Mathematical model of heat transfer for bloom continuous casting

A mathematical model for heat transfer during solidification in continuous casting of automobile steel, was established on researching under the influence of the solidifying process of bloom quality of CCM in the EAF steelmaking shop, at Shijiazhuang Iron and Steel Co. Ltd. Several steel grades were chosen to research, such as, 40Cr and 42CrMo. According to the results of the high temperature mechanical property tests of blooms, the respective temperature curves for controlling the solidification of different steels were acquired, and a simulating software was developed. The model was verified using two methods, which were bloom pinshooting and surface strand temperature measuring experiments. The model provided references for research on the solidifying process and optimization of a secondary cooling system for automobile steel. Moreover, it was already applied to real production. The calculated temperature distribution and solidification trend of blooms had offered a reliable theory for optimizing the solidifying process of blooms, increasing withdrawal speed, and improving bloom quality. Meanwhile, a new secondary cooling system was designed to optimize a secondary cooling water distribution, including choice and arrangements of nozzles, calculation of cooling water quantity, and so on. 2008 University of Science and Technology Beijing. All rights reserved.

Dynamic Soft Reduction for Continuously Cast Rail Bloom

Center porosity and centerline segregation in continuously cast bloom can be minimized by the well-known method of dynamic soft reduction. Metallurgical results of soft reduction previously employed in continuous bloom casting for heavy rail steel in Panzhihua Iron and Steel Group were not fully achieved because of the improper soft reduction process. Therefore, experiments for optimizing the process parameters of soft reduction for bloom were carried out. The results show that the proportion of the center porosity, which is less than 1.0, increases from 28.41% to 99.81%, while the proportion of the centerline segregation class increases from 40.91% to 100%, and the proportion of the central cavity increases from 92.05% to 100%, whereas the center carbon segregation index decreases from 1.17 to 1.05. The internal quality and the mechanical performance of the rails produced from continuously cast blooms meet the requirement of high-speed tracks of 350 km/h.

SMART/ASTC dynamic soft reduction technology and its application on the bloom continuous caster at Pangang

The SMART/ASTC dynamic soft reduction technology of VAI and its application on the 6-strand bloom continuous caster at Pangang, China are presented. The operation results show that soft reduction technology is effective to improve the inner quality of continuously cast blooms. At Pangang, both the central porosity and the central segregation ratings are no more than 1.0, the central shrinkage cavity rating is no more than 0.5, and the central segregation index of carbon is no more than 1.05. Rails made from the blooms have excellent quality and are used for high-speed tracks.

Optimization of strand and final electromagnetic stirrers of round bloom casters with multiple sections

Strand electromagnetic stirring（S-EMS） and final electromagnetic stirring（F-EMS） are the main methods used to improve the center porosity and segregation for round blooms. To optimize the stirring conditions, nail shooting tests were conducted for three sections of large round blooms with diameters of ф380 mm, ф450 mm, and ф600 mm. Acid leaching and sulfur print tests were used to investigate the shell thickness. Based on the results of nail shooting tests, a mathematical model of solidification was established, and the variation of shell thickness and the central solid fraction were exactly calculated by the model. By taking all sections into account, the locations of S-EMS and F-EMS were optimized for each section. In the results, the macro-segregation of various sections is improved after the locations of S-EMS and F-EMS systems are changed.

Thermo-elasto-visco-plastic finite element analysis on formation and propagation of off-corner subsurface cracks in bloom continuous casting

The formation and propagation of the popular off-corner subsurface cracks in bloom continuous casting were investigated through thermo-mechanical analysis using three coupled thermo-mechanical models. A two-dimensional thermo-elasto-visco-plastic finite element model was developed to predict the mould gap evolution, temperature profiles and deformation behavior of the solidified shell in the mould region. Then, a three-dimensional model was adopted to calculate the shell growth, tempera- ture history and the development of stresses and strains of the shell in the following secondary cooling zones. Finally, another three-dimensional model was used to analyze the stress distributions in the straightening region, The results showed that the off-corner cracks in the shell originated from the mould owing to the tensile strain developed in the crack sensitive regions of the solidification front, and they could be driven deeper by the possible severe surface temperature rebound and the extensive tensile stress in the secondary cooling zone, especially upon the straightening operation of the bloom casting. It is revealed that more homogenous shell temperature and thickness can be obtained through optimization of mould corner radius, casting speed and secondary cooling scheme, which help to decrease stress and strain concentration and therefore prevent the initiation of the cracks.

