The value of a statistical life(VSL)is a crucial tool for monetizing health impacts.To explore the VSL in China,this study examines people’s willingness to pay(WTP)to reduce death risk from air pollution in six repre...The value of a statistical life(VSL)is a crucial tool for monetizing health impacts.To explore the VSL in China,this study examines people’s willingness to pay(WTP)to reduce death risk from air pollution in six representative cities in China based on face-to-face contingent valuation interviews(n=3936)from March 7,2019 to September 30,2019.The results reveal that the WTP varied from CNY 455 to 763 in 2019(USD 66-111),corresponding to a VSL range of CNY 3.79-6.36 million(USD 549395-921940).The VSL in China in 2019 is estimated to be CNY 4.76 million(USD 689659).The statistics indicate that monthly expenditure levels,environmental concerns,risk attitudes,and assumed market acceptance,which have seldom been dis‐cussed in previous studies,significantly impact WTP and VSL.These findings will serve as a reference for ana‐lyzing mortality risk reduction benefits in future research and for policymaking.展开更多
World heritage possesses various kinds of use value and non-use value. Measuring the recreational value of world heritage sites is a key issue in the heritage tourism. This paper employs Contingent Valuation Method (C...World heritage possesses various kinds of use value and non-use value. Measuring the recreational value of world heritage sites is a key issue in the heritage tourism. This paper employs Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), which is an evaluation instrument on the basis of tourists′ attitude and preference, to measure the recreational value of Jiuzhaigou, one of the World Natural Heritage sites in China, and analyzes the biases in the survey. The results show that: 1) In 2009, Jiuzhaigou′s recreational value was 3.46×108 yuan (RMB), and the per capita Willingness to Pay (WTP) was 137.31 yuan by CVM. Compared with the results of other methods, this result is significantly low. 2) Among the factors that influence Jiuzhaigou tourists′ WTP, psychological perception factors have the greatest effect while demographic and socio-economic characteristics have a small effect on WTP. 3) The virtuality in CVM creates biases both from CVM itself and in the procedures that CVM was implemented. The former includes hypothetical bias, information bias, protest response bias, and strategic bias; and the latter includes the questionnaire design, population and sample definition, sampling and data processing. The paper analyses those biases and illustrates their potential in-fluences on the accuracy of CVM measurement. 4) Although there are various defects in CVM measurement, it is still an effective valuation method.展开更多
Background:Around 2000 plant species occur naturally in Lorestan Province of which 250 species are medicinal and myrtle is one of them.Myrtle is a shrub whose leaves and fruits have medicinal value and thus,if managed...Background:Around 2000 plant species occur naturally in Lorestan Province of which 250 species are medicinal and myrtle is one of them.Myrtle is a shrub whose leaves and fruits have medicinal value and thus,if managed and harvested properly,could produce sustained economic benefits.In recent years,however,over half of the myrtle site areas was destroyed,due to inappropriate management and excessive harvesting practices.Thus,coming up with a practical harvesting approach along with identifying those factors damaging the sites,seems to be very crucial.Methods:In our investigation,we calculated the conservation value per hectare of myrtle in the Dooreh forest area in Lorestan Province.Using the Contingent Valuation(CV) and Double Bounded Dichotomous Choice(DBDC) methods,we determined the willingness to pay(WTP) for myrtle conservation.The WTP was estimated with a logit model for which indices were obtained based on a maximum precision criterion.Results:The results showed that 86.67 per cent of people were willing to pay for the conservation of these myrtle sites.Average monthly WTP per family was calculated as $0.79.The annual conservation value in terms of WTP for the preservation of the myrtle sites in Dooreh was estimated as $102,525.Among the variables of the model presented,education had a positive impact,while the amount proposed for payment and family size had a negative impact on the WTP.Conclusions:Our estimate of the value of myrtle conservation should provide justification for policy makers and decision making bodies of natural resources to implement policies in order to conserve the natural sites of this species more effectively.展开更多
The In most contingent valuation (CV) studies, WTP (Willingness to pay) and WTA (Willingness to accept) were often used separately, so protesting or no response or even babbling answers are increasing, and the debate ...The In most contingent valuation (CV) studies, WTP (Willingness to pay) and WTA (Willingness to accept) were often used separately, so protesting or no response or even babbling answers are increasing, and the debate persists over the reliability of CV in economic policy analysis. In order to improve the reliability of CV, WTP and WTA is used syn-chronously to estimate the restoration cost of Maqu grassland ecosystem. Data were partly from questionnaire survey, and partly from interviews and authorities. Before conclusions were derived, we assumed these data that came from interviews and authorities were right. The main result is: If we assumed that the degraded grassland of Maqu needs 10 years to be restored, and divided the restoring period into two stages, then the restoration cost was 0.85 × 108 RMB per year in former 4 years, 0.022 × 108 RMB per year in latter 6 years. The total cost of Maqu grassland restoration was 3.62 × 108 RMB. For all the costs of restoration, WTA occupied 94% and WTP only occupied 6%, suggesting that local grassland degradation was mainly caused by overgrazing and that the overloading livestock must be eliminated in order to achieve restoration successfully. Our research also showed that combining WTP and WTA in contingent valuation is very useful in estimating the cost of environmental improvement projects. Of course, whether these results are right or not, further researches are needed in the future, especially for the actual number of livestock in Maqu grassland.展开更多
