A Survey on the Sexual and Contraceptive Behaviors in Chinese Female College Students

To get information in the sexual and contraceptive behaviors in Chinese female college students, a randomized cluster sampling was conducted in colleges and universities in Wuhan Area, China, in terms of types of colleges, subjects （literature, sciences, medicines, art etc）, and grades etc. A total number of 2450 questionnaires were distributed, with 2365 questionnaires returned being valid. The return rate of valid questionnaires was 96.6 %. The questionnaire investigation was conducted on a multiple-choice and anonymous basis. Data were input into computer and SPSS12.0 software package was employed for statistical analysis. Among the female students, 1196 had the experiences of hugging and kissing （50.57 %） and 423 （17.89 %） had sexual experiences （sexual intercourse）. The first sexual intercourse took place at the age of 19.23±1.74 y. There were significant differences in the sexual experiences among the majors of different subjects, with the rate of sexual experiences in art majors （43.17 %） and high-grade students （34.31%） being the highest. The causes of the first sexual intercourse included sexual impulse, curiosity, intention to strengthen the relationship or to show loyalty to boyfriend and sometimes violence. While the motives of the sexual intercourse within the past one year before the investigation were to satisfy the sexual needs and to strengthen the relation with their boyfriends. With both first intercourse and sexual experiences within last one year, the partners of the sexual intercourse were mainly their boyfriends （95.7 % and 97.3 % respectively）, but the partners also included acquaintances, ＂one night stand＂ partners and customers of sex trade. Some of them had multiple sexual partners, with the highest number of the sexual partners being 11. In the first sexual intercourse of the subjects, 44.0 % of them did not take any contraceptive measures; only 16.4 % of them used condoms. In the sexual intercourse within the last one year, only 44.6 % took contraceptive measures every time they had sexual intercourse. Among those who took contraceptive measures, 64.4 % used condoms. Among those who had sexual intercourse, 101 persons got pregnant, with a rate of pregnancy being 4.3 %, accounting for 23.9 % of all who had sexual intercourse. Among those who got pregnant, 78 persons got pregnant once; the others became pregnant more than two times, the highest being 5 times. There were 122 persons who had inflammation of reproductive system, mostly vaginitis. Other conditions included venereal warts and herpes genitalis. It is concluded that the rate of sexual behaviors is high in female college students and there exist promiscuity, unexpected pregnancy and transmission of STD in the students.

Assessment of level of knowledge and utilization of emergency contraception among female students of Hawassa University, south Ethiopia

Introduction: Emergency contraception is used as an emergency procedure to prevent unintended pregnancy secondary to an unprotected se xual intercourse and method failure. Hence, this study assessed the level of knowledge and utilization of emergency contraception among undergraduate regular female students of Hawassa University, south Ethiopia. Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among female students of Hawassa University in December 2012. Seven hundred seventy six of the students were sampled by using multistage sampling technique. Pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Results: The majority 719 (92.7%) of female university students ever had sexual intercourse and 17 (2.2%) experienced forced sex. Eight (47%) of these 17 students experienced unintended pregnancy all of which resulted in an induced abortion. Three hundred seventy nine (72.2%) of the respondents had knowledge about emergency contraceptives and only 41 (10.8%) of them had ever used emergency contraceptives;oral contraceptive pills were the most widely used form of all emergency contraceptives 41 (10.8%). Age, marital status and age at menarche were associated with knowledge of emergency contraception;moreover, residence, year of study and experience of forced sex were found to be predictors of emergency contraception utilization. Conclusion: Female university students had been experiencing high rate of unintended sexual practice and pregnancy, low knowledge level and utilization of emergency contraceptives;moreover, they had no youth-friendly access to the services. Therefore, there is a need for collaborated effort to improve service access and scale up their utilization level to prevent unwanted pregnancy.

