Internal residual stress measurement on linear friction welding of titanium alloy plates with contour method

The internal residual stress within a TC 17 titanium alloy joint welded by linear friction welding （LFW） was measured by the contour method, which is a relatively new and destructive technique to obtain a full map of internal residual stress. The specimen was first cut into two parts; the out-of-plane displacement contour formed by the release of the residual stress was then measured; finally, taking the measured contour of the cut plane as the boundary conditions, a linear elastic finite element analysis was carried out to calculate the corresponding distribution of residual stress normal to the cut plane. The internal stress distribution of the TC 17 titanium alloy LFWjoint was also analyzed. The results show that the tensile residual stress in the TC17 LFW weld is mainly present within a region about 12 mm from the weld centerline; the peak tensile residual stress occurs at the weld centerline and reaches 360 MPa （about one third of the yield strength of TC17 alloy）; within the weld zone of the TC17 LFW weld, the through-thickness stress is not uniform, and the internal stress is larger than that near the top or bottom surface.

Prediction of Long-Term Extreme Response of Fish Cage Using Environmental Contour Method

The fish cage design requires accurate predictions of long-term extreme loads and responses.Compared with the time-consuming full long-term analysis method integrating all the probability distribution of the short-term extremes,the environmental contour method gains much attention in predicting the long-term extreme values due to the less computational effort.This paper investigates the long-term extreme response of a fish cage using the environmental contour method.The fish cage is numerically simulated based on the lumped-mass method and the curved beam theory.Based on the one-dimensional(1D)and two-dimensional(2D)environmental contour,the extreme responses,including the surge and heave motions,mooring force,and vertical bending of the floater,are predicted for different return periods and compared with the full long-term analysis results.Results indicate that the 1D method greatly underestimates the extreme values.The 2D environmental contour method with a higher percentile level,namely90%,provides reasonable estimations and seems to be suitable for the long-term value analysis.Sensitivity studies show that the mooring arrangement and the bending stiffness have great effects on the bending moment and the mooring force and the mooring line pre-tension has minor effects on the fish cage response.

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates（50 mm thick） by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.

Gradient-based optimization method for producing a contoured beam with single-fed reflector antenna

A gradient-based optimization method for producing a contoured beam by using a single-fed reflector antenna is presented. First, a quick and accurate pattern approximation formula based on physical optics(PO) is adopted to calculate the gradients of the directivity with respect to reflector's nodal displacements. Because the approximation formula is a linear function of nodal displacements, the gradient can be easily derived. Then, the method of the steepest descent is adopted, and an optimization iteration procedure is proposed. The iteration procedure includes two loops: an inner loop and an outer loop. In the inner loop, the gradient and pattern are calculated by matrix operation, which is very fast by using the pre-calculated data in the outer loop. In the outer loop, the ideal terms used in the inner loop to calculate the gradient and pattern are updated, and the real pattern is calculated by the PO method. Due to the high approximation accuracy, when the outer loop is performed once, the inner loop can be performed many times, which will save much time because the integration is replaced by matrix operation. In the end, a contoured beam covering the continental United States(CONUS) is designed, and simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Estimating Design Loads with Environmental Contour Approach Using Copulas for an Offshore Jacket Platform

Jacket-type offshore platforms are widely used for oil, gas field, and energy development in shallow water. The design of a jacket structure is highly dependent on target environmental variables. This study focuses on a strategy to estimate design loads for offshore jacket structures based on an environmental contour approach. In addition to the popular conditional distribution model, various classes of bivariate copulas are adopted to construct joint distributions of environmental variables. Analytical formulations of environmental contours based on various models are presented and discussed in this study. The design loads are examined by dynamic response analysis of jacket platform. Results suggest that the conditional model is not recommended for use in estimating design loads in sampling locations due to poor fitting results. Independent copula produces conservative design loads and the extreme response obtained using the conditional model are smaller than those determined by copulas. The suitability of a model for contour construction varies with the origin of wave data. This study provides a reference for the design load estimation of jacket structures and offers an alternative procedure to determine the design criteria for offshore structures.

