Control and Simulation of Continuously Variable Transmission for Electric Transmission System

According to the study of electric transmission, the concept of the fore and the aft power chain is presented. The control method of continuously variable transmission is established in the aft chain of electric transmission based on brushless DC motor. A fuzzy controller is designed with continuous fuzzy variables and the simulation module of the aft power chain is proved by test. The fuzzy controller controls the process of continuously variable transmission steadily and the acceleration of vehicle is quick according to simulation results. The elementary performance exhibited in the simulation is a foundation for the further study of the electric transmission track vehicle.

POWER FLOW ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION SIMULATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION

With the structure of two air gaps and two rotors, the electromagnetic continuously variable transmission（EMCVT） is a novel power-split continuously variable transmission（CVT）. There are two kinds of power flowing through the EMCVT, one is mechanical power and the other is electric power. In the mean time, there are three power ports in the EMCVT, one is the outer rotor named mechanical power port and the other two are the inner rotor and the stator named electric power ports. The mechanical power port is connected to the driving wheels through the final gear and the electric ports are connected to the batteries through the transducers. The two kinds of power are coupled on the outer rotor of the EMCVT. The EMCVT can be equipped on the conventional vehicle being regarded as the CVT and it also can be equipped on the hybrid electric vehicle（HEV） as the multi-energy sources assembly. The power flows of these two kinds of applications are analysed. The back electromotive force（EMF） equations are illatively studied and so the dynamic mathematic model is theorized. In order to certify the feasibility of the above theories, three simulations are carried out in allusion to the above two kinds of mentioned applications of the EMCVT and a five speed automatic transmission（AT） vehicle. The simulation results illustrate that the efficiency of the EMCVT vehicles is higher than that of the AT vehicle owed to the optimized operation area of the engine. Hence the fuel consumption of the EMCVT vehicles is knock-down.

STUDY ON CONTROL STRATEGY OF CLUTCH STARTING FOR CAR WITH A METAL PUSHING BELT-PLANETARY GEAR CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

The automatic control of clutch starting in car with a metal pushingbelt-planetary gear continuously variable transmission (CVT) is a complex problem. A suited controlstrategy is required to realize quick and smooth start. A simulation state space equation isestablished on clutch staring control of a car with CVT by bond graph theory. According to the fuzzycontrol method with the expert system, a fuzzy control system of car starting process to weaken thejerk motion is introduced. The simulation results indicate that the jerk motion of clutch startingis below 10 m/s^3.

CONTROL STRATEGY OF A PARALLEL HYBRID CAR WITH A METAL BELT-PLANETARY GEAR CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

The most remarkable characteristic of a metal belt-planetary gearcontinuously variable transmission is a wider ratio range and a bigger torque capacity than aconventional metal pushing belt continuously variable transmission. A parallel hybrid car with thistransmission system not only can reduce fuel consumption and pollutant emission at a ECE city cycle,but also can keep the motor working in the most efficiency area and can be started by a lower powermotor by oneself. At the same time, the continuously variable transmission system can realize thesmooth switch between the motor and the engine.

MODELING, VALIDATION AND OPTIMAL DESIGN OF THE CLAMPING FORCE CONTROL VALVE USED IN CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION

Associated dynamic performance of the clamping force control valve used in continuously variable transmission （CVT） is optimized. Firstly, the structure and working principle of the valve are analyzed, and then a dynamic model is set up by means of mechanism analysis. For the purpose of checking the validity of the modeling method, a prototype workpiece of the valve is manufactured for comparison test, and its simulation result follows the experimental result quite well. An associated performance index is founded considering the response time, overshoot and saving energy, and five structural parameters are selected to adjust for deriving the optimal associated performance index. The optimization problem is solved by the genetic algorithm （GA） with necessary constraints. Finally, the properties of the optimized valve are compared with those of the prototype workpiece, and the results prove that the dynamic performance indexes of the optimized valve are much better than those of the prototype workpiece.

MODELING AND INTEGRATED CONTROL FOR A METAL PUSHING BELT CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

By the bond graph theory,a bond graph analysis model of continuously variable transmission is established On the basis of improving the ratio change response and reducing the engine torque response lag in normal control,a new synthetic control algorithm is developed By analyzing the engine driving torque characteristics and the transmission inertia torque while ratio is changed under transient condition,the compensation value for engine driving torque is presented The simulation result shows that by this compensation control algorithm the engine torque response lag can be reduced and the driving torque response can be improved effectively.