An Investigation on the Utilization of Intra Uterine Contraceptive Device among Women in Kabwe, Central Province

Introduction: Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) is an effective long acting reversible contraceptive but its use is low. This study examined factors contributing to the utilization of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) among women in Kabwe Central Province. Methodology: This was an analytical cross sectional study. Primary data was collected from 150 respondents in using simple random sampling method. Data was analysed using the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS) version 22. Chi-square test was used to test associations among the dependent and independent variables. Logistic regression analysis was conducted. The confidence interval was set at 95% and significant level was at 0.05%. Findings: The study found that 44% of the respondents had high level of knowledge about IUCD. About 28% of the respondents, said that they used IUCD because it maintains menstrual bleeding, 26% said that they used because IUCD it does not cause infections, and 19% said that they used IUCD because it does not migrate to other body parts. Majority (81%) of the respondents agreed with a statement that age contributes to underutilization of IUCD. About 77% of the respondents agreed with a statement that marital status contributes to underutilization of IUCD and 75% agreed with a statement that, education level contributes to underutilization of IUCD and was significant. Furthermore, 91% of the respondents agreed with a statement that lack of knowledge about IUCD contributes to underutilization of IUCD and 74% agreed with a statement that religion contributes to underutilization of IUCD. Age (p = 0.003), marital status (p = 0.002), education level (p = 0.003), and employment status (p = 0.02), were found to have a significant relationship with the utilization of IUCD. About 36% of the respondents said that knowledge or education affects the utilization of IUCD at a large extent. The study showed a positive relationship between the utilization of IUCD and all explanatory variables such as age, education/knowledge, marital status, religion, family size and income and acceptability which had a positive correlation ranging from 0.543 to 0.815. Older women with higher education levels were more inclined to use IUCDs compared to younger individuals and those with only a primary education. Religious affiliation influenced IUCD use with Muslim women being less likely to opt for IUCDs. Moreover, being married was associated with lower IUCD utilization. Conclusion: Based on these findings, the study identified age, education/knowledge, marital status, religion, family size and income, and acceptability as the primary drivers of IUCD usage. The study recommends that, there should be a conduct of educational workshops, there should be community awareness programs and there should be comprehensive family Planning Services.

25岁以下未育女性人工流产后即时落实宫内节育器和短效口服避孕药的临床对照观察

目的:观察25岁以下未育女性人工流产后即时放置宫内节育器(IUD)和使用短效复方口服避孕药(COC)的可行性和使用情况。方法:将≤25岁未育早孕自愿要求人工流产的女性作为观察对象,根据其意愿术后放置IUD或使用COC避孕。IUD组148例,COC组204例,随访6个月观察两组的避孕情况。结果:两组均无妊娠发生。IUD组1例因完全脱落而终止使用,终止率为0.7%。COC组术后3月的累积停用率69.1%,6月达92.1%,停用的主要原因是嫌麻烦/不能坚持服药,占31.4%。术后1,3个月的不适主诉率IUD组高于COC组(P<0.010,P<0.001)。结论:≤25岁未育女性人工流产后即时放置IUD或使用COC避孕均可行高效。IUD组6个月续用率高;COC副作用轻,但需加强咨询,提高续用率。

非意愿妊娠女性人工流产后放置吉妮致美IUD效果

目的:探讨非意愿妊娠女性人工流产后放置吉妮致美宫内节育器(IUD)效果.方法:以2021年7月-2022年7月在本院自愿要求人工流产术的未育女性213例,对实行流产后关爱干预,其中选择IUD避孕103例为观察组,未选择IUD避孕方法110例为对照组,问卷调查比较两组干预前后对人工流产危害的知信行,比较流产后性生活恢复时间,随访1年非意愿妊娠及其妊娠原因、人工流产情况.结果:干预前后两组对人工流产危害性知识理论认知、态度信念、行为能力评分均提升(P<0.05),但两组间无差异;干预后观察组性生活恢复时间(3.7±0.1月)晚于对照组(3.2±0.9月),非意愿妊娠发生(8例,7.8%)低于对照组(24例,21.8%)(P<0.05),两组人工流产(0.9%、1.9%)发生无差异,观察组非意愿妊娠原因均为IUD脱落,对照组为避孕措施失败(11例,45.8%)和未避孕或避孕措施使用不正确(13例,54.2%).结论:吉妮致美IUD对降低人工流产后妇女非意愿妊娠有效,但需要重视IUD脱落率问题.

蚕蛹性腺图像在线采集与雌雄自动识别分选装置设计与优化

针对当前蚕蛹雌雄鉴别环节人工劳动强度大、蚕蛹雌雄识别分选装置准确率和效率不高、适用品种范围小等问题,根据雌雄蚕蛹性腺特征差异是区别不同品种蚕蛹雌雄的可靠依据,该研究设计了一种蚕蛹性腺图像在线采集与雌雄自动识别分选装置。首先,在对蚕蛹基本物理特性参数大量统计的基础上,对振动排序上料机、蚕蛹输送滑轨和蚕蛹翻转拍照装置进行了结构设计与理论分析。在识别方法和计算机硬件条件不变基础上,对装置中蚕蛹排序输送螺旋倾角、滑轨倾角和转动棒带动蚕蛹旋转转速进行了优化设计,以提高装置的识别分选速度。并设计了以SIEMENS-S7-200SMART-ST30为控制器,基于激光、光电传感器检测的信息融合控制系统。分选装置工作性能优化结果为:螺旋倾角为15.62°,滑轨倾角为31.77°,转速为21.09 r/min,单粒蚕蛹平均分选时间为5.13 s,准确率为95.97%,破损率为0.07%。样机试验结果表明,在最优参数下,利用卷积神经网络的全新轻量级雌雄识别分类模型,单粒蚕蛹平均分选时间为5.03 s,分选准确率为96.47%,破损率为0.09%,满足蚕蛹雌雄识别分选实际应用要求。该蚕蛹性腺图像在线采集与雌雄自动识别分选装置能够实现蚕蛹自动排序上料、蚕蛹带性腺图像在线采集、自动识别与雌雄自动分选的一体化,提高了蚕蛹雌雄自动识别分选的效率和准确率。研究结果可为雌雄蚕蛹自动识别分选装置的研发提供理论依据和技术支持。

医用润滑剂组成结构的红外光谱研究

采用中红外(MIR)光谱开展了避孕套中医用润滑剂结构的研究。结果发现:医用润滑剂主要包括固态润滑剂和液态润滑剂,其中固态润滑剂的主要结构是高岭石族物质,而液态润滑剂的主要结构是水溶性硅油。研究为探索计生用品中的医用润滑剂结构建立了一种方法,具有一定的应用价值。

无痛人流术后放置曼月乐与活性γ-宫内节育器的避孕效果比较

目的 探讨无痛人流术后宫内放置曼月乐与活性γ-宫内节育器(γ-IUD)的临床效果比较。方法 选取2020年6月—2022年1月淄博市妇幼保健院收治的120例无痛人流手术后有避孕意愿的妇女作为研究对象。采用随机数字表法将其分为A、B组,每组60例。A组术后即刻宫内放置曼月乐避孕,B组术后即刻宫内放置活性γ-IUD避孕。对比两组妇女不同时间的宫内节育器续用情况、月经周期变化、性生活质量、并发症发生率差异。结果 术后6个月,A组与B组妇女的累积续用率分别为95.00%和98.33%,差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=1.000,P=0.317)。术后12个月,A组与B组妇女的累积续用率为93.33%和96.67%,差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.702,P=0.302)。A组与B组妇女术前、术后3个月的月经周期、行经时间、月经量及性欲、性唤起、性高潮、性心理、性行为、射精时间6个调查维度评分差值比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。A组妇女术后总并发症发生率为23.33%,高于B组的8.33%(P <0.05)。结论 无痛人流术后宫内放置曼月乐与活性γ-IUD的宫内避孕效果、累积续用率、性生活情况差异不大,但是后者术后的并发症发生率更低,更推荐临床使用。

Perception and Practice of Emergency Contraception among Female Undergraduates of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria

Objective To assess perception and level of proper utilization of emergency contraception （EC） among female undergraduates. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire study was performed on 383 female undergraduates in Nigeria in June 2006. Data analysis was with Z-square test and logistic regressions （P 〈O. 05）. Results One hundred and five （48.2%） had been sexually exposed. Only 32 （30.5%） used regular contraception. Seventy-three （24.3%）female undergraduates were aware of EC. Only 29 （7.6%） had used EC before. Most would not use emergency contraceptive drugs in future due to lack of awareness （64.8%）, and fear for future fertility and of drugs being injurious to health. Use of EC was associated with awareness of correct interval for use （OR=9.1; 95%CI： 2.1-39.9）. Conclusion There is poor knowledge about EC and poor use, while significant need remains. Most knowledge was acquired from peers and inaccurate. Peer educators are important and professionals＇ knowledge needs improvement.