Novel boundary element method for resolving plate bending problems

This paper discusses the application of the boundary contour method fo r resolving plate bending problems. The exploitation of the integrand divergence free property of the plate bending boundary integral equation based on the Kirc hhoff hypothesis and a very useful application of Stokes' Theorem are presented to convert surface integrals on boundary elements to the computation of bending potential functions on the discretized boundary points,even for curved surface elements of arbitrary shape. Singularity and treatment of the discontinued corne r point are not needed at all. The evaluation of the physics variant at internal points is also shown in this article. Numerical results are presented for some plate bending problems and compared against analytical and previous solutions.

一种简便的悬吊贯穿缝合法在改善上颌腭部肿物术后外形及功能恢复中的应用

目的:观察悬吊贯穿缝合法在改善上颌腭部肿物术后外形及功能恢复的临床效果。方法:选取笔者医院2022年1月-2023年10月收治的上颌骨腭部囊肿患者30例,刮除囊肿后应用悬吊贯穿缝合法治疗腭部黏膜凸起,2周后拆除悬吊缝线,1个月后复诊评价上腭外形恢复情况。结果:悬吊贯穿缝合法治疗术后1个月,腭部黏膜外形恢复效果良好,语音及吞咽功能无影响,临床舒适度高。结论:悬吊贯穿缝合法治疗腭部黏膜凸起操作简便,患者舒适度,满意度高,值得推广。

Fast Image Segmentation Based on a Two-Stage Geometrical Active Contour

A fast two-stage geometric active contour algorithm for image segmentation is developed. First, the Eikonal equation problem is quickly solved using an improved fast sweeping method, and a criterion of local minimum of area gradient (LMAG) is presented to extract the optimal arrival time. Then, the final time function is passed as an initial state to an area and length minimizing flow model, which adjusts the interface more accurately and prevents it from leaking. For object with complete and salient edge, using the first stage only is able to obtain an ideal result, and this results in a time complexity of O(M), where M is the number of points in each coordinate direction. Both stages are needed for convoluted shapes, but the computation cost can be drastically reduced. Efficiency of the algorithm is verified in segmentation experiments of real images with different feature.

SIMULATION OF TYPHOON'SANOMALOUS TRACK(Ⅱ)──CD METHOD

Contour dynamics (CD) method for the motions of typhoon is presented in this paper. The effect of asymmetric inner structure on the typhoon'sanomalous track has been discussed in different environmental steering. Todemonstrate the feasibility of the method, the track of Typhoon Yancy(9012) isconcerned with. The numerical results show that the method can describe the tendency of looping qualitatively.

Backup roll contour of a SmartCrown tandem cold rolling mill

SmartCrown was a new system developed by VAI for improving the strip profile and flatness control first applied in 1700 mm tandem cold rolling mills at Wuhan Iron ＆ Steel （Group） Corporation （WISCO）. After tracing and testing, the application of the conventional crown backup roll matching the SmartCrown work roll of the production mill led to heavy and nonuniform wear, and the edge spalling of the backup roll often occurred. A 3-dimension finite element model of roll stacks was established, which was used to analyze the above-mentioned problems, and it was found that the main reason was the highly nonuniform contact pressure distribution between the work roll and the backup roll. A new FSR （flexible shape backup roll） was developed and applied in 1700 mm tandem cold rolling mills. A lot of good actual effects of FSR, such as evident improvement in profile and flatness of strips, non-occurring edge spalling, wear uniform, and remarkable decrease in roll consumption were validated by long-term industrial applications.

New normalized nonlocal hybrid level set method for image segmentation

This article introduces a new normalized nonlocal hybrid level set method for image segmentation.Due to intensity overlapping,blurred edges with complex backgrounds,simple intensity and texture information,such kind of image segmentation is still a challenging task.The proposed method uses both the region and boundary information to achieve accurate segmentation results.The region information can help to identify rough region of interest and prevent the boundary leakage problem.It makes use of normalized nonlocal comparisons between pairs of patches in each region,and a heuristic intensity model is proposed to suppress irrelevant strong edges and constrain the segmentation.The boundary information can help to detect the precise location of the target object,it makes use of the geodesic active contour model to obtain the target boundary.The corresponding variational segmentation problem is implemented by a level set formulation.We use an internal energy term for geometric active contours to penalize the deviation of the level set function from a signed distance function.At last,experimental results on synthetic images and real images are shown in the paper with promising results.

