The introduction of steamships to East Asia in the 19th century had a considerable impact on water transportation in that region,which remains the most fuel-efficient transportation method even now.The steamship was a...The introduction of steamships to East Asia in the 19th century had a considerable impact on water transportation in that region,which remains the most fuel-efficient transportation method even now.The steamship was a symbol of exceptional western technology when it spread throughout the world.The book under review is a revision of author's PhD thesis,focusing on the effects of steamships,a modem technology from the mid-19th century to 1937,upon the development of commerce in Chinese inland waters.展开更多
The intervention in Afghanistan was a nightmare for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR),which contributed to its destruction.The failure of intervention involves four factors.First,although the Soviet Union ...The intervention in Afghanistan was a nightmare for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR),which contributed to its destruction.The failure of intervention involves four factors.First,although the Soviet Union intended to stabilize Afghanistan and consolidate its geopolitical interests,the decision to intervene was cursory.Second,the USSR encountered the failure of nation-building,including the unfavorable economic conditions,political struggles in Afghanistan,infighting between the USSR and the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan(PDPA),and Soviet advisors’arrogance and ignorance.In terms of the military aspect,the USSR could not attain military superiority due to the mujahideen’s guerrilla tactics,and the Soviet army’s cruelty in military operation alienated Afghan people.Fourth,the invasion left the Soviet Union isolated in diplomacy and boosted American and Pakistani support to the mujahideen.The USSR gained nothing from the withdrawal.展开更多
This paper explores the approach of political integration behind the decision-making made by the Jordanian government in response to the threat of the COVID-19 global pandemic.Although Jordan is a developing MENA coun...This paper explores the approach of political integration behind the decision-making made by the Jordanian government in response to the threat of the COVID-19 global pandemic.Although Jordan is a developing MENA country that has relatively controlled the spread of the epidemic,especially in the first half of 2020,through 2020,to fight COVID-19,the Jordanian government was generally reluctant to give up nation-building that could contribute to political integration.Those specific policies to fight the pandemic are not only for‘knee-hopping’to responding to short-term suppression of public health security threats,but to smoothly maintain the existing political system,conveying comprehensive political culture,coping with external expectations,and balancing domestic forces in particular between ethnic groups,so as to achieve political integration required by a solid nation state.展开更多
文摘The introduction of steamships to East Asia in the 19th century had a considerable impact on water transportation in that region,which remains the most fuel-efficient transportation method even now.The steamship was a symbol of exceptional western technology when it spread throughout the world.The book under review is a revision of author's PhD thesis,focusing on the effects of steamships,a modem technology from the mid-19th century to 1937,upon the development of commerce in Chinese inland waters.
文摘The intervention in Afghanistan was a nightmare for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR),which contributed to its destruction.The failure of intervention involves four factors.First,although the Soviet Union intended to stabilize Afghanistan and consolidate its geopolitical interests,the decision to intervene was cursory.Second,the USSR encountered the failure of nation-building,including the unfavorable economic conditions,political struggles in Afghanistan,infighting between the USSR and the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan(PDPA),and Soviet advisors’arrogance and ignorance.In terms of the military aspect,the USSR could not attain military superiority due to the mujahideen’s guerrilla tactics,and the Soviet army’s cruelty in military operation alienated Afghan people.Fourth,the invasion left the Soviet Union isolated in diplomacy and boosted American and Pakistani support to the mujahideen.The USSR gained nothing from the withdrawal.
文摘This paper explores the approach of political integration behind the decision-making made by the Jordanian government in response to the threat of the COVID-19 global pandemic.Although Jordan is a developing MENA country that has relatively controlled the spread of the epidemic,especially in the first half of 2020,through 2020,to fight COVID-19,the Jordanian government was generally reluctant to give up nation-building that could contribute to political integration.Those specific policies to fight the pandemic are not only for‘knee-hopping’to responding to short-term suppression of public health security threats,but to smoothly maintain the existing political system,conveying comprehensive political culture,coping with external expectations,and balancing domestic forces in particular between ethnic groups,so as to achieve political integration required by a solid nation state.