Study on Metallurgic Effects of M-EMS in Bloom Continuous Casting

In this paper,the M-EMS magnetic field intensity and bloom quality in different periods is counted,and on this basis,the effect of magnetic field intensity of M-EMS on casting bloom quality is analyzed.In order to get the exact effect of M-EMS on bloom quality,different magnetic field intensity in a single strand is gotten through changing the current intensity of M-EMS.Then,the corresponding test samples of casting bloom under different magnetic field intensity are sent to give a test.On this basis,the effect of magnetic field intensity on bloom quality is studied in a single strand.And then the metallurgic effects of bloom M-EMS in Pangang are evaluated and the using standard of M-EMS is established.

CONCAST大方坯连铸机末端电磁搅拌位置的优化

针对河南济源钢铁（集团）有限公司炼钢厂进口CONCAST大方坯连铸机（5#）典型钢种低碳钢（20Cr Mn Ti/H）、中碳钢（42Cr Mo/A）、高碳钢（GCr15-K）进行了射钉实验,测定了二冷区的坯壳凝固厚度,根据铸坯凝固定律计算了液相穴长度和综合凝固系数分别为30.0、29.5、24.5 m和25.3、25.5、27.1 mm/min1/2,对目前CONCAST大方坯连铸机（5#）的末端电磁搅拌位置进行重新评估,通过计算提出凝固末端电磁搅拌最优安装位置距弯月面距离在11.88-14.99 m之间，

Model prediction of the effect of in-mold electromagnetic stirring on negative segregation under bloom surface

Aiming at the problem of negative segregation under a bloom surface, a coupling macrosegregation model considering electromagnetic field, flow, heat, and solute transport was established based on the volume average method to study the effect of in-mold electromagnetic stirring(M-EMS) on the negative segregation under the bloom surface. In the model, the influence of dendrite structure on the flow and solute transport was described by the change of permeability. The model was validated by the magnetic induction intensity of M-EMS and carbon segregation experiment. The results show that the solute C in the solidified shell in the turbulent zone of the bloom undergoes two negative segregations, whereby the first is caused by nozzle jet, and the second by the M-EMS. The severities of the negative segregation caused by M-EMS at different currents and frequencies are also different, and the larger the current is, or the smaller the frequency is, the more serious will be the negative segregation.With the M-EMS, the solute C distribution in the liquid phase of the bloom is more uniform, but the mass fraction of C in the liquid phase is higher than that without M-EMS.

Analysis of 13Cr bloom solidification structure using CA-FE model

Solidification structure is critical in the control of the mechanical properties and quality during the continuous casting process. The thermo-physical properties of 13 Cr steel added some rare metals, such as Mo, V, Nb, are measured to better understand the solidification structure of 13 Cr bloom. A computational model using CA-FE(cellular automation-finite element) method coupled with heat transfer model is developed to describe the solidification structure in continuous casting process. It is found that the calculated solidification structure is in good agreement with the observed data. The influence of casting speed and superheat on the solidification structure of the bloom is studied in detail. In order to obtain more equiaxed crystal ratio and low degree of the segregation in the bloom, the optimized casting speed 0.6 m/min and superheat less than 25 °C are determined for the caster. Using the optimized manufacturing parameters, these samples are 60% with the equiaxed zone ratio of 8%–10% and below the degree of segregation 1.05.

Two dimensional deformation characteristics of bloom CC with liquid core reduction

A two-dimensional model was applied to simulate the liquid core reduction (LCR) technology of bloom CC using ANSYS software. The deformation characteristics of bloom under different liquid fraction and reducing amount are obtained. The results indicate that the main deformation condition of bloom shell is compressive strain, mainly undertaken by the liquid core, which increases with the enhancement of reducing amount. Solidified shell takes minor deformation. The longitudinal section of bloom appears sunken and the narrow side bulges, which grow serious when the liquid fraction increases.

Bloom动态轻压下控制模型的应用

以山钢360 mm×450 mm铸坯连铸机为研究对象,提出了动态轻压下控制模型的研究方法。在凝固传热模型的基础上,根据坯体温度分布和坯体中心固含量计算,确定了轻压下的位置和坯体的坯型分布。实践表明,铸坯低倍质量明显提升,中心气孔率≤1.0,增加到97%,中心偏析率≤0.5,由原来的27%提高到80.91%,中心碳偏析指数≥1.10的比例降低到4%。

Dynamic Soft Reduction Technology for Bloom Casting

The dynamic soft reduction technology for 360 mm×450 mm bloom casting and its application results at Panzhihua Iron and Steel Co （PISCO） were presented. In order to analyze the influence of the soft reduction on internal defects of bloom, such as center porosity and central segregation, experiment for contrasting process with or without soft reduction for bloom was conducted. The operation shows that after applying the soft reduction of alloy steel 45CrMnMo bloom, the ratio of center porosity whose defect level is less than or equal to 1.0 increased from 66.67% to 85.71%, ratio of central segregation whose defect level is below 1.0 increased from 94.44% to 100%, ratio of central shrinkage cavity which is free increased from 88.89% to 96.42%, and central segregation index of carbon decreased from mean value of 1.15 to 1.05.

