Contrast-induced acute kidney injury:A review of practical points

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury(CI-AKI) is oneof the most common causes of AKI in clinical practice.CI-AKI has been found to be strongly associated with morbidity and mortality of the patients.Furthermore,CI-AKI may not be always reversible and it may be associated with the development of chronic kidney disease.Pathophysiology of CI-AKI is not exactly understood and there is no consensus on the preventive strategies.CI-AKI is an active research area thus clinicians should be updated periodically about this topic.In this review,we aimed to discuss the indications of contrastenhanced imaging,types of contrast media and their impact on nephrotoxicity,major pathophysiological mechanisms,risk factors and preventive strategies of CI-AKI and alternative non-contrast-enhanced imaging methods.

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury in kidney transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM To evaluate the incidence of contrast-induced acute kidney injury(CIAKI) in kidney transplant recipients. METHODS A literature search was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from the inception of the databases through July 2016. Studies assessing the incidence of CIAKI in kidney transplant recipients were included. We applied a randomeffects model to estimate the incidence of CIAKI.RESULTS Six studies of 431 kidney transplant recipients were included in the analyses to assess the incidence of CIAKI in kidney transplant recipients. The estimated incidence of CIAKI and CIAKI-requiring dialysis were 9.6%(95%CI: 4.5%-16.3%) and 0.4%(95%CI: 0.0%-1.2%), respectively. A sensitivity analysis limited only to the studies that used low-osmolar or iso-osmolar contrast showed the estimated incidence of CIAKI was 8.0%(95%CI: 3.5%-14.2%). The estimated incidences of CIAKI in recipients who received contrast media with cardiac catheterization, other types of angiogram, and CT scan were 16.1%(95%CI: 6.6%-28.4%), 10.1%(95%CI: 4.2%-18.0%), and 6.1%(95%CI: 1.8%-12.4%), respectively. No graft losses were reported within 30 d post-contrast media administration. However, data on the effects of CIAKI on long-term graft function were limited.CONCLUSION The estimated incidence of CIAKI in kidney transplant recipients is 9.6%. The risk stratification should be considered based on allograft function, indication, and type of procedure.

Meta-analysis of the impact of hyperuricemia on contrast agent-related acute kidney injury after percutaneous coronary intervention

Objective:To evaluate the impact of hyperuricemia on the occurrence of contrast agentrelated acute kidney injury after percutaneous coronary intervention.Methods:Retrieve PubMed,Embase,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,CNKI,Wanfang,and VIP databases,and publish articles on the correlation between hyperuricemia and contrast agent-related acute kidney damage after percutaneous coronary intervention from the establishment of the database to August 162023.Two researchers independently conducted literature screening and data extraction to evaluate the bias risk of inclusion in the study,and conducted metaanalysis using Review Manager 5.4 software.Results:A total of 12 articles were included,including 11676 patients.The meta-analysis results showed that compared with patients without hyperuricemia,patients with hyperuricemia had a higher risk of developing PC-AKI,with an incidence rate of 22.3%.Hyperuricemia was a risk factor for the occurrence of PCAKI(OR=2.03,95%CI:1.58-2.61);Patients with hyperuricemia have a higher risk of death after PC-AKI,with a mortality rate of 7.5%.Hyperuricemia is a risk factor for early death in PC-AKI patients(OR=2.33,95%CI:1.81-3.00);The probability of CRRT treatment after PCAKI in patients with hyperuricemia is higher,at 3.14%.Hyperuricemia is an influencing factor for CRRT treatment in PC-AKI patients(OR=7,95%CI:2.83-17.30).Conclusion:Existing research evidence suggests that the presence of hyperuricemia is an independent risk factor for the occurrence of PC-AKI,and it significantly increases the hospital mortality rate and the risk of renal replacement therapy in PC-AKI patients.

Navigating nephrotoxic waters:A comprehensive overview of contrast-induced acute kidney injury prevention

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury(CI-AKI)is the third leading cause of acute kidney injury deriving from the intravascular administration of contrast media in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and leading to longer in-hospital stay and increased short and long-term mortality.Its pathophysiology,although not well-established,revolves around medullary hypoxia paired with the direct toxicity of the substance to the kidney.Critically ill patients,as well as those with pre-existing renal disease and cardiovascular comorbidities,are more susceptible to CI-AKI.Despite the continuous research in the field of CI-AKI prevention,clinical practice is based mostly on periprocedural hydration.In this review,all the investigated methods of prevention are presented,with an emphasis on the latest evidence regarding the potential of RenalGuard and contrast removal systems for CI-AKI prevention in high-risk individuals.

