On the Bacteriostatic Activity of Bacillus subtilis and Pyraclostrobin as Well as Their Mixtures to Grape Anthracnose and the Field Disease Control Efficiency

[Objective] To screen out the biological compound bactericides for grape anthracnose, reduce and replace the use of chemical pesticide. [Methods] The de- termination on the indoor bacteriostatic activity of different proportions of Bacillus subtilis and pyraclostrobin to grape anthracnose was carried out, and mycelial growth rate method was adopted to determine the toxicity of Bacillus subtilis and pyraclostrobin as well as their 5 mixtures to grape anthracnose. [Results] The EC50 of Bacillus subtilis and pyraclostrobin as well as their mixture combinations of 1：1, 1：2, 1：3, 1：4 and 1：5 to grape anthracnose were respectively 1.969 8, 1.527 4, 1.373 2, 1.294 8 and 1.247 3 μg/ml; the synergistic coefficients （SR） of the 5 mix- ture combinations to grape anthracnose were 1.70, 1.25, 1.13, 1.12 and 1.12, re- spectively, in which the synergistic effect of 1：1 was the largest. The indoor biologi- cal activity of pyraclostrobin（EC50 was 1.054 0μg/ml） was higher than that of Bacil- lus subtilis（EC50 was 15.017 5 μg/ml）. 50 d after the agentia（before the harvesting）, the investigation results showed that 1 000-fold dilution, 1 500-fold dilution and 2 000- fold dilution as well as each single dosage of 20% pyraclostrobin .200×10^8 cfu/g Bacillus subtili wettable powder all had better control efficiency to grape anthracnose after fruit setting and before bagging, in which the treatments of high concentration and middle concentration were higher than the treatments of low concentration and two single dosages： the highest control efficiency of high concentration was 90.03%, which was higher than all other treatments; the control efficiency of middle concen- tration was 87.01%, which was higher than that of low concentration and each sin- gle dosage; the control efficiency of low concentration was 84.11%, which was high- er than 1 000-fold dilution of 1 000×10^8 cfu/g Bacillus subti/i wettable powder （the control efficiency was 64.60%） and 2 000-fold dilution of 250 g/L Bacillus subti/i wettable powder （the control efficiency was 81.07%）. In addition, each treatment al- so had better control efficiency to other cluster diseases, such as white rot, etc., and the control efficiency was almost the same as that of anthracnose. [Conclusion] It was suggested that the prevention concentration of 20% pyraclostrobin .200×10^8 cfu/g Bacillus subtili wettable powder to grape anthracnose after fruit setting and before bagging was 1 000-fold - 2 000-fold dilution.

Control Efficiency of 36% Carbendazim Triadimefon SC on Wheat Powdery Mildew and Pink Mold

This paper explored the control efficiency of 36% Carbendazim triadimefon SC on wheat powdery mildew, wheat pink mold and rope sclerotinia, and the impact on rape yield through field experiment. The results showed that the control efficiency was the best on the 7th and 14th day after the application of 36% Car- bendazim triadimefon SC in the dosage of 2 250 mL/hm2, and rope yield was improved by 32%.

Empirical Analysis of Forest Pest Control Efficiency from 2003 to 2014 in China

Three indexes including forest pest occurrence area,control area and input fund of 31 provinces from 2003 to 2014 were selected from Forestry Statistical Yearbook,to establish dynamic interaction index evaluation system with clustering robust regression model and Stata 13. 0 software. Total forest pest control efficiency in China was determined according to the computing result of entropy method. Suggestions such as improving forest pest control efficiency,increasing service efficiency and input amount of forest pest control input funds were put forward. It will provide empirical basis for target management evaluation of forest pest control work and accountability system.

Improved Efficiency Test Method for the Motor Controller with SiC MOSFETs

The traditional measurement method was inaccurate to evaluate the motor controller efficiency,which the measurement efficiency value could be more than 100%in practical testing experiments.To deal with this issue,an improved electrical measurement method for the motor controller efficiency is proposed in this paper,which is established by analyzing the power loss distribution and phase currents of the motor controller.It is demonstrated that the SiC MOSFET chips are the main power loss devices in the motor controller,accounting for more than 93.1%of the total power loss.The accuracy of the proposed method is compared with the traditional method in simulation.It shows that the test error of the efficiency obtained by the traditional method fluctuates on a large scale,which varied from 0.094%to 1.911%.Compared with the traditional method,the test error of the proposed method appears to be less than 0.083%,which provides significant guidance for the motor controller efficiency test and design.

Study on maximum efficiency control strategy for induction motor

Two new techniques for efficiency-optimization control(EOC) of induction motor drives were proposed. The first method combined Loss Model and "golden section technique", which was faster than the available methods. Secondly, the low-frequency ripple torque due to decrease of rotor flux was compensated in a feedforward manner. If load torque or speed command changed, the efficiency search algorithm would be abandoned and the rated flux would be established to get the best transient response. The close agreement between the simulation and the experimental results confirmed the validity and usefulness of the proposed techniques.

Antagonistic Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Different Growth Stages of Cotton for the Control of Cotton Verticillium wilt

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the combined control effects of endophytic bacteria at different growth stages against cotton Verticfllium wilt and pro- vide a new strategy for the biocontrol of other soil-borne diseases. [Method] Endophytic bacteria with high resistance against Verticillium wilt were isolated from seedling, squaring and boll-setting cotton vascular, respectively. Their 16S rDNA se- quences were detected for comparative analysis. Three biocontrol strains were se- lected and identified, whose colonization roles in cotton plants were explored. The control efficiency was determined with indoor and field experiments. [Result] Accord- ing to the 16S rDNA sequence homology, the three strains were identified as Paeni- bacillus polyrnyxa YUPP-8, Paenibacillus xylanilyticus YUPP-1 and Bacillus subtilis YUPP-2, respectively. Results of colonization assessment showed that three strains all could be successfully colonized in cotton vascular. However, application amount had a positive effect on the number of colonized biocontrol bacteria in cotton, strain YUPP-8 had the largest number of colonized biocontrol bacteria in seedling period, strain YUPP-1 had the largest number of colonized biocontrol bacteria in squaring period, and strain YUPP-2 had the largest number of colonized biocontrol bacteria in boll-setting period. Indoor pot experiment showed that cotton plants in combined bio- control bacteria treatment group were not infected in flowing period, while Verticillium wilt morbidity rate of cotton treated with single strain in seedling period were 6.7% （YUPP-8）, 6.7% （YUPP-1） and 13.3% （YUPP-2）; however, Verticillium wilt morbidity rate wilt of the control reached 80%. Field experiment conducted during 2010-2011 showed that the combined application of three strains had better effect than separate application; specifically, Verticillium wilt morbidity rate and disease index of cotton in boll-setting period with combined application of three strains in 2010 were 9.4% and 6.5, respectively, while those in control group were 47.5% and 32.8; results in 2011 were similar to 2010, with higher disease severity. These results indicate that com- bined application of endophytic bacteria at different growth stages has great applica- tion potential in control of cotton Verticillium wilt. [Conclusion] This study preliminarily overcomes the defects in the application of biocontrol bacteria and provided reference for the prevention and treatment of other soil-borne diseases.

Chemical Application for Prevention and Control of Post-harