Evaluation of the Left Ventricular Remodeling in Patients with Myocardial Infarction after Revascularization with Intravenous Real-time Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography

In order to evaluate the left ventricular remodeling in patients with myocardial infarction after revascularization with intravenous real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography （RT-MCE）, intravenous RT-MCE was performed on 20 patients with myocardial infarction before coronary revascularization. Follow-up echocardiography was performed 3 months after coronary revascularization. Segmental wall motion was assessed using 18-segment LV model and classified as normal, hypokinesis, akinesis and dyskinesis. Myocardial perfusion was assessed by visual interpretation and divided into 3 conditions： homogeneous opacification=l; partial or reduced opaciflcation or subendocardial contrast defect=2; constrast defect=3. Myocardial perfusion score index （MPSI） was calculated by dividing the total sum of contrast score by the total number of segments with abnormal wall motion. Twenty patients were classified into 2 groups according to the MPSI： MPSI≤I.5 as good myocardial perfusion, MPSI〉1.5 as poor myocardial perfusion. To assess the left ventricular remodeling, the following comparisons were carried out： （1） Comparisons of left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF）, left ventricular end-systolic volume （LVESV） and left ventricular end-diastolic volume （LVEDV） before and 3 months after revascularization in two groups;（2） Comparisons of LVEF, LVESV and LVEDV pre-revascularization between two groups and comparisons of these 3 months post-revascularization between two groups; （3） Comparisons of the differences in LVEF, LVESV and LVEDV between 3 months post-and pre-revascularization （ALVEF, ALVESV and ALVEDV） between two groups; （4） The linear regression analysis between ALVEF, ALVESV, ALVEDV and MPSI. The results showed that the LVEF obtained 3 months after revascularization in patients with MPSI〉1.5 was obviously lower than that in those with MPSI〈1.5. The LVEDV obtained 3 months post-revascularization in patients with MPSI〉1.5 was obviously larger than that in those with MPSI≤1.5 （P=0.002 and 0.04）. The differences in ALVEF and ALVEDV between patients with MPSI〉I.5 and those with MPSI≤1.5 were significant （P=0.002 and 0.001, respectively）. Linear regression analysis revealed that MPSI had a negative correlation with ALVEF and a positive correlation with ALVESV, ALVEDV （P=0.004, 0.008, and 0.016, respectively）. It was concluded that RT-MCE could accurately evaluate the left ventricular remodeling in patients with myocardial infarction after revascularization.

Right-heart contrast echocardiography reveals missed patent ductus arteriosus in a postpartum woman with pulmonary embolism: A case report

BACKGROUND As an established,simple,inexpensive,and surprisingly effective diagnostic tool,right-heart contrast echocardiography(RHCE)might help in solving a vexing diagnostic problem.If performed appropriately and interpreted logically,RHCE allows for differentiation of various usual and unusual right-to-left shunts based on the site of injection and the sequence of microbubble appearance in the heart.CASE SUMMARY A 31-year-old woman was readmitted to hospital with a 2-mo history of worsening palpitation and chest distress.Two years prior,she had been diagnosed with postpartum pulmonary embolism by conventional echocardiography and computed tomography angiography.While the latter showed no sign of pulmonary artery embolism,the former showed pulmonary artery hypertension,moderate insufficiency,and mild stenosis of the aortic valve.RHCE showed microbubbles appearing in the left ventricle,slightly delayed after rightheart filling with microbubbles;no microbubbles appeared in the left atrium and microbubbles’appearance in the descending aorta occurred nearly simultaneous to right pulmonary artery filling with microbubbles.Conventional echocardiography was re-performed,and an arterial horizontal bidirectional shunt was found according to Doppler enhancement effects caused by microbubbles.The original computed tomography angiography findings were reviewed and found to show a patent ductus arteriosus.CONCLUSION RHCE shows a special imaging sequence for unexplained pulmonary artery hypertension with aortic valve insufficiency and simultaneous patent ductus arteriosus.