Preventing radiocontrast-induced nephropathy in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing coronary angiography

Radiocontrast-induced nephropathy(RCIN) is an acute and severe complication after coronary angiography,particularly for patients with pre-existing chronic kidney disease(CKD).It has been associated with both short-and long-term adverse outcomes,including the need for renal replacement therapy,increased length of hospital stay,major cardiac adverse events,and mortality.RCIN is generally defined as an increase in serum creatinine concentration of 0.5 mg/dL or 25%above baseline within 48 h after contrast administration.There is no effective therapy once injury has occurred,therefore,prevention is the cornerstone for all patients at risk for acute kidney injury(AKI).There is a small but growing body of evidence that prevention of AKI is associated with a reduction in later adverse outcomes.The optimal strategy for preventing RCIN has not yet been established.This review discusses the principal risk factors for RCIN,evaluates and summarizes the evidence for RCIN prophylaxis,and proposes recommendations for preventing RCIN in CKD patients undergoing coronary angiography.

Contrast Agents and Contrast-Induced Nephropathy

Recent advances in medical sciences, especially in imaging, have dramatically increased the use of contrast agents. The constantly changing nature of medicine and the availability of new information, such as new pharmaceutical formulations, have necessitated periodic revisions and drafting of new guidelines for the safe use of intravenous contrast agents in radiology. This study examined the majority of guidelines, articles, and authoritative references available on the use of intravenous contrast agents in adults to reduce the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy. The search engines of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar were used, and relevant English articles cited at least twice between 1979 and 2014 were studied. Review of the collected papers showed no consensus among them for guidelines on the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients at risk. Different formulas were used to calculate estimated glomerular filtration rate, which could be problematic in some cases. Further studies are needed for unification of existing guidelines.

Prevention Strategies of Contrast Medium Induced Nephropathy (CIN): A Review of the Current Literature

Contrast medium induced nephropathy is the third most common cause of renal failure for inpatients and represents the 10% of all acute kidney injury occurring during hospital-stay. It is associated with prolonged hospitalization, cost increase and, above all, an unfavourable short- and long-term prognosis. Here, the authors discuss about the contrast medium induced nephropathy prevention strategies, from the identification of patients at risk and drugs potentially nephrotoxic, to the hydration with possible administration of drugs that appeared to be, in some contexts, nephron-protective, and finally we analyze the radiological procedure aimed at the correct choice of type and administration modality of the contrast medium according to current literature.

Age, estimated glomerular filtration rate and ejection fraction score predicts contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease： insight from the TRACK-D study

Background The occurrence of contrast induced acute kidney injury （CIAKI） has a pronounced impact on morbidity and mortality.The aim of the present study was to appraise the diagnostic efficacy of age,estimated glomerular filtration rate （eGFR） and ejection fraction （AGEF） score （age/EF（％）＋1 （if eGFR was ＜60 ml·min-1·1.73 m2）） as an predictor of CIAKI in patients with diabetes mellitus （DM） and concomitant chronic kidney disease （CKD）.Methods The AGEF score was calculated for 2 998 patients with type 2 DM and concomitant CKD who had undergone coronary/peripheral arterial angiography.CIAKI was defined as an increase in sCr concentration of 0.5 mg/dl （44.2 mmol/L） or 25％ above baseline at 72 hours after exposure to the contrast medium.Post hoc analysis was performed by stratifying the rate of CIAKI according to AGEF score tertiles.The diagnostic efficacy of the AGEF score for predicting CIAKI was evaluated with receiver operating characteristic （ROC） analysis.Results The AGEF score ranged from 0.49 to 3.09.The AGEF score tertiles were defined as follows：AGEFlow ≤0.92 （n=1 006）; 0.92 ＜AGEFmid ≤1.16 （n=1 000）,and ACEFhigh ＞1.16 （n=992）.The incidence of CIAKI was significantly different in patients with low,middle and high AGEF scores （AGEFlow=1.1％,AGEFmid=2.3％ and AGEFhigh=5.8％,P ＜0.001）.By multivariate analysis,AGEF score was an independent predictor of CIAKI （odds ratio=4.96,95％ CI：2.32-10.58,P ＜0.01）.ROC analysis showed that the area under the curve was 0.70 （95％ CI：0.648-0.753,P ＜0.001）.Conclusion The AGEF score is effective for stratifying risk of CIAKI in patients with DM and CKD undergoing coronary/peripheral arterial angiography.