The contingent valuation method (CVM) is one of the main methods for evaluating non-market values of resources. It originated in the United States and was introduced into China during the 1980s and 1990s. However, app...The contingent valuation method (CVM) is one of the main methods for evaluating non-market values of resources. It originated in the United States and was introduced into China during the 1980s and 1990s. However, application of CVM in China is highly controversial based on three primary aspects: (1) the appropriate guidelines for CVM; (2) the elicitation techniques for willingness to pay (WTP); and (3) reliability and validity testing of CVM. The major objectives of this paper are to review the recent developments pertaining to guidelines, elicitation techniques, and reliability and validity testing for application of CVM, and to summarize the limitations of and measures for improving application of CVM in China. The applicability of CVM in China is discussed to enhance the future development of CVM in China.展开更多
The“social contract”is the most famous philosophical text of Zac Jacques Roussos,which was to influence the intellectual and political movement of the 18th century.By publishing the“social contract”or“Civil Law P...The“social contract”is the most famous philosophical text of Zac Jacques Roussos,which was to influence the intellectual and political movement of the 18th century.By publishing the“social contract”or“Civil Law Principles”in 1762,Rousseau,presenting his theory of the state and seeking the foundation of civil society,attempts to expose the conditions of a stable and just state by putting freedom as a precondition for law and the common good must be lawful.A central place in its political theory is the concept of general will,which is in the general interest(otherwise the common good)and on which the idea of a favored constitutional state is based.We estimate approximately the size of the external economy by the method of the Contingent Valuation Method(CVM).The Contingent Valuation Method(CVM)is a survey-based technique,frequently used in Experimental Economics,especially useful for the valuation of non-market resources/goods/services,and cultural heritage objects(of aesthetic,historic,scientific,or social value),such as conservation of monumental remains and preservation of the physical and anthropogenic environment.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foun‐dation of China[Grant No.71773061].
文摘The value of a statistical life(VSL)is a crucial tool for monetizing health impacts.To explore the VSL in China,this study examines people’s willingness to pay(WTP)to reduce death risk from air pollution in six representative cities in China based on face-to-face contingent valuation interviews(n=3936)from March 7,2019 to September 30,2019.The results reveal that the WTP varied from CNY 455 to 763 in 2019(USD 66-111),corresponding to a VSL range of CNY 3.79-6.36 million(USD 549395-921940).The VSL in China in 2019 is estimated to be CNY 4.76 million(USD 689659).The statistics indicate that monthly expenditure levels,environmental concerns,risk attitudes,and assumed market acceptance,which have seldom been dis‐cussed in previous studies,significantly impact WTP and VSL.These findings will serve as a reference for ana‐lyzing mortality risk reduction benefits in future research and for policymaking.
基金Under the auspices of Sino-British Fellowship by the British Academy (No. SG-47266)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40371030)
文摘World heritage possesses various kinds of use value and non-use value. Measuring the recreational value of world heritage sites is a key issue in the heritage tourism. This paper employs Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), which is an evaluation instrument on the basis of tourists′ attitude and preference, to measure the recreational value of Jiuzhaigou, one of the World Natural Heritage sites in China, and analyzes the biases in the survey. The results show that: 1) In 2009, Jiuzhaigou′s recreational value was 3.46×108 yuan (RMB), and the per capita Willingness to Pay (WTP) was 137.31 yuan by CVM. Compared with the results of other methods, this result is significantly low. 2) Among the factors that influence Jiuzhaigou tourists′ WTP, psychological perception factors have the greatest effect while demographic and socio-economic characteristics have a small effect on WTP. 3) The virtuality in CVM creates biases both from CVM itself and in the procedures that CVM was implemented. The former includes hypothetical bias, information bias, protest response bias, and strategic bias; and the latter includes the questionnaire design, population and sample definition, sampling and data processing. The paper analyses those biases and illustrates their potential in-fluences on the accuracy of CVM measurement. 4) Although there are various defects in CVM measurement, it is still an effective valuation method.