Incremental value of three-dimensional and contrast echocardiography in the evaluation of endocardial fibroelastosis and multiple cardiovascular thrombi: A case report

BACKGROUND Endocardial fibroelastosis(EFE)is a rare heart disease characterized by thickening of the endocardium caused by massive proliferation of collagenous and elastic tissue,usually leading to impaired cardiac function.Multimodality cardiovascular imaging for the evaluation of EFE with thrombi is even rarer.CASE SUMMARY We report a rare case of EFE associated with multiple cardiovascular thrombi.Three-dimensional(3D)and contrast echocardiography(CE)were used to assess ventricular thrombi.Anticoagulant therapy was administered to eliminate the thrombi.The peripheral contrast-enhanced thrombi with the highest risk were dissolved with anticoagulant therapy at the time of reexamination,which was consistent with the presumption of fresh loose thrombi.CONCLUSION This new echocardiography technique has a great advantage in the diagnosis and treatment of EFE.On the basis of conventional echocardiography,3D echocardiography is used to display the position,shape,and narrow base of the thrombus.CE does not only help to confirm the diagnosis of thrombus,but also determines its risk.

Real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography can predict functional recovery and left ventricular remodeling after revascularization in patients with ischemic heart disease

Background Previous studies showed that preservation of microvascular integrity after myocardial ischemia was associated with myocardial viability. Real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography （RT-MCE） is a promising modality for non-invasive evaluation of microcirculation perfusion. Thus, it provides a unique tool to detect myocardial viability. We sought in this study to investigate the role of RT-MCE in predicting left ventricular （LV） functional recovery and remodeling after revascularization in patients with ischemic heart disease. Methods Thirty-one patients with ischemic heart disease and resting regional LV dysfunction were included. LV volume, global and regional function were evaluated by echocardiography before and 6-9 months after revascularization. RT-MCE was performed before revascularization using low mechanical index power modulation imaging. Myocardial contrast opacification of dysfunctional segments was scored on a 3-point scale and mean contrast score in dysfunctional segments was calculated. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to mean contrast score in dysfunctional segments： group A, patients with mean contrast score 〉0.5 （n=19）; group B, patients with mean contrast score 〈 0.5 （n=12）. Results Wall motion improvement was found to be 94.5%, 45.5% and 16.1% respectively （P〈0.01） in homogenous, patchy and absent contrast opacification segments. At baseline, there was no significant difference in LV volume and global function between the two groups. After revascularization, group B had significantly larger LV end-diastolic volume （LVEDV） and LV end-systolic volume （LVESV）, lower LV ejection fraction （LVEF） and higher wall motion score index （WMSI） than those of group A （all P〈0.05）. Revascularization was followed by significant improvement of LV volume and recovery of global LV function in group A （all P〈0.01）; however, in group B, after revasculadzation, deterioration of LVEDV （P〈0.05） was observed, moreover LVESV, WMSI and LVEF did not change significantly. Conclusions The maintenance of myocardial microcirculation detected by RT-MCE can predict functional recovery and LV remodeling after revascularization in patients with ischemic heart disease, which might be helpful in clinical decision-making and risk stratification.

Double-chambered left ventricle with a thrombus in an asymptomatic patient:A case report

BACKGROUND Double-chambered left ventricle(DCLV)is an extremely rare congenital disease in which the left ventricle(LV)is divided by abnormal muscle tissue.Due to its rarity,there is a lack of data on the disease,including its diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis.Accordingly,we report a case in which DCLV was diagnosed and followed up.CASE SUMMARY A 45-year-old man presented to our hospital due to abnormal findings on an electrocardiogram recorded during a health check.He had no specific cardiac symptoms,comorbidities or relevant past medical history.Echocardiography revealed that the LV was divided into two by muscle fibers.There were no findings of ischemia on coronary angiography and coronary computed tomography angiography performed to exclude differential diagnoses.After comprehensive analysis of the images,DCLV was diagnosed.As it seemed to be asymptomatic DCLV,we decided the patient was to be observed without administering any medication.However,follow-up echocardiography revealed a thrombus in the accessory chamber(AC).Anticoagulant medication was initiated,the thrombus resolved,and the patient is currently undergoing follow-up without any specific symptoms.CONCLUSION Asymptomatic,uncomplicated DCLV was diagnosed through multimodal imaging;however,a thrombus in the AC occurred during the follow-up.The findings highlight that multimodal imaging is essential in diagnosing DCLV,and that anticoagulation is important in its management.