Risk Factors of Contrast-induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Emergency Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background： Previous studies of contrast-induced acute kidney injury （CI-AK1） were mostly based on selective percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） cases, and risk factors of CI-AKI after emergency PCI are unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the risk factors of CI-AKi in a Chinese population undergoing emergency PCI. Methods： A total of 1061 consecutive patients undergoing emergency PCI during January 2013 and June 2015 were enrolled and divided into CI-AK1 and non-CI-AKl group. Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to identity the risk factors of CI-AKI in emergency PCI patients. CI-AKI was defined as an increase in serum creatinine ≥25% or ≥0.5 mg/dl （44.2 μmol/L） above baseline within 3 days alter exposure to contrast medium. Results： The incidence of C1-AKI in patients undergoing emergency PCI was 22.7% （241/1061）. Logistic multivariable analysis showed that body surface area （BSA） （odds ratio [OR] 0.213, 95% confidence interval [CI]： 0.075-0.607, P = 0.004）, history, of myocardial infarction （MI） （OR 1.642, 95% CI. 1.079-2.499, P- 0.021 ）, left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF） （OR 0.969, 95% CI： 0.944-0.994, P = 0.015）, hemoglobin （Hb） （OR 0.988, 95% CI. 0.976-1.000, P 1.018 1.037, P 〈 0.001 ）, left anterior descending （LAD） stented （OR 1 0.009 0.987, P- 0.049）, and diuretics use （OR 1.850, 95% CI： 1.233-2 0.045）, estimated glomerular filtration rate （OR 1.027, 95% CI： 464, 95% CI： 1.000 2.145, P 0.050）, aspirin （OR 0.097, 95%CI： .777, P - 0.003） were independent predictors of CI-AKI in patients undergoing emergency PCI. Conclusion： History of MI, low BSA, LVEF and Hb level, LAD stented, and diuretics use are associated with increased risk of CI-AK1 in patients undergoing emergency PCI.

Impact of benazepril on contrast-induced acute kidney injury for patients with mild to moderate renal insufficiency undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

Background The role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors （ACEI） in contrast-induced acute kidney injury （CI-AKI） is controversial. Some studies pointed out that it was effective in the prevention of CI-AKI, while some concluded that it was one risk for CI-AKI, especially for patients with pre-existing renal impairment. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of benazepril administration on the development of CI-AKI in patients with mild to moderate renal insufficiency undergoing coronary intervention.Methods One hundred and fourteen patients with mild to moderate impairment of renal function were enrolled before coronary angioplasty, who were randomly assigned to benazepril group （n=52） and control group （n=62）. In the benazepril group, the patients received benazepril tablets 10 mg per day at least for 3 days before procedure. CI-AKI was defined as an increase of≥25％ in creatinine over the baseline value or increase of 0.5 mg/L within 72 hours of angioplasty.Results Patients were well matched with no significant differences at baseline in all measured parameters between two groups. The incidence of CI-AKI was lower by 64％ in the benazepril group compared with control group but without statistical significance （3.45％ vs. 9.68％, P=0.506）. Compared with benazepril group, estimated glomerular filtration rate （eGFR） level significantly decreased from （70.64＋16.38） ml·min-1·1.73 m-2 to （67.30＋11.99） ml·min-1·1.73 m-2 in control group （P=0.038）. There was no significant difference for the post-procedure decreased eGFR from baseline （△eGFR）between two groups （benazepril group （0.67＋12.67） ml·min-1·1.73 m-2 vs. control group （-3.33±12.39） ml·min-1·1.73 m-2,P=0.092）. In diabetic subgroup analysis, △eGFR in benazepril group was slightly lower than that in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant.Conclusions Benazepril has a protective effect on mild to moderate impairment of renal function during coronary angioplasty. It is safe to use benazepril for treatment of patients with mild to moderate impairment of renal function before coronary intervention.