基于人工流产术后即时放置宫内节育器的避孕效果分析

目的分析人工流产术后即时放置宫内节育器的避孕效果。方法选取2019年1月至2021年12月九江市妇幼保健院收治的98例人工流产术后患者作为研究对象,根据宫内节育器放置时间不同分为研究组与对照组,每组49例。研究组行人工流产术后立即放置宫内节育器,对照组行人工流产术后第1次月经后3~7d放置宫内节育器,比较两组基本临床指标、避孕成功率、性生活质量、性功能情况、身体健康状况、治疗满意度及不良反应发生情况。结果两组一次放置成功率、阴道出血量比较差异无统计学意义;研究组禁止性生活时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组避孕成功率比较差异无统计学意义。放置后,两组性反应评分均低于放置前,对照组性疼痛与情绪、性交流与调适评分均低于放置前,研究组性疼痛与情绪、性交流与调适及性反应评分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其他评分组内、组间两两比较差异无统计学意义。放置前后,两组性欲、性高潮、性交痛、性唤起、阴道润滑度、性满意度评分比较差异无统计学意义。放置后,对照组生理职能、躯体疼痛评分均低于放置前,且研究组生理机能、生理职能、生命活力评分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其他评分组内、组间两两比较差异无统计学意义。研究组治疗总满意率为97.96%,高于对照组的81.63%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义。结论人工流产术后即时放置宫内节育器避孕效果显著,可减轻对患者术后性功能的影响,对患者性生活质量及身体健康的影响较小,患者满意度较高,临床应用价值较高。

人工流产术后放置宫内节育器1年停用影响因素分析

目的:调查非意愿妊娠人工流产者术后放置宫内节育器(IUD)停用情况及影响因素。方法:收集2022年1-12月本院收治的人工流产者1035例,均流产术后应用IUD避孕措施,随访1年,观察IUD使用情况并分为停用组(189例)、续用组(846例)。调查IUD停用原因,通过单因素分析及多因素logistic回归分析法分析人工流产者术后落实避孕措施1年内停用危险因素。结果:随访1年,人工流产术后IUD停用189例(18.4%),原因包括不良反应83例、社会心理因素100例、其他原因6例。多因素logistic分析显示,年龄低、无生育史、无重复流产、受教育程度高中及以下为人工流产者术后放置IUD停用的危险因素(OR=1.657、1.669、2.442、1.790,P<0.05)。结论:非意愿妊娠人工流产者术后放置IUD仍存在一定比例的停用情况,影响因素较多,临床需加强术前咨询、术后管理,针对性采取干预对策以提高流产后长效避孕措施的落实使用率。

User Perspective of Misplaced PPIUCD and Factors Resulting in PPIUCD Removal: Qualitative Pilot Study

Objective: The aim of the current study was to assess the impact of operative interventions for misplaced device among women who opted for PPIIUCD and the evaluation of reasons for PPIUCD removal within the follow up period of two years. Design: A descriptive exploratory study was conducted over three months among fourteen PPIUCD acceptors at a tertiary care health facility in Delhi, India. Face-to-face & telephonic in-depth interviews were conducted with a selected sample of PPIUCD acceptors who had later opted for its removal. Results: Participants (n = 14) aged 24 – 40 exhibited generally positive attitudes towards PPIUCDs indicating an indicate an understanding of the importance of PPIUCD in preventing unintended pregnancies. Menstrual disturbance and misplaced IUCD were major reasons for removal. despite their own experience necessitating the removal of IUCD, positive experience by other family members (mothers in law) in this study helped to keep the confidence on the contraceptive. Themes included (a) general experience of PPIUCD use (b) Health Facility accessed for removal of IUCD (c) Would she recommend it to others? (d) preferred contraceptive after removal of IUCD. Conclusion: Misplaced IUCD, missing thread, menstrual irregularities, and pain are all associated with PPIUCD and are important reasons for dissatisfaction. Appropriate, timely and supportive individualized care that address knowledge gaps, societal perceptions, and healthcare system challenges would certainly help in reducing dissatisfaction due to PPIUCD and thereby the removal rates.