Optimization Transmission Efficiency with Driver Intention for Automotive Continuously Variable Transmission under Slip Mode

This study proposes and experimentally validates an optimal integrated system to control the automotive continuously variable transmission(CVT)by Model Predictive Control(MPC)to achieve its expected transmission efficiency range.The control system framework consists of top and bottom layers.In the top layer,a driving intention recognition system is designed on the basis of fuzzy control strategy to determine the relationship between the driver intention and CVT target ratio at the corresponding time.In the bottom layer,a new slip state dynamic equation is obtained considering slip characteristics and its related constraints,and a clamping force bench is established.Innovatively,a joint controller based on model predictive control(MPC)is designed taking internal combustion engine torque and slip between the metal belt and pulley as optimization dual targets.A cycle is attained by solving the optimization target to achieve optimum engine torque and the input slip in real-time.Moreover,the new controller provides good robustness.Finally,performance is tested by actual CVT vehicles.Results show that compared with traditional control,the proposed control improves vehicle transmission efficiency by approximately 9.12%-9.35%with high accuracy.

Parameter design and performance analysis of zero inertia continuously variable transmission system

In order to solve the problem of weak power performance of vehicle equipped with continuously variable transmission(CVT) system working under transient operating conditions, a new CVT equipped with planetary gear mechanism and flywheel was researched, a design method of transmission parameter optimization was proposed, and the comprehensive matching control strategy was established for the new transmission system. Fuzzy controllers for throttle opening and CVT speed ratio were designed, and power performance and fuel economy of both vehicles respectively equipped with conventional CVT system and new transmission system wrere compared and analyzed by simulation. The results show that power performance and fuel economy of the vehicle equipped with new transmission system are better than that equipped with conventional CVT, thus the rationality of the parameter design method and control algorithm are verified.

Force Control Compensation Method with Variable Load Stiffness and Damping of the Hydraulic Drive Unit Force Control System

Each joint of hydraulic drive quadruped robot is driven by the hydraulic drive unit（HDU）, and the contacting between the robot foot end and the ground is complex and variable, which increases the difficulty of force control inevitably. In the recent years, although many scholars researched some control methods such as disturbance rejection control, parameter self-adaptive control, impedance control and so on, to improve the force control performance of HDU, the robustness of the force control still needs improving. Therefore, how to simulate the complex and variable load characteristics of the environment structure and how to ensure HDU having excellent force control performance with the complex and variable load characteristics are key issues to be solved in this paper. The force control system mathematic model of HDU is established by the mechanism modeling method, and the theoretical models of a novel force control compensation method and a load characteristics simulation method under different environment structures are derived, considering the dynamic characteristics of the load stiffness and the load damping under different environment structures. Then, simulation effects of the variable load stiffness and load damping under the step and sinusoidal load force are analyzed experimentally on the HDU force control performance test platform, which provides the foundation for the force control compensation experiment research. In addition, the optimized PID control parameters are designed to make the HDU have better force control performance with suitable load stiffness and load damping, under which the force control compensation method is introduced, and the robustness of the force control system with several constant load characteristics and the variable load characteristics respectively are comparatively analyzed by experiment. The research results indicate that if the load characteristics are known, the force control compensation method presented in this paper has positive compensation effects on the load characteristics variation, i.e., this method decreases the effects of the load characteristics variation on the force control performance and enhances the force control system robustness with the constant PID parameters, thereby, the online PID parameters tuning control method which is complex needs not be adopted. All the above research provides theoretical and experimental foundation for the force control method of the quadruped robot joints with high robustness.

Design of a Hydraulic Control Unit for a Two-Speed Dedicated Electric Vehicle Transmission

Two-speed automatic transmission is one solution to increase the economic efficiency and dynamic performance of battery electric vehicles(BEV).Hydraulic control unit(HCU)is a key component in automatic transmissions,which determines the quality of shifting directly.Based on the structural scheme and shift logic of a two-speed dedicated electric vehicles transmission(2DET)with two wet clutches,we designs a 2DET hydraulic control unit composed of three subsystems:pressure regulating and flow control system,shift operated and control system and cooling and lubrication system.The results of the experiments,including the valve body bench test,transmission bench test and vehicle test,show that the design of hydraulic control unit meets the requirements.