Relationship between High Level of Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate and Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients who Underwent an Emergency Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background： Mounts of studies have shown that low estimated glomerular filtration rate （eGFR） is associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease. However, high level of eGFR was less reported. In the study, we aimed to explore the relationship between the baseline eGFR, especially the high level, and contrast-induced acute kidney injury （CI-AKI） in a Chinese population who underwent an emergency percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）. Methods： Patients who underwent an emergency PCI from 2013 to 2015 were enrolled and divided into five groups as eGFR decreasing. Baseline characteristics were collected and analyzed. The rates of CI-AKI and the composite endpoint （including nonfatal myocardial infarction, revascularization, stroke, and all-cause death） at 6- and 12-month follow-up were compared. Logistic analysis for CI-AKI was performed.Results： A total of 1061 patients were included and the overall CI-AKI rate was 22.7% （241 / 1061）. The separate rates were 77.8% （7/9） in Group 1 （eGFR 〉 120 ml·min^-1 -1.73 m^-2）, 26.0% （118/454） in Group 2 （120 ml·min^-1·min^-11.73 m^-2〉 eGFR≥90 ml·min^-1 1.73^-2）, 18.3% （86/469） in Group 3 （90 ml·min^-1 1.73 m^-2〉 eGFR 〉60 ml·min^-1·min^-11.73 m^-2）, 21.8% （26/119） in Group 4 （60 ml·min^-1·1.73 m^-2〉 eGFR≥30 ml·min^-1·min^-11.73 m^-2）, and 40.0% （4/10） in Group 5 （eGFR 〈30 ml·min^-1·min^-1·min^-11.73 m^-2）, with statistical significance （χ^2 = 25.19, P 〈 0.001）. The rates of CI-AKI in five groups were 77.8%, 26.0%, 18.3%, 21.8%, and 40.0%, respectively, showing a U-typed curve as eGFR decreasing （the higher the level of eGFR, the higher the CI-AKI occurrence in case ofeGFR_〉60 ml·min^-1·1.73 m^-2）. The composite endpoint rates in five groups were 0, 0.9%, 2.1%, 6.7%, and 0 at 6-month follow-up, respectively, and 0, 3.3%, 3.4%, 16.0%, and 30.0% at 12-month follow-up, respectively, both with significant differences （χ^2 = 16.26, P = 0.009 at 6-month follow-up, and χ^2 = 49.05, P 〈 0.001 at 12-month follow-up）. The logistic analysis confirmed that eGFR was one of independent risk factors of CI-AKI in emergency PCI patients. Conclusions： High level ofeGFR might be associated with increased risk of CI-AKI in patients with emergency PCI, implying for future studies and risk stratification in clinical practice.

Optimizing prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in type 2 diabetic patients with at least moderate renal impairment

iabetes is a key risk factor for chronic kidney disease,^1 and patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease are at hlgla risk ot caralovascular events particularly when renal function is impaired.^2-4 Decision on how and when to proceed to coronary revascularization in an individual type 2 diabetic patient should be based on the extent of coronary disease, ischemic burden, ventricular function, as well as co-morbidities （e.g., renal insufficiency）.^5,6

Relationship between hemoglobin A1c and contrast-induced acute renal injury in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing cardiac catheterization

Background There were few studies to explore the relationship between hemoglobin Alc （HbAlc）and contrast-induced acute renal injury （CI-AKI）in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM）. Methods Two hundred seventy-nine patients with T2DM undergonging elective cardiac catheterization from Dongguan Kanghua Hospital were recruited. Patients were classified into quartiles based on HbAlc （ 〈 6.30%, 6.30- 6.70%, 6.71-7.70, and 〉 7.70%）. Baseline data, CI-AKI incidence and in-hospital outcomes were compared between the groups. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between HbAlc and CI-AKI. Results CI-AKI occurred in 26 （9.3%）patients. CI-AKI incidences of HbAlc quartiles were 4.6 %（3/65）, 2.8%（2/71）, 12.3%（9/73） and 17.1%（12/70） （P = 0.003）, respectively. There were no significant differences in in-hospital death or required renal replacement therapy among the four groups. Univariate logistic analysis showed that HbAlc was related with CI-AKI （OR = 1.319, 95%CI： 1.078-1.615, P = 0.007）. Multivariate analysis found that after adjusting eGFR 〈 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, age 〉 70 years and anemia, I-IbAlc 〉17% was still a significant independent risk factor for CI-AKI in patients with T2DM. Conclusions HbAlc is significantly associated with CI-AKI. HbAlc ≥ 7% may increase the risk of CI-AKI in patients with T2DM undergoing elective cardiac catheterization.