Incremental value of contrast echocardiography in the diagnosis of left ventricular noncompaction

Contrast echocardiography with left ventricular opacification （LVO） improves the definition of endocardium in two-dimensional echocardiography （2DE）. This study was aimed to determine whether LVO offered added diagnostic value in noncompaetion of left ventricular myocardium （NCVM）. A total of 85 patients （40± 20 years, 54 males） with suspected NCVM were subjected to transthoracic 2DE and LVO, and 40 healthy volunteers were examined with 2DE and assigned as control subjects. The location of NCVM, the thickness ratio of noncompacted to compacted myocardium （NCR）, and the cavity size and ejection fraction of LV were quantified. Results revealed that NCVM was mainly located in the LV medium （53.2%）, apical （46.2%） segments, and lateral wall （39.8%）. The NCR obtained through LVO was greater than that detected through 2DE （4.2 ±1.3 vs. 3.3 ±1.2, P 〈 0.001）, and higher inter-correlations and less intra- and inter-observer variabilities were determined in the former than in the latter. The NCVM detection rates were also increased from 63.5% via 2DE to 83.5% via LVO and 89.4% via 2DE combined with LVO （2DE ＋ LVO） （P = 0.0004）. The LV cavity size was greater and the LV ejection fraction （LVEF） was lower in the NCVM patients than in the control group （P 〈 0.01）. In the NCVM group, the LV cavity size was higher and the LVEF was lower in LVO than in 2DE （P 〈 0.01）. In conclusion, contrast echocardiography contributes significant sensitivity and reproducibility to routine transthoraeic echoeardiography in NCVM diagnosis. Therefore, this technique should be clinically performed to diagnose suspected NCVM.

Prenatal Diagnosis of an Apically Located Congenital Left Ventricular Aneurysm: A Rare Case

Congenital ventricular aneurysm is a very rare cardiac anomaly.A diagnosis can be made during the prenatal period using fetal echocardiography.This study presents a very rare apically located left ventricular aneurysm case,and the relevant literature was reviewed and discussed.In this case,a 35-year-old,gravida 2,parity 1 preg-nant woman at 24 weeks of gestation,displayed a wide aneurysmal image in the left ventricular apical wall on fetal echocardiography.There was a 1.79 mm muscular ventricular septal defect at the apical region of the interven-tricular septum.In the course of the color Doppler ultrasonography examination,an aberrantfibrous band within the left ventricle and consequent turbulentflow during systole were observed.The baby,born via cesarean section at 37 weeks of gestation,is now in its postnatal seventh month.However,during echocardiographic follow-ups,changes have been observed,including mild to moderate mitral insufficiency and a decrease in systolic function.Despite thesefindings,the clinical condition remains asymptomatic.It is of great importance to use a multidis-ciplinary approach in managing these rare cases that could lead to potential adverse outcomes during the antena-tal or postnatal periods.

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricular Remodeling Index in Patients with Hypertensive Heart Disease and Coronary Artery Disease

Left ventricular remodeling index （LVRI） was assessed in patients with hypertensive heart disease （HHD） and coronary artery disease （CAD） by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography （RT3DE）. RT3DE data of 18 patients with HHD, 20 patients with CAD and 22 normal controis （NC） were acquired. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume （EDV） and left ventricular end-diastolic epicardial volume （EDVepi） were detected by RT3DE and two-dimensional echocardiography Simpson biplane method （2DE）. LVRI （left ventricular mass/EDV） was calculated and compared. The results showed that LVRI measurements detected by RT3DE and 2DE showed significant differences inter-groups （P〈0.01）. There was no significant difference in NC group （P〉0.05）, but significant difference in HHD and CAD intra-group （P〈0.05）. There was good positive correlations between LVRI detected by RT3DE and 2DE in NC and HHD groups （t=0.69, P〈0.01; r=0.68, P〈0.01）, but no significant correlation in CAD group （r=0.30, P〉0.05）. It was concluded that LVRI derived from RT3DE as a new index for evaluating left ventricular remodeling can provide more superiority to LVRI derived from 2DE.