STRATEGIES FOR SOLVING KEY PROBLEMS IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION

Several key problems in the research and development of continuously variable transmission for automobile, such as those connected to the transmitting frictional pair and the related automatic tight pressing actuator, the transmission ratio control logic and the related automatic control system, are discussed. The strategies taken for solving these key problems are described.

拖拉机液压功率分流无级变速箱设计

为适应拖拉机复杂的作业工况并提高其作业效率,提出一种单行星输入耦合型液压功率分流无级变速箱的设计方案。依据拖拉机配套动力与速度要求进行变速箱参数设计与结构设计,基于SolidWorks构建变速箱虚拟样机,并基于AMESim构建变速箱传动系统模型,对其整机调速特性进行分析。研究结果表明:该变速箱可以实现拖拉机在0~30 km/h范围内的无级调速,且在犁耕等重点工况下具有较小的液压分流功率从而实现节能;该变速箱在段位切换时需要将泵马达排量比从1快速调制-0.85,通过快速的马达反向实现行星排复位与换段前后的速度衔接。对我国无级变速拖拉机的国产化设计与应用具有一定的参考价值。

Adaptive Fuzzy Control for CVT Vehicle

On the simple continuously variable transmission （CVT） driveline model, the design of adaptive fuzzy control system for CVT vehicle is presented. The adaptive fuzzy control system consists of a scaling factor self-tuning fuzzy-PI throttle controller, and a hybrid fuzzy-PID CVT ratio and brake controller. The presented adaptive fuzzy control strategy is vehicle model independent, which depends only on the instantaneous vehicle states, but does not depend on vehicle parameters. So it has good robustness against uncertain vehicle parameters and exogenous load disturbance. Simulation results show that the proposed adaptive fuzzy strategy has good adaptability and practicality value.

基于液压机械无级变速的拖拉机起步预测控制

为提高配备液压机械无级变速器(Hydro-Mechanical Continuously Variable Transmission,HMCVT)的拖拉机起步性能,提出了一种基于排量预测调节的液压机械无级变速拖拉机起步控制方法。通过分析HMCVT工作原理及其排量调节机构工作特性,将拖拉机起步过程进行3阶段划分,并以减小起步时间和起步冲击度为目标,建立了基于模型预测控制的拖拉机起步过程排量控制策略。仿真结果表明:与未采用基于排量预测调节的起步控制方法相比,液压机械无级变速拖拉机起步时间缩短了8%,起步最大冲击度减小了32.6%,对HCMCVT拖拉机起步过程有较好的控制效果,起步性能得到较大提高。

建筑起重机变幅液压缸位置ACO优化PID控制优化

为了提高建筑起重机变幅液压缸位置控制精度,引入蚁群算法(Ant Clony Optimization,ACO)对PID控制进行优化,给出了位置控制系统控制器。并针对阶跃响应和正弦响应,开展仿真分析。得到如下结论:处于干扰力阶跃响应下,蚁群算法相对Ziegler-Nichols与果蝇算法(Fruit Flies Optimization,FFO)优化PID控制系统响应曲线分别减小了32.1%与12.3%的超调量,调整时间缩短34.3%与26.54%,稳态误差减小54.18%与33.21%。利用ACO优化PID系统表现出了更优的阶跃响应性能。处于干扰力正弦响应下,以ACO优化PID系统相对其它两种算法获得了更低的最大跟踪误差,时平均跟踪误差也明显减小。经综合分析可知,采用ACO优化PID系统获得了最优的抗干扰性能。该研究对提高起重机变幅液压缸位置控制精度具有很好的实际指导意义。

Integrated Control Strategy for CVT Powertrains with Consideration of Vehicle Drivability