Characteristics of Contraceptive Use in So Paulo State,Brazil

Objective To know the characteristics of contraceptive use in Sao Paulo State collected by the Demographic and Health Survey （DHS） conducted in 1996. Methods Data of Sao Paulo in 1996 were analyzed compared with the previous DHS carried on in 1986focusing on Sao Paulo State. Contraceptive use among married or cohabiting women by age, number of children and schooling was closely examined. Age and timing of female sterilization were also analyzed. Results The results showed that unlike Brazil there was a stability of female sterilization in Sao Paulo State during 1986 and 1996. There was a pattern in Sao Paulo： up to 30 years old the pill was the most used contraceptive, after 30 there was a predominance of female sterilization, which increased with the number of children and decreased with schooling. The use of male methods had also increased in the 1986 and 1996 period, being greater in Sao Paulo than in Brazil. Sao Paulo also presented more diversity in the use of reversible contraceptives. Conclusions The predominant two contraceptive methods in Brazil and Sao Paulo changed from 1986 to 1996, i.e..from pill to female sterilization.

瘢痕子宫人工流产术后即时放置元宫IUD与曼月乐IUD临床效果比较

目的:比较瘢痕子宫女性人工流产术后即时放置元宫IUD和曼月乐IUD临床效果。方法:选取2022年6月-2023年6月本院收治的瘢痕子宫行人工流产术女性104例,按照放置IUD种类的不同分组,分别放置元宫IUD(元宫组54例)、放置曼月乐IUD(曼月乐组50例)。随访6个月,比较两组IUD使用效果、阴道出血情况和不良反应。结果:曼月乐组放置1个月、6个月累计续用率(100.0%、90.0%)与元宫组(98.2%、81.5%)无差异(P>0.05);术后阴道出血时间(5.4±2.3 d)及阴道出血量(53.3±10.5 ml)均少于元宫组(7.8±3.1 d、75.7±11.4 ml),不良反应发生率(8.0%)低于元宫组(24.1%)(均P<0.05)。结论:瘢痕子宫女性人工流产术后即时放置两种IUD避孕效果相当,但曼月乐IUD可有效改善术后阴道流血情况,降低不良反应发生率。

宫腔镜取环术用于宫内节育环嵌顿的临床效果观察

目的探讨对宫内节育环嵌顿采用宫腔镜取环术治疗的临床效果。方法60例宫内节育环嵌顿患者,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组30例。对照组采用常规取环术治疗,观察组采用宫腔镜取环术治疗。比较两组手术指标以及取环情况、并发症发生率。结果观察组手术时间(18.61±4.57)min、取环时间(8.12±1.53)min均短于对照组的(31.44±7.25)、(10.33±2.10)min,阴道出血量(9.76±2.10)ml少于对照组的(16.25±2.43)ml(P<0.05)。观察组取环成功率96.67%高于对照组的70.00%(P<0.05)。观察组并发症发生率6.67%低于对照组的36.67%(P<0.05)。结论对宫内节育环嵌顿患者采用宫腔镜取环术治疗较常规取环术操作简单、效率高,对患者损伤小,能够提高取环成功率,可降低术后并发症发生风险,值得推广。

认知培训联合行为指导在SLE女性避孕中应用

目的:探究认知培训联合行为指导在系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)女性患者避孕中的应用价值;方法:选择2019年3月至2021年3月于本院接受治疗的84例确诊SLE患者为研究对象,将其按照干预方式的差异区分为研究组(42例)与对照组(42例),研究组接受认知培训联合行为指导,对照组接受常规的健康教育指导,对比两组患者避孕状况、避孕效果、避孕依从性、避孕满意度以及不良情绪得分;结果:1)研究组患者避孕状况优于对照组,尤其是口服避孕药、口服避孕药+避孕套、放置宫内节育器等方面(P<0.05);2)干预后5个月时,研究组患者的妊娠率明显低于对照组(P<0.05);3)研究组患者避孕依从性和干预满意度得分均明显高于对照组患者(P<0.05);4)干预6个月后研究组患者的HAMA和HAMD得分均低于对照组患者(P<0.05);结论:对SLE女性开展认知培训联合行为指导有助于提高避孕成功率,改善患者的不良情绪,提高其治疗依从性和干预满意度。