Estimation of coronary artery stenosis by low-dose adenosine stress real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography： a quantitative study

Background Coronary microcirculation reserve is an important field in the research of coronary artery disease, but it is difficult to identify clinically. Currently it is widely accepted that myocardial contrast echocardiography （MCE） is a safe, inexpensive method and has comparatively high image resolution. The present study used quantitative low-dose adenosine stress real-time （RT）-MCE to estimate myocardial perfusion and the coronary stenosis. Methods Forty-nine left ventricular （LV） segments from 14 unselected patients were divided into three groups according to the coronary angiography or CT angiography results： group 1 （n=20, 41%） without significant stenosis （〈70%）, group 2 （n=12, 24%） with successful percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）, and group 3 （n=17, 35%） with significant stenosis （〉70%）. RT-MCE was performed in these patients with low-dose adenosine stress and continuous infusion of Sonovue. The replenishing curves were drawn according to the contrast density measured at the end-diastolic frame of every cardiac circle by ACQ software. Results Forty-nine LV segments with satisfactory image quality were picked for quantitative contrast echo analysis. The replenishing curves were analyzed at baseline and after stress. Perfusion of group 3 did not decrease significantly at baseline, and showed no improvement during adenosine stress and was significantly different from groups 1 and 2 （P 〈0.05）. The A-β and β increased more significantly in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3 （P 〈0.05）. In a receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curve analysis, A-β under adenosine stress 〈1.74 dB/s had a sensitivity and specificity of 71% for diagnosis of coronary artery stenosis, reduced adenosine-induced rise （percentage of A-β 〈81%） had a sensitivity and specificity of 83% and 79% for the diagnosis of low-reserve, and 13 〈54% had a sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 79%. Conclusions Rest perfusion of severely stenosed arteries may be normal, but adenosine stress can detect the impaired perfusion reserve. Low-dose adenosine stress RT-MCE provides good accuracy for the evaluation of coronary perfusion reserve and hence coronary stenosis.

Left Ventricle Geometry Remolding after Heart Transplantation:A Two-dimensional Ultrasound Study

The function of the transplanted heart will be affected by acute allograft rejection, chronic rejection, high blood pressure and so on, which may induce the reconstruction of the left ventricle and the increase of left ventricular mass （LVM）, and eventually lead to left ventricular hypertrophy that will significantly affect the prognosis of heart transplantation （HT）. The purpose of this study was to dy- namically monitor the changes of left ventricular geometric patterns after HT using two-dimensional echocardiography and to understand the remodeling process and its possible influencing factors. The left ventricular internal diameter, interventricular septal wall thickness, posterior wall thickness at end dias- tole were measured and the relative wall thickness （RWT）, left ventricular mass, left ventricular mass index were calculated respectively in 34 HT patients and 34 healthy volunteers by two-dimensional echocardiography. The type of left ventricular geometry was identified based on the echocardiographic determination of LVM index （LVMI） and RWT. The HT patients were divided into three groups ac- cording to the time length after surgery： A （3 months postoperatively）, B （6 months postoperatively） and C （12 months postoperatively）. We compared the parameters of left ventricle between HT group and normal control group, and explored the risk factors causing the increase of LVM. The results showed that 4 patients （16%） in group A had concentric remodeling. Nine patients （34.62%） in group B had re- construction, including 5 cases of concentric remodeling, 2 cases of concentric hypertrophy and 2 cases of eccentric hypertrophy. The hypertrophy incidence rate was 15.4% in group B. 15 patients （62.5%） had reconstruction in group C, including 9 cases of concentric remodeling, 5 cases of concentric hyper- trophy, and 1 case of eccentric hypertrophy. The prevalence of hypertrophy was 25%. Multivariate analysis showed that hypertension and acute rejection history were the risk factors that resulted in left ventricular hypertrophy. It is concluded that the left ventricular remodeling occurs following cardiac transplantation at an early stage and the incidence of left ventricular hypertrophy increases with survival time. In this study, the one-year prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy was 25% after surgery. Hy- pertension and acute rejection history are risk factors that can predict the left ventricular hypertrophy.