Clinical Outcome of Low Dose Contrast during Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients with Moderate to Severe Kidney Impairment

Background: Chronic kidney disease patients are at a greater risk for nephropathy requiring dialysis after percutaneous coronary intervention. Such patients are usually deferred due to fear of “Renalism”.?Objectives This study assesses the outcome of Low dose contrast protocol during PCI in CKD patients whose e-GFR 60 ml/min/1.72 m and investigates a safety margin for contrast use in these high-risk categories.?Methods: Patients were into three groups according to CV/e-GFR ratio: Group (A) low-dose: CV/e-GFR ratio 2.0 Group (B) medium-dose: CV/e-GFR ratio > 2.0 and × bodyweight\s.creatinine). Group (C) high-dose: CV/e-GFR ratio > MACD. Results: A total of 73 patients were enrolled. Average age was 54 ± 8 years,81.4% were male and 18.6% were females and 52% were diabetic. Mean baseline e-GFR was 40 ± 8.0 ml/min/1.73m2. Contrast Volume used in group A was (58.26 ± 15.05) (n = 24), in group B (109.42 ± 17.11) (n = 26) and in group C (304.5 ± 60.30) (n = 23), respectively. The incidences of CI-AKI in the 3 groups were 0%, 11.5% and 35%, respectively (p = 0.02). All-cause death 0%, 17% and introduction of maintenance hemo dialysis was 0%, 11.5% and 26%, respectively (p Conclusion: Low dose contrast protocol is safe, effective and easily applicable technique without CI-AKI or death.

Metformin Induced Lactic Acidosis What Is the Effective Treatment?

Metformin is known to be an effective treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin induced lactic acidosis (MALA) is a serious illness which should identify and treat urgently. In this review article, we will present our own data and review the literature to highlight the importance of recognizing MALA;causes, presentations and the proper treatment, even though there are few published studies discussing MALA treatment modalities. The two cases that we presented here were patients admitted to the ICU and undergoing hemodynamic instability, which improved after removal of Metformin and clearance of associated lactic acidosis with SLED and CVVH. A case could be made for SLED and CVVH as modalities of choice for patients with MALA and hemodynamic instability, but further research is needed in this direction.

短期内两次注射CT和MR对比剂对肾功能的影响

目的:研究短期内两次注射CT和MR对比剂增强扫描对肾功能的影响。方法:回顾性收集2020年1月-2022年5月在本院行CT和MR增强扫描的住院病例,检查时间在两周以内。另收集同期在本院行单独CT或单独MR增强检查的住院病例。采集住院病例资料中的临床信息、增强扫描信息和注射对比剂前后的肾功能信息,包括:性别、年龄、基础疾病、增强检查方式、增强检查时间、增强前1周以内的基础血肌酐值、增强后48~72小时的血肌酐值等。根据基础血肌酐与增强后48~72小时血肌酐的变化,将患者分为急性对比剂肾损害(CI-AKI)组和non-CI-AKI组。计算CI-AKI的发生率,并比较CI-AKI组与non-CI-AKI组之间临床信息、增强扫描信息的差异。以临床信息、增强扫描信息和注射对比剂前的肾功能信息作为自变量,拟合多因素logistic回归模型,研究CI-AKI的影响因素。结果:共收集649位患者的信息,包括:212位患者行单次CT增强检查;165位患者行单次MR增强检查;272位患者在两周之内行CT和MR共两次增强检查,两次增强检查中位间隔时间为45.8(21.4,96.6)小时。649例患者中有15例发生CI-AKI,发生率为5.5%(95%CI:0.032~0.091)。在CI-AKI组和non-CI-AKI组,患者的年龄、性别、身高、体重、基础疾病史、基础肾功能的差异均无统计学意义(P<0.05)。单次增强、短期内两次增强者CI-AKI发生率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示糖尿病、高血压和基础血肌酐值是CI-AKI的影响因素(P<0.05)。短期内行两次CT和MR增强与单次增强相比,不增加CI-AKI的风险。结论:高血压和基础血肌酐值是发生CI-AKI的影响因素,而短期内行CT和MR增强与单次增强相比不增加CI-AKI的发生。

