的同时增强了用户隐私保护水平。

面向内容中心网络基于分布均匀度的蚁群路由策略

面向内容中心网络,采用转发服务评价函数得到转发端口集合,结合端口集合和自适应转发策略提出一种基于分布均匀度的层次化蚁群算法,通过感知路由信息素来选择最佳路径,综合考虑收敛时间和精确性对算法进行优化。仿真实验表明,所提出算法在降低内容请求时延和均衡节点负载方面有较好的表现。

一种基于内容流行度的内容中心网络缓存概率置换策略

内容中心网络是下一代互联网架构的研究热点,该架构通过分布式内容缓存机制实现以内容为核心的数据传输,改变了传统基于主机的网络通信模式。缓存置换策略是内容中心网络的核心研究问题之一,缓存置换策略的设计优劣直接制约内容中心网络的数据传输性能。该文针对内容的流行度分布特征,提出一种基于流行度的缓存概率置换策略,并针对L层级联的内容中心网络(CCN),推导了该策略下的网络分层缓存请求失败概率近似计算公式。该文策略根据请求数据块的流行度而选择数据块在缓存队列中的置换位置,尽可能平衡不同流行度内容在网络中的分布。数值计算结果表明:该策略适用于内容请求集中的网络应用,相比较传统的最近最少使用(LRU)策略,该文策略可以明显改善流行度较低的网络访问性能。

内容中心网络中基于差异化缓存通告的混合路由机制

针对内容中心网络(CCN)节点暂态缓存的高效利用问题,将数据场的思想引入到CCN转发决策中,该文提出一种基于差异化缓存通告的混合路由机制。缓存通告时,依据内容活跃等级和缓存驻留概率,执行差异化的内容通告和势能辐射;路由查找时,针对"持久稳定"的内容源和"动态可变"的临时缓存副本,分别构建全局导向和局域吸引势能辐射场,实现兴趣包请求的全局路由和局部就近应答。仿真结果表明,该机制减小了内容请求时延,提高了缓存命中率,以少量额外的开销提升了CCN网络整体的内容分发性能。

基于流行内容感知和跟踪的协同缓存策略

针对内容中心网络(CCN,content centric networking)中沿路径缓存策略存在的问题,设计了一种最大介数节点和边缘节点协同的缓存策略。根据网络拓扑特性,在最大介数节点感知流行内容,边缘节点协同跟踪;依据内容流行度和缓存空间,指定内容在传输路径的存储位置。仿真实验表明,与经典算法相比,该策略有效提高了缓存命中率,同时降低了平均路由跳数比,改善了缓存系统的效率。

命名数据网络中一种基于节点分类的数据存储策略

缓存是命名数据网络(named data networking,NDN)有别于传统网络最突出的特性之一,NDN中默认所有节点都具有缓存所有经过数据的功能.这种"处处缓存"策略导致网内大量冗余数据的产生,使网内缓存被严重浪费.针对上述问题,首次提出了一种基于节点分类(based on node classification,BNC)的数据存储策略.基于节点位置的不同,将数据返回客户端所经过的节点分为"边缘"类节点与"核心"类节点.当数据经过"核心"类节点时,通过权衡该类节点的位置与数据在不同节点的流行度分布,将数据存储在对其他节点最有利的节点中;当数据经过"边缘"类节点时,通过该数据流行度来选择最有利于客户端的位置.仿真结果表明,提出的策略将有效提高数据命中率,减少数据请求时延和距离.

内容中心网络中一种改进型缓存机制

内容中心网络(CCN)作为一种主要的未来网络架构,以命名的内容作为网内的主要元素之一,在网络研究中受到广泛关注。针对已有的CCN缓存方案内容副本替换严重的问题,提出一种内容热门度与节点中介中心度约束的缓存机制PopBetw。在基于节点中心度的基础上,从内容本身的属性热门度出发,避免非热门内容的不必要缓存,降低每个节点的缓存负荷,提高网络缓存性能。仿真结果表明,通过评估缓存大小和内容热门度对缓存性能的影响,PopBetw缓存策略可取得比LCE,LCPro和Ego Betw方案更高的缓存命中率和更小的路径延展度,明显降低网内缓存替换数量,有效减少网内节点中介中心性较大节点群的缓存替换数,达到整体性能最优化。

CCN中基于节点状态模型的缓存污染攻击检测算法

针对内容中心网络中的缓存污染攻击问题,以污染内容数量、分布状态和攻击强度3个参数对缓存污染攻击进行定量描述和分析,建立了攻击下的节点缓存状态模型。通过分析节点关键参数的变化,提出了基于节点状态模型的攻击检测原则,并分别以单位时间缓存替换率和请求达到率为观测参数进行算法实例化设计。仿真结果与性能分析表明,所提检测算法在应对分散式攻击与集中式攻击时,可以取得良好的检测性能。