Continuous Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device Therapy:A Focused Review on Optimal Patient Selection and Long-Term Follow-up Using Echocardiography

Despite widespread awareness and use of scientifi cally proven life-prolonging medical and device-based therapies over the last two decades,heart failure remains a leading cause of morbidity,mortality,and health care expenditure in the United States.Mechanical circulatory support with a continuous-fl ow left ventricular assist device(CF-LVAD),either as a bridge to heart transplantation or as destination therapy,is an increasingly used treatment modality for patients with advanced heart failure syndromes that worsen despite their receiving standard therapies.CF-LVAD support creates unique hemodynamic alterations that must be understood to provide appropriate care for these patients before and after implantation.Echocardiography is essential in the evaluation of patients who are being considered for or are mechanically supported by CF-LVADs.Here we provide a focused clinical review on the use of echocardiography in two main aspects of the evaluation of these patients:(a)optimal patient selection for CF-LVAD support and(b)followup assessment of optimal pump function.

Systematic Evaluation of Current Possibilities to Determine Left Ventricular Volumes by Echocardiography in Patients after Myocardial Infarction

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy for quantification of left ventricular (LV) volumes and LV ejection fraction (LVEF) with current echocardiographic methods of planimetry for analysis of LV remodeling after myocardial infarction in daily clinical routine. Methods: 26 patients were investigated directly after interventional therapy at hospital pre-discharge and at 6 month follow-up. Standardized 2D transthoracic native and contrast echocardiography were performed in all patients. Due to methodological aspects the results of LV volumes and LVEF using native echocardiography were compared to the results of LV opacification (LVO) imaging for analysis in mono-, bi- and triplane data sets using the Simpson’s rule. In addition corresponding multidimensional data sets were analyzed. Results: The assessment of LV volumes and LVEF is more accurate with contrast echocardiography. The comparison of LV volumes and LVEF shows significant increases using contrast echocardiography (p < 0.001). Larger left ventricular end-diastolic volumes (LVEDV) are measured at follow up (p < 0.05). Significant differences (p < 0.001) are found for the determination of LVEDV and LVEF relating to apical mono-, bi-, tri- and multiplane data sets. Standard deviations of the triplane approach, however, are significantly lower than using other modalities. Conclusion: Depending on the localization of the myocardial infarction LV volumes and LVEF are less reliably evaluated using the mono- or biplane approach. According to standardization and simultaneous acquisition of all LV wall segments the triplane approach is currently the best approach to determine LV systolic function. In addition, contrast echocardiography is indicated to improve endocardial border delineation in patients using the triplane or multiplane approach. To our knowledge the present study is the first systematic evaluation of all current possibilities for determination of LV volumes and LVEF by native and contrast echocardiography.

Isolated left ventricular apical hypoplasia:Systematic review and analysis of the 37 cases reported so far

BACKGROUND Isolated left ventricular apical hypoplasia(ILVAH),also known as truncated left ventricle(LV),is a very unusual cardiomyopathy.It is characterised by a truncated,spherical,and non-apex forming LV.The true apex is occupied by the right ventricle.Due to the rarity of the disease,just a few case reports and limited case series have been published in the field.AIM To analysing the so far 37 reported ILVAH cases worldwide.METHODS The electronic databases PubMed and Scopus were investigated from their establishment up to December 13,2022.RESULTS The majority of cases reported occurred in males(52.7%).Mean age at diagnosis was 26.1±19.6 years.More than a third of the patients were asymptomatic(35.1%).The most usual clinical presentation was breathlessness(40.5%).The most commonly detected electrocardiogram changes were T wave abnormalities(29.7%)and right axis deviation with poor R wave progression(24.3%).Atrial fibrillation/flutter was detected in 24.3%.Echocardiography was performed in 97.3%of cases and cardiac MRI in 91.9%of cases.Ejection fraction was reduced in more than a half of patients(56.7%).An associated congenital heart disease was found in 16.2%.Heart failure therapy was administered in 35.1%of patients.The outcome was favorable in the vast majority of patients,with just one death.CONCLUSION ILVAH is a multifaceted entity with a so far unpredictable course,ranging from benign until the elderly to sudden death during adolescence.