Role of IL-6 in the contraceptive mechanism of intrauterine device

目的 :探讨血清中白细胞介素 - 6(IL- 6)水平与宫内节育器 (IUD)存在的关系。方法 :采用酶联免疫吸附试验测定 64例置器妇女 (试验组 ,试验组又分为置器出血组和无出血组 ) ,以及60例健康妇女 (对照组 )血清中 IL- 6水平 ,同时测定两组血清中 C-反应蛋白 (CRP)水平。结果 :试验组 64例中有 31例血中 IL- 6水平升高 ,与对照组相比差异显著 (P<0 .0 1 )。但其中置器出血组与不出血组中 IL- 6水平无统计学差异 (P>0 .0 5)。试验组及对照组血清中 CRP检验结果均为阴性。结论 :宫内节育器引起子宫内膜无菌性炎症反应 ,导致部分妇女血清中 IL- 6水平升高。IL-

人工流产后即刻放置不同避孕环对预防再次怀孕及人工流产的影响

目的分析人工流产后即刻放置不同避孕环对预防再次怀孕及人工流产的影响。方法选取在本院门诊接受人工流产手术的100例患者为研究对象。按照随机数字表法将其分为两组,各50例。两组均开展人工流产,在完成手术后即刻放置避孕环。对照组应用圆形含铜含吲哚美辛宫内节育器,观察组应用γ型含铜含吲哚美辛宫内节育器,比较两组手术效果及预后情况。结果两组患者上环时间、术后2 h出血量、术后出血时间、再次怀孕率及重复人工流产率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组患者带环不良反应率为6.00%,低于对照组的24.00%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在人工流产后即刻放置两种避孕环均能够有效预防再次怀孕及人工流产,但γ型节育器带环期间安全性更高,具有一定优势。

自动弹力线痔疮套扎器联合硬化剂注射治疗女性混合痔的临床效果

目的探讨自动弹力线痔疮套扎器联合硬化剂注射治疗女性混合痔的临床效果。方法选取2021年6月至2023年6月兴义市人民医院收治的235例混合痔女性患者,采用随机数字表法分为对照组(117例)和观察组(118例)。对照组采用传统外剥内扎术治疗,观察组采用自动弹力线痔疮套扎器联合硬化剂注射治疗,比较两组治疗效果、术后并发症发生情况。结果观察组治疗总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组术后并发症总发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论女性混合痔患者采用自动弹力线痔疮套扎器联合硬化剂注射治疗效果较好,可提升治疗有效率,降低术后并发症发生率。

Releasing of Cupric Ion of Three types of Copper-bearing Intrauterine Contraceptive Device in Simulated UterineFluid

Objective To compare the cupric ion releasing in vitro o.f the three IUDs. Methods The stability o.f cupric ion releasing o.f IUDs including TCu 380.4 IUD （TCu 380A）, Multiload Cu375 IUD （MCu 375） and Yuangong 365 copper-bearing indomethacin-releasing IUD （Yuangong 365） by the determination of cupric ion releasing in simulated uterine fluid. The simulated uterine fluid was used for releasing media. Copper ion was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometer. Results The cupric ion releasing of three IUDs were instable at the beginning and tend to be stable gradually. In the stable phase, the average level of cupric ion releasing of TCu380A, MCu375 and Yuangong 365 were 4.25±2.71-7.62±6.42 μg, 4.92±1.23 -8.62±3.08 μg and 2.19±0.40-4.68±1.66 μg, respectively. TCu380A had higher instable releasing level than those of Yuangong 365 （P〈0. 05）. Conclusion TCu 380.4 and MCu 375 showed a ＂burst release＂ during the first few days and the.former was of great significance（P〈0.05）. The initial cupric ion releasing of Yuangong 365 appeared to be the lowest, followed by MCu375 and TCu380A in a releasing order