罗格列酮调控PPARγ/NLRP3介导的细胞焦亡减轻大鼠对比剂诱导的急性肾损伤

目的探讨罗格列酮(RSG)减轻大鼠对比剂诱导的急性肾损伤(CI-AKI)的作用机制。方法雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(Control组)、CI-AKI模型组(Model组)、RSG治疗组[RSG组,40 mg/(kg·d)]和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)抑制剂组(T0070907组,0.15 mg/mL),每组各6只。建立CI-AKI大鼠模型,给药3 d后收集各组大鼠的血清和肾脏组织。检测肾功能指标血清肌酐(Scr)和血尿素氮(BUN)水平;ELISA检测白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、IL-18、活性氧(ROS)和一氧化氮(NO)含量;苏木精-伊红(H-E)染色观察肾组织病理学变化;免疫组织化学(IHC)染色检测PPARγ、NLRP3蛋白表达;TUNEL染色检测肾组织细胞焦亡指数;Western-blot检测肾组织NLRP3、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(ASC)、含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶-1(Caspase-1)、消皮素D(GSDMD)、IL-1β和IL-18蛋白表达。结果与Control组比较,Model组大鼠的Scr、BUN、IL-1β、IL-18、ROS和NO含量均增加(P<0.05或P<0.01);肾组织出现明显的病理损伤,细胞焦亡指数、NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1、GSDMD、IL-1β和IL-18蛋白表达升高(P<0.01),PPARγ蛋白表达降低(P<0.01),差别均有统计学意义。与Model组比较,RSG组大鼠血清的Scr、BUN、IL-1β、IL-18、ROS和NO含量均降低,差别有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);肾组织病理损伤减轻,细胞焦亡指数、NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1、GSDMD、IL-1β和IL-18蛋白表达降低,PPARγ蛋白表达升高,差别均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。与RSG组比较,T0070907可逆转RSG对CI-AKI大鼠上述指标的影响。结论RSG能够改善大鼠CI-AKI,促进PPARγ表达,抑制NLRP3炎症小体活化介导的细胞焦亡。

血清NLRP3水平和造影剂用量在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后造影剂肾病的诊断价值研究

背景急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)是常见的心血管急危重症之一,首选治疗方式为经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI),PCI术后患者多发造影剂肾病(CIN),CIN会显著增加患者不良事件发生风险,早诊断、早治疗尤为重要。目的探讨血清NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NLRP3)水平、造影剂用量对STEMI患者PCI术后CIN的诊断价值。方法纳入2022年6—12月在喀什地区第一人民医院确诊为STEMI且急诊行PCI术的257例患者为研究对象,根据PCI术后24、48 h是否发生CIN分为CIN组61例,非CIN组196例。收集患者基本临床资料,并记录患者术中造影剂用量。患者入院第2天抽空腹静脉血,检测肾功能指标、血脂、血糖等生化指标和血清NLRP3水平,同时心脏彩超检测左心室射血分数(LVEF)。采用多因素Logistic回归分析探究发生CIN的影响因素。绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估血清NLRP3水平及造影剂用量对CIN的诊断价值。结果CIN组患者男性比例、术前血尿酸、白蛋白低于非CIN组,造影剂剂量、NLRP3高于非CIN组(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明,造影剂用量增加(OR=1.008,95%CI=1.001~1.015,P=0.017)、血清NLRP3水平升高(OR=1.139,95%CI=1.054~1.230,P=0.001)是发生CIN的危险因素。ROC曲线结果显示造影剂用量、血清NLRP3水平以及二者联合应用诊断急性心肌梗死PCI术后CIN的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.797(95%CI=0.716~0.879)、0.885(95%CI=0.828~0.942)、0.939(95%CI=0.896~0.981)。结论在STEMI患者中,造影剂用量和血清NLRP3水平是PCI术后CIN的危险因素,可作为PCI术后CIN的预测指标,二者联合应用对CIN的诊断价值较为明确。