压力-应变环评价心脏淀粉样变左心室心肌做功的价值

目的:探讨压力-应变环评价不同左心室射血分数(Left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)的心脏淀粉样变(Cardiac amyloidosis,CA)患者左心室心肌做功的价值。方法:回顾性分析23例CA患者(CA1组16例,LVEF≥50%;CA2组7例,LVEF<50%)和25例健康受试者(对照组)基于二维斑点追踪技术的压力-应变环左心室心肌做功参数的差异。结果:①CA1组、CA2组与对照组比较,左心室整体纵向应变(Global longitudinal strain,GLS)、整体做功指数(Global work index,GWI)、整体有效功(Global constructive work,GCW)、整体做功效率(Global work efficiency,GWE)降低(P<0.05),GLS达峰时间离散度(Peak strain dispersion,PSD)、整体无效功(Global wasted work,GWW)增高(P<0.05);CA2组与CA1组比较,GLS、GWE降低(P<0.05),GWW增高(P<0.05)。②CA1组、CA2组与对照组比较,基底段和心尖段纵向应变(Longitudinal strain,LS)、心肌做功指数(Myocardial work index,MWI)、心肌有效功(Myocardial constructive work,MCW)、心肌做功效率(Myocardial work efficiency,MWE)均降低(P<0.05),CA2组心尖段无效做功(Myocardial wasted work,MWW)较对照组及CA1组增加(P<0.05)。CA1组LS、MWI、MCW、MWE具有相对“心尖保留”模式,CA2组MWI、MCW、MWE无“心尖保留”模式。③GLS、GWW、心尖段MWW、MWW心尖/基底与LVEF呈负相关,GWE、心尖段MWE与LVEF呈正相关(P<0.05)。影响CA患者LVEF的主要因素为心尖段MWW及GLS(P<0.05)。结论:CA患者左心室整体及节段心肌做功减低,左心室心尖段MWW及GLS是影响CA患者LVEF的重要因素。左心室压力-应变环有望成为评价CA患者左心室心肌做功便捷、无创的影像学新方法。

右心声学造影定量分析技术评价肺心病患者右心室收缩功能对预后的预测效能

目的探讨右心声学造影定量分析技术评价肺源性心脏病(简称“肺心病”)患者右心室收缩功能对预后的预测效能。方法前瞻性选取2020年4月至2022年12月郑州大学第一附属医院收治的113例肺心病患者,根据治疗后6个月内是否发生主要不良心血管事件(MACE)分为预后不良组30例和预后良好组83例。比较两组患者的临床资料及右心室收缩功能指标[右心室收缩末期容积(RVESV)、右室舒张末容积(RVEDV)、右室每搏量(RVSV)、右室射血分数(RVEF)]、右心声学造影定量参数[时间常数(K)、三尖瓣环收缩期峰值速度(Vs)、峰值强度减半时间(HT)、平均通过时间(MTT)],采用Pearson相关系数分析各定量参数与右心室收缩功能指标的相关性,采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)评价各参数单独及联合应用对预后的预测效能。结果预后不良组患者的RVESV、RVEDV分别为(58.35±8.42)mL、(84.56±13.97)mL,明显高于预后良好组的(43.77±6.17)mL、(64.50±10.48)mL,RVSV、RVEF分别为(20.61±3.80)mL、(40.48±5.22)%,明显低于预后良好组的(25.87±5.29)mL、(48.10±6.35)%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);预后不良组患者的K、Vs分别为(0.23±0.07)、(3.19±1.06)cm/s,明显低于预后良好组患者的(0.41±0.13)、(4.86±1.61)cm/s,HT、MTT分别为(42.77±10.21)s、(72.15±18.93)s,明显长于预后良好组患者的(25.52±7.33)s、(48.07±10.67)s,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);经Pearson相关系数分析结果显示,K、Vs与RVESV、RVEDV呈负相关(r=-0.625、-0.618,-0.651、-0.642),与RVSV、RVEF呈正相关(r=0.639、0.707,0.650、0.619),HT、MTT与RVESV、RVEDV呈正相关(r=0.636、0.665,0.704、0.629),与RVSV、RVEF呈负相关(r=-0.628、-0.641,-0.652、-0.701)(P<0.05);ROC分析结果显示,K、Vs、HT、MTT预测肺心病患者预后的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.843、0.750、0.767、0.838,敏感度分别为80.00%、83.33%、73.33%、80.00%,特异度分别为77.11%、60.24%、75.90%、81.93%,联合预测预后的AUC为0.945,敏感度为90.00%,特异度为86.75%;K、Vs低值的肺心病患者预后不良风险分别是高值患者的6.512倍、4.741倍,HT、MTT高值的肺心病患者预后不良风险分别是低值患者的4.648倍、7.590倍,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论右心声学造影定量参数K、Vs、HT、MTT与肺心病患者右心室收缩功能及预后有关,可作为临床评估预后情况的有效检查方式之一。