喂钢带碳浓度对连铸大圆坯宏观偏析的影响

结晶器喂钢带工艺是提高大截面连铸坯中心质量的有效方法之一.本文发展了液相-柱状晶-等轴晶三相体积平均凝固模型,探究了喂入钢带的碳浓度对连铸大圆坯凝固组织结构及宏观偏析分布的影响规律.结果表明:喂入钢带的碳浓度会极大地影响等轴晶与柱状晶的生长,碳浓度过低或过高均会降低喂钢带对等轴晶体积分数提高的效果.通过调控钢带溶质浓度可以直接影响铸坯内溶质浓度及分布,喂入1.0倍钢液碳浓度(r_(C)=1.0)的钢带对连铸坯宏观偏析的改善效果最佳,其中铸坯径向碳极差和宏观偏析指数极值差分别为0.165 7%和38.36%.

大方坯中间包控流装置及冶金效果的研究

以某炼钢厂五流大方坯连铸中间包为研究对象,采用数值模拟方法,研究不同控流装置及操作参数下的中间包内钢液流动特性。研究结果表明,设计结构合理的湍流器、挡墙和挡坝组合的中间包结构,对钢液流动状态具有重要影响,可延长中间包内钢液停留时间,达到去除夹杂物和均匀各流钢水温度的冶金效果。优化后的中间包结构能够更好地满足高品质特钢质量的要求。

圆坯方坯凝固定律的导出和验证

经典的凝固平方根定律一般不适合于描述圆坯和方坯的连铸凝壳长大过程,本文推导了圆坯凝壳长大的圆坯凝固方程,圆坯凝固方程也适用于方坯凝壳长大过程,可称为圆方坯凝固定律,经实测数据验证,圆方坯凝固定律能够较准确地表达连铸坯凝固过程。

连铸钢水过热度对大方坯凝固的影响

结合现场研究,利用显式有限差分法计算出不同工艺条件下的铸坯凝固情况;进行了过热度对出结晶器坯壳厚度、方坯表面温度、铸坯凝固过程中坯壳厚度和液相穴的影响的模拟分析研究。模拟结果表明:在拉速相同的情况下,随过热度的增加,出结晶器坯壳厚度减少、表面温度略微增加、铸坯液相穴拉长、坯壳减薄。

汽车用钢连铸坯的高温力学性能

运用经典热模拟的方法研究石钢电炉生产汽车用钢的连铸坯高温力学性能,获得了五个钢种热塑性曲线和强度曲线．针对不同方向铸坯取样的结果与其他研究结果作了对比．运用扫描电镜对试样拉断后的断口形貌进行观察,得出了相应钢在各温度区域的断裂机理．讨论了连铸坯质量与高温力学性能的关系．

大方坯连铸结晶器电磁搅拌三维电磁场与流场的数值模拟

建立了描述大方坯连铸结晶器电磁搅拌过程的电磁场和流场三维数学模型,并分别用有限元、有限体积法进行数值求解,对电磁场计算结果进行了实测检验.结果表明,电磁力在水平面上呈周向分布,铸坯边缘上的切向电磁力在搅拌器中心横截面上最大,在结晶器出口处有一峰值.钢液在横截面内旋转流动,而在纵截面内形成4个旋涡.在铸坯内,从水口向下吐出的钢水与向上回流的钢水流股相冲突,使流股侵入深度变浅,同时使流股向四周发散,从而有利于传热.励磁电流强度与频率对电磁力和流场均有影响.

大方坯连铸凝固末端电磁搅拌的数值模拟和试验分析

通过ANSYS有限元对凝固末端电磁搅拌(F-EMS)进行数值分析,得出凝固末端电磁搅拌的优化工艺参数为电流300A、频率8Hz,铸坯中心的磁感应强度能够满足要求。现场冷态测试结果和模拟结果基本吻合。以此为基础为包钢设计并制造出280mm×380mm大方坯凝固末端电磁搅拌器。生产试验表明,大方坯凝固末端电磁搅拌能够显著改善铸坯的中心疏松、缩孔等缺陷,减少了碳的偏析。

大圆坯连铸带液芯矫直过程的应力、应变有限元模拟

应用Marc有限元软件对圆坯连铸的连续矫直变形过程进行模拟。以马鞍山钢铁公司大圆坯连铸机为原型,考虑铸坯与辊子的接触状态,建立了圆坯矫直变形模型;模拟分析了大圆坯连铸带液芯矫直过程中坯壳的应力、应变,得到了铸坯在矫直过程中的变形规律,可为铸机矫直工艺及设备设计提供参考依据,从而进一步优化铸坯的矫直变形,以提高圆坯的内部质量和表面质量。