Automatic wiring method for switchgear design

An automatic 3D wiring method for switchgear design is proposed in this paper. First, wiring constraints are created, and a corresponding evaluation model is proposed. Then, based on the structure of the cabinet, we propose a contour expansion scheme to construct rough paths. Different wiring features of the switchgear are used to connect rough local paths. All the paths are represented in a uniform data structure and forma path network. Finally, an improved A* algorithm is used to search the wiring path between the components in the routing network; the evaluation model is considered as heuristic rules for path searching. The result can satisfy the practical requirements of switchgear design. Experimental results are also provided.

Q690厚板对接焊残余应力评估及其对焊接接头断裂性能的影响

[目的]旨在研究高强钢厚板多层多道焊的复杂焊接残余应力,评估其对焊接接头断裂性能的影响。[方法]以75 mm厚Q690高强钢板为研究对象,制定多层多道对接焊工艺,完成对接接头的焊接,使用轮廓法获得中剖面的纵向残余应力,基于自主开发的高效热−弹−塑性有限元计算方法,再现厚板多层多道焊的热循环、微观组织演变等现象,将单轴拉伸试验与GTN损伤模型相结合,提出Q690高强钢板的GTN模型参数,分析金属母材及焊接接头试样的断裂特性和应力−应变曲线。[结果]采用所提方法预测的厚板对接接头熔池形状、金相体积分数都与试验测量基本吻合;考虑焊接固态相变和高强钢轧制初始应力的力学分析,得到的焊接残余应力与试验结果高度一致,并得到了横向残余应力分布;考虑焊接微观缺陷及横向残余应力,阐明了残余应力影响焊接接头断裂性能的力学机理。[结论]相关研究可为高强钢厚板焊接结构残余应力及断裂性能评估提供借鉴和指导。

基于改进萤火虫算法的永磁同步电机多模态优化设计

永磁同步电机的结构参数选择往往是多模态、非线性的优化问题,同时其结构优化设计又存在计算分析时间过长、计算效率过低、收敛慢等问题。文中针对此类问题提出了一种基于改进萤火虫算法的新型多模态优化算法。改进萤火虫算法主要引用了等值线概念并通过克里金(Kriging)代理模型自适应确定子计算区域,从而获得多个全局最优解和局部解,并且引入单纯形法和改进停止条件以提高算法效率。此外,研究了分层余一法用于检验代理模型精度。最后,将其应用到永磁同步电机的结构优化中,使齿槽转矩成功降低了38.33%。

基于机器视觉的低对比度工件轮廓尺寸标定方法

受照明不均匀和图像噪声的影响,低对比度工件的轮廓可能不连续且边缘模糊,导致尺寸参数标定结果误差增加,影响了工件尺寸参数的准确性。针对这个问题,引入机器视觉技术来改善工件轮廓的清晰度和准确性。首先,通过摄像机和相关设备的布置,获取工件的图像,针对低对比度可能存在的噪声,采用正交处理方法对图像进行降噪以提高图像质量;接下来,基于预处理图像提取工件表面形态与轮廓信息,为尺寸参数标定提供参考和基准。为了进行标定,采用一维标靶的设计,建立相机平面到一维标靶平面的空间映射路径。在这个映射路径下将工件轮廓映射到二维平面坐标上,实现尺寸标定。对比实验结果表明:设计的方法应用效果良好,可以标定低对比度工件轮廓尺寸,标定后的工件轮廓尺寸与设计值的误差小于1 mm,提高工件的加工、生产制造精度。