During shift,power flow is not interrupted in powertrains equipped with continuously variable transmission（CVT）.When hard acceleration is commanded,engine speed will flare and corresponding torque will be consumed,which leads to a drop in vehicle drive torque and also the vehicle acceleration.This is the reason why CVT vehicles have poor drivability during hard acceleration maneuver.Conventional method such as torque compensation doesn＇t always work due to the limited backup torque of engine.According to this,means to evaluate the drivability of CVT vehicles are studied,affect factors of drivability are analyzed in detail.Hard acceleration process of CVT vehicle is studied by theoretical analysis,based on which engine torque and ratio change rate of CVT are identified as two key control parameters that decide the drivability of CVT vehicles during hard acceleration maneuver.Therefore,a control strategy based on restricting the change rate of CVT ratio together with torque compensation is proposed,and two different algorithms to establish the limitation of ratio change rate are proposed.These two algorithms are simulated and compared with each other,results indicate that drop of vehicle acceleration is eliminated evidently by limit the change rate of CVT ratio,but small ratio change rate also results in a longer time to finish the accelerate process,an algorithm to decide a proper ratio change rate is needed in order to tune these different characteristics.In order to get better control effects,a new fuzzy logic based algorithm is proposed to decide a proper ratio change rate during kick down conditions,simulation and experiment results indicate that,the amount of vehicle acceleration decrease is reduced from about 1 m/s2 to almost 0,in the mean time the accelerate process only delayed for about 0.3 s.The proposed control strategy and algorithm can effectively tune the characteristics of CVT equipped vehicle during kick down conditions.

基于模型变结构PI的BLDC电机驱动液压泵的压力控制

在自动变速箱液压控制的应用中,滑阀板液压系统存在控制精度差、多参数耦合、系统模型难以建立等缺陷。文章提出基于模型变结构比例积分(PI)的直流无刷(BLDC)电机驱动液压泵的压力控制策略,将直流无刷电机动态特性好、控制精度高等优点与液压泵结构简单、可靠性好等特点相结合。根据液压泵的转速、流量、压力特性关系和油液温度、黏度、弹性模量等参数建立电机转速比例积分控制模型,通过较易控制的电机驱动占空比信号实现对液压泵输出压力的调节。控制系统通过变结构比例积分控制,消除压力偏差和超调量,提高系统精度。仿真结果表明,变结构比例积分控制具有可行性,而试验结果证明,模型控制的系统响应优于纯比例积分闭环控制,并且具有很好的抗负载扰动能力。

基于SimulationX的液压功率分流无级变速箱建模与仿真

为提高车辆驾驶舒适性,减少液压功率分流无级变速器换段次数,提出一种基于拉维娜行星齿轮结构设计的液压功率分流无级变速箱设计方案。首先,进行速比匹配,建立了变速箱传动方程,确定其主要参数取值;其次,基于SimulationX平台建立了泵控液压马达、湿式离合器等变速箱关键模块的物理模型,搭建起整体动力学仿真变速箱仿真平台;最后,基于所构建的模型对变速箱传动连续特性和调速特性等进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明:所设计的变速箱结构紧凑,仅采用单个汇流行星排就能实现6~56 km/h范围内的无级调速;各工作段速比呈等比式增长,能够在较短时间内完成调速,符合设计要求。

基于扩张观测器的HMCVT换段离合器油压跟踪控制

针对液压机械无级变速器(HMCVT)换段离合器油压跟踪控制过程中,不匹配干扰造成实际油压与期望油压产生偏差的问题,提出了一种基于扩张观测器的全局终端滑模控制算法,以实现油压的高精度跟踪控制。通过建立带有不匹配干扰的非线性湿式离合器数学模型,推导了油压控制系统的状态方程,使用扩张观测器对不匹配干扰进行估计,设计了一种能够快速收敛的全局终端滑模控制算法,并将干扰估计值补偿到控制算法中以提高控制精度和降低滑模控制的抖振。基于全局终端滑模控制算法设计了换段离合器油压跟踪控制器,通过试验对控制器效果进行了验证。结果表明,扩张观测器能够有效观测不匹配干扰,与传统终端滑模控制算法相比,基于本文算法设计的油压跟踪控制器动态响应时间仅为0.13 s,超调量为0.08 MPa,且无明显抖振。在换段过程中,冲击度降低12.7%,滑摩功减少10.2%,表明所提油压跟踪控制算法具有较好鲁棒性,能够改善换段离合器的接合品质。

Study on the Fuzzy Control Strategy of Automobile with CVT

In order to study the dynamic characteristics of automobile with a CVT system, a bond graph analysis model of continuously variable transmission is established.On the base of the simulation state space equations that are established with bond graph theory,a fuzzy control strategy with an expert system of starting process has been introduced.Considering uncertain system parameters and exterior resistance disturbing,the effect of the profile of membership function and the defuzzification algorthm on the capacity of the fuzzy controller has been studied.The result of simulation proves that the proposed fuzzy controller is effective and feasible,Such controller has been employed in the actual control and has proved practicable.The study lays a foundation for design of the fuzzy controller for automobile with a CVT system.