经食管超声心动图、右心声学造影对卵圆孔未闭患者封堵术后左心房功能的评估

目的:分析经食管超声心动图(TEE)、右心声学造影(ASCE)对卵圆孔未闭(PFO)患者封堵术后左心房功能的评估价值。方法:选取本院68例行PFO介入封堵术治疗的患者,均于手术前后接受TEE与ASCE检查,评估右向左分流(RLS)情况,按术后3个月有无RLS分为术后RLS组与术后无RLS组,记录TEE相关参数[左房整体纵向应变、左心耳最小容积(LAA-Vmin)与最大容积(LAA-Vmax)、左心耳射血分数(LAA-EF)、左心耳血流最大排空流速(LAA-PEV)]。结果:ASCE与TEE检查显示,术后3个月RLS检出率明显低于术前(P<0.05);术后3 d,左房储器期、管道期以及泵期整体纵向应变较术前明显降低(P<0.05),但上述指标在术后3个月与术前比较无显著差异(P>0.05);术后3个月,LAA-Vmin、LAA-Vmax、LAA-PEV、LAA-EF与术前比较无显著差异(P>0.05);术后RLS组与无RLS组间LAA-EF、LAA-Vmin、LAA-Vmax、LAA-PEV、左房整体纵向应变比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:ASCE可准确评估PFO患者封堵术后RLS情况,结合TEE,可发现封堵术不会对患者左心房功能造成较大影响。

急性心肌梗死患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后发生冠状动脉微循环障碍的早期临床预测技术研究

目的 探讨左室整体纵向应变(LVGLS)联合全球急性冠状动脉事件注册(GRACE)评分预测急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者发生冠状动脉微循环障碍(CMD)的临床价值。方法 选取收治的AMI患者90例为研究对象(失访10例,图像质量差筛除4例),最终纳入76例。术后48 h,患者接受左室心肌声学造影(MCE)技术检测。将患者根据冠状动脉微循环灌注情况分为非CMD组(n=53)及CMD组(n=23)。分析比较2组临床数据及超声心动图相关数据。采用多因素Logistic回归分析筛选CMD发生的影响因素,并绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析其临床预测价值。结果 76例患者中,发生CMD 23例(30.26%)。CMD组的LVGLS、GRACE评分高于非CMD组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,LVGLS、GRACE评分是急诊PCI术后AMI患者发生CMD的独立预测因子。LVGLS预测CMD发生的曲线下面积为0.858(95%CI:0.769~0.948)。LVGLS联合GRACE评分预测CMD发生的曲线下面积为0.891(95%CI:0.815~0.967)。结论 LVGLS是早期评估急诊PCI术后AMI患者CMD发生的独立预测因素,其协同GRACE评分可以提高预测CMD发生的准确性。