肾阻力指数联合血液和尿液生物标志物早期预测介入术后造影剂诱导的急性肾损伤的价值

目的分析肾阻力指数(RRI)、胱抑素C(CysC)、血β2微球蛋白(β2-MG)及尿N-乙酰-β-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)等指标早期预测造影剂诱导的急性肾损伤(CI-AKI)的价值。方法回顾性队列分析207例介入术后患者,根据是否发生CI-AKI将其分为AKI组(18例)及非AKI组(189例),收集其一般资料和临床资料并比较;再根据诊断AKI的时间[手术当天(D0)或术后第1天(D1)]将AKI组分为AKI(D0)组和AKI(D1)组,比较两组间RRI、CysC、血β2-MG、血肌酐(sCr)及尿NAG等指标。采用logistic回归分析探讨CI-AKI的危险因素。结果AKI组男性、术前sCr、急性生理与慢性健康(APACHⅡ)评分及序贯器官衰竭(SOFA)评分、手术时间、手术当天及术后第1天的sCr、CysC、血β2-MG、尿NAG及RRI等指标均高于非AKI组;高APACHEⅡ评分、高SOFA评分和D1的高CysC是CI-AKI的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。AKI(D0)组的D0 CysC及D0尿NAG均高于AKI(D1)组(P<0.05)。RRI、尿NAG及血β2-MG不是CI-AKI的独立危险因素。结论CysC及尿NAG是CI-AKI诊断强有力的预测因子,而RRI及血β2-MG不能早期预测CI-AKI的发生。

冠心病患者经皮冠状动脉介入术相关造影剂急性肾损害的影响因素分析及KIM-1、NGAL、NHE3的预测价值

目的探究冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(以下简称冠心病)患者经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)相关造影剂急性肾损害(CIAKI)的影响因素,并分析尿液中肾损伤分子-1(KIM-1)、中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质结合蛋白(NGAL)、钠/氢交换蛋白3(NHE3)预测CIAKI发生的价值。方法回顾性分析2021年7月—2022年6月在齐齐哈尔医学院附属第一医院行PCI的142例冠心病患者的病历资料,根据患者术后是否发生CIAKI,分为CIAKI组和非CIAKI组。分析影响PCI术后发生CIAKI的因素,评估PCI前后KIM-1差值、NGAL差值及NHE3差值对PCI术后发生CIAKI的预测价值。结果142例行PCI的冠心病患者中发生CIAKI 25例(17.61%)。CIAKI组糖尿病占比及造影剂使用剂量高于非CIAKI组(P<0.05),术前GFR水平低于非CIAKI组(P<0.05)。CIAKI组手术前后尿KIM-1、NGAL及NHE3的差值均高于非CIAKI组(P<0.05)。多因素逐步Logistic回归分析结果显示:糖尿病[OR=3.350(95%CI:1.145,9.802)]、造影剂使用剂量[OR=3.377(95%CI:1.154,9.880)]、KIM-1差值[OR=4.958(95%CI:1.695,14.506)]、NGAL差值[OR=4.446(95%CI:1.519,13.008)]、NHE3差值[OR=4.446(95%CI:1.519,3.008)]是冠心病患者PCI术后发生CIAKI的危险因素(P<0.05);GFR[OR=0.262(95%CI:0.089,0.765)]是冠心病患者PCI术后发生CIAKI的保护因素(P<0.05)。受试者工作特征曲线分析结果表明,KIM-1差值、NGAL差值、NHE3差值单一及联合预测冠心病患者PCI术后发生CIAKI的敏感性为75.32%(95%CI:0.594,0.831)、68.59%(95%CI:0.537,0.762)、62.77%(95%CI:0.514,0.735)、80.93%(95%CI:0.629,0.924),特异性为74.01%(95%CI:0.583,0.826)、83.16%(95%CI:0.652,0.941)、78.92%(95%CI:0.603,0.875)、81.15%(95%CI:0.638,0.945),曲线下面积为0.743、0.748、0.762和0.837,联合诊断效能最高。结论糖尿病、GFR、造影剂使用剂量和PCI前后KIM-1、NGAL、NHE3的变化影响CIAKI的发生,PCI前后KIM-1差值、NGAL差值及NHE3差值联合预测CIAKI的效能较好。