文摘Background:Around 2000 plant species occur naturally in Lorestan Province of which 250 species are medicinal and myrtle is one of them.Myrtle is a shrub whose leaves and fruits have medicinal value and thus,if managed and harvested properly,could produce sustained economic benefits.In recent years,however,over half of the myrtle site areas was destroyed,due to inappropriate management and excessive harvesting practices.Thus,coming up with a practical harvesting approach along with identifying those factors damaging the sites,seems to be very crucial.Methods:In our investigation,we calculated the conservation value per hectare of myrtle in the Dooreh forest area in Lorestan Province.Using the Contingent Valuation(CV) and Double Bounded Dichotomous Choice(DBDC) methods,we determined the willingness to pay(WTP) for myrtle conservation.The WTP was estimated with a logit model for which indices were obtained based on a maximum precision criterion.Results:The results showed that 86.67 per cent of people were willing to pay for the conservation of these myrtle sites.Average monthly WTP per family was calculated as $0.79.The annual conservation value in terms of WTP for the preservation of the myrtle sites in Dooreh was estimated as $102,525.Among the variables of the model presented,education had a positive impact,while the amount proposed for payment and family size had a negative impact on the WTP.Conclusions:Our estimate of the value of myrtle conservation should provide justification for policy makers and decision making bodies of natural resources to implement policies in order to conserve the natural sites of this species more effectively.
文摘The In most contingent valuation (CV) studies, WTP (Willingness to pay) and WTA (Willingness to accept) were often used separately, so protesting or no response or even babbling answers are increasing, and the debate persists over the reliability of CV in economic policy analysis. In order to improve the reliability of CV, WTP and WTA is used syn-chronously to estimate the restoration cost of Maqu grassland ecosystem. Data were partly from questionnaire survey, and partly from interviews and authorities. Before conclusions were derived, we assumed these data that came from interviews and authorities were right. The main result is: If we assumed that the degraded grassland of Maqu needs 10 years to be restored, and divided the restoring period into two stages, then the restoration cost was 0.85 × 108 RMB per year in former 4 years, 0.022 × 108 RMB per year in latter 6 years. The total cost of Maqu grassland restoration was 3.62 × 108 RMB. For all the costs of restoration, WTA occupied 94% and WTP only occupied 6%, suggesting that local grassland degradation was mainly caused by overgrazing and that the overloading livestock must be eliminated in order to achieve restoration successfully. Our research also showed that combining WTP and WTA in contingent valuation is very useful in estimating the cost of environmental improvement projects. Of course, whether these results are right or not, further researches are needed in the future, especially for the actual number of livestock in Maqu grassland.
基金supported by the One Hundred Talents Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40971278)the "Western Light" Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Key Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZZD-EW-04-05)
文摘The contingent valuation method (CVM) is one of the main methods for evaluating non-market values of resources. It originated in the United States and was introduced into China during the 1980s and 1990s. However, application of CVM in China is highly controversial based on three primary aspects: (1) the appropriate guidelines for CVM; (2) the elicitation techniques for willingness to pay (WTP); and (3) reliability and validity testing of CVM. The major objectives of this paper are to review the recent developments pertaining to guidelines, elicitation techniques, and reliability and validity testing for application of CVM, and to summarize the limitations of and measures for improving application of CVM in China. The applicability of CVM in China is discussed to enhance the future development of CVM in China.
文摘The“social contract”is the most famous philosophical text of Zac Jacques Roussos,which was to influence the intellectual and political movement of the 18th century.By publishing the“social contract”or“Civil Law Principles”in 1762,Rousseau,presenting his theory of the state and seeking the foundation of civil society,attempts to expose the conditions of a stable and just state by putting freedom as a precondition for law and the common good must be lawful.A central place in its political theory is the concept of general will,which is in the general interest(otherwise the common good)and on which the idea of a favored constitutional state is based.We estimate approximately the size of the external economy by the method of the Contingent Valuation Method(CVM).The Contingent Valuation Method(CVM)is a survey-based technique,frequently used in Experimental Economics,especially useful for the valuation of non-market resources/goods/services,and cultural heritage objects(of aesthetic,historic,scientific,or social value),such as conservation of monumental remains and preservation of the physical and anthropogenic environment.