慢性心力衰竭病人射血分数改善影响因素及列线图预测模型构建

目的探讨慢性心力衰竭病人临床预后特征及射血分数(LVEF)改善影响因素并构建预测模型,为后续个体化治疗方案制定提供更多参考。方法研究纳入2016年1月至2018年3月于宝鸡市中医医院接受治疗慢性心力衰竭病人共132例,根据LVEF水平分为射血分数改善心力衰竭(HFrecEF)组(14例)、射血分数下降心力衰竭(HFrEF)组(37例)及射血分数正常心力衰竭(HFpEF)组(81例);比较各组临床特征资料及随访终点事件发生情况,采用多因素logistic回归模型评价慢性心力衰竭病人射血分数改善独立影响因素;基于上述独立影响因素构建列线图模型,描绘受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线评估模型预测慢性心力衰竭病人射血分数改善临床效能。结果HFrecEF组年龄显著低于HFrEF组及HFpEF组[(71.08±12.35)岁比(74.15±11.92)岁、(79.26±14.68)岁,P<0.05];HFrecEF组女性比例、扩张型心肌病比例、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)及静息心率(HR)水平均显著高于其他两组(P<0.05);HFrecEF组左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、左心房内径(LAD)及合并节段性室壁运动异常比例均显著低于HFrEF组(P<0.05);HFrecEF组LVEDD≤55 mm比例显著高于HFrEF组(P<0.05)。随访时HFrecEF组LVEF水平显著高于入院时(P<0.05);同时随访时HFrecEF组LVEDD、LVEDV及LAD均显著低于入院时(P<0.05);②HFrecEF组病死率和心血管相关病死率均显著低于其他两组(P<0.05);三组猝死率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。多因素分析结果显示,LVEDD≤55 mm、舒张压>85 mmHg、静息心率>90次/分及无陈旧性心肌梗死均是慢性心力衰竭病人射血分数改善独立影响因素(P<0.05)。根据慢性心力衰竭病人射血分数改善影响因素构建列线图模型,建模组和验证组预测慢性心力衰竭病人射血分数改善AUC分别为0.97[95%CI:(0.94,0.99)],0.94[95%CI:(0.91,0.98)];建模组列线图模型C-index为0.97,提示预测模型具有良好区分度。结论慢性心力衰竭病人如LVEDD≤55 mm、高舒张压、快静息HR及无陈旧性心肌梗死则射血分数改善比例更高,同时HFrecEF往往预后更佳;而基于上述影响因素构建列线图模型能够实现病人射血分数改善精准预测。

卵圆孔未闭解剖学特征与右向左分流的相关分析

目的本研究探讨经食管超声心动图(transesophageal echocardiography,TEE)观察到的卵圆孔未闭(patent foramen ovale,PFO)的解剖结构与对比增强经胸超声心动图(contrast-enhanced transthoracic echocardiography,c-TTE)右向左分流(right to left shunt,RLS)分级的相关性。方法回顾性分析南昌市第一医院2021年11月至2022年12月以TEE检查为诊断标准提示存在PFO的90例患者,根据患者c-TTE结果将RLS分为4个等级,分析PFO结构特征与RLS分级的相关性。结果PFO内径大小与静息状态下RLS分级呈正相关(r=0.381,P<0.05);合并高活动性房间隔(hypermobile interatrial septum,HIS)患者的PFO内径更大,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);合并持续性RLS的患者PFO内径较激发相患者更大,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);合并长隧道患者的RLS分级与未合并长隧道患者的RLS分流程度差异无统计学意义;Valsalva动作下RLS分级与PFO内径大小无明显统计学差异。结论研究表明PFO的某些解剖结构与RLS分级之间相互影响,且PFO解剖结构之间也可相互作用(合并有HIS的卵圆孔开放内径更大);同时TEE可清晰显示PFO的形态学特征,预测RLS的程度,从而进一步评估PFO患者发生缺血性脑卒中的可能性,同时为卵圆孔封堵手术的实施指征提供更多的依据。