增材制造高温合金残余应力精确表征和调控

以激光选区熔化(SLM)增材制造高温合金为研究对象,采用X射线衍射与轮廓法精确表征打印态、喷丸态和热处理态高温合金样品的表面与内部残余应力分布与水平,对比了不同后处理对残余应力分布的影响行为。结果表明:打印态样品表面为拉应力,内部为压应力;拉应力层深度约为2 mm,而且平行增材制造方向上拉应力(1558 MPa)显著高于垂直方向的拉应力(830 MPa)。喷丸处理后样品表面形成塑性形变,样品表面拉应力变为压应力(-769 MPa);轮廓法结果发现,压应力深度为0.6 mm,在1 mm深度次表面依然存在较高拉应力,内部压应力降低。热处理后打印态样品表面和内部残余应力几乎完全消除,并在表面形成约150 MPa的压应力。

深冷处理参数对抗氢钢内部残余应力影响的试验研究

为降低抗氢钢材料固溶处理过程中产生的较大内部残余应力,采用正交试验和基于轮廓法的残余应力表征方法研究了深冷温度、深冷保温时间、冷热循环次数、深冷降温速率等深冷处理参数对抗氢钢内部残余应力的影响。结果表明,在深冷温度-130℃、深冷保温时间10h、冷热循环3次、降温速率为-2.5℃/min的参数条件下,可以最大程度地降低残余应力,芯部残余应力由固溶的413MPa降低至93MPa;深冷参数对抗氢钢材料内部残余应力的影响顺序为深冷温度>深冷保温时间>冷热循环次数>降温速率。本次研究结果将为抗氢钢薄壁构件的高精度加工提供技术支持。

微针疗法的理论渊源与辨证体系

微针疗法又称微针系统疗法,是一门新兴的诊疗一体操作技术,在近几十年得到了飞速发展,是近现代针灸学中至关重要的一部分。由于不同微针疗法之间的操作部位及方法理论之间存在较大差异,为探究其间存在的规律与共性,利用公开发表的文献内容,对微针疗法的起源发展、理论基础、辨证方式三个方面进行了梳理归纳,并列举了七种微针疗法。大体总结出三种辨证体系,包括以第二掌骨侧针法、全息律针法、耳针疗法和方氏头针疗法为代表的穴位全息辨证体系;以眼针疗法、腹针疗法为代表的八廓分区辨证体系以及由经典理论指导的其他辨证理论体系包括根据五色辨证理论演变而来的面针疗法和根据皮部理论发展而来的腕踝针疗法。希望对微针疗法的临床应用及发展提供一定的启示和帮助。

基于CASS的土方量计算方法对比分析

文章基于CASS软件详细地阐述了断面法、方格网法、等高线法和三角网法(DTM)计算土方量的方法和原理以及各方法在土方计算中存在的问题,总结了各方法的优缺点,对4种方法的应用场景、适用情况、精度等进行归纳和对比,为工程土方量计算的用户提供参考。

ECA注意力机制增强的轻量级网络焊接熔池轮廓提取方法

熔池形貌特征在线检测是实现机器人焊接智能化与自动化的重要途径之一。然而,目前的熔池轮廓提取方法多使用基于阈值分割的传统处理算法,这类算法在弧光干扰的情况下,熔池轮廓准确度低、鲁棒性差;而基于深度学习对熔池轮廓进行提取的报道还较少,并且在实时性方面存在一定的挑战。针对这一问题,本文提出一种改进的DeepLabV3+的高效语义分割模型。该模型采用轻量级的MobileNetv2主干网络,降低模型复杂度,提高推理速度;并在ASPP特征提取模块后添加ECA注意力机制,增强网络对熔池特征的关注,提升分割精度;针对熔池图像数据集中前景和背景像素数量不均衡的问题,采用Dice Loss和交叉熵损失函数的线性组合作为新的损失函数,改善模型训练效果。实验结果表明,该模型在熔池轮廓提取任务中性能优异,平均交并比(mIoU)达到96.08%,类别平均像素准确率(mPA)为97.85%,推理时间由60.72 ms缩短到23.11 ms,满足了熔池轮廓提取准确性与实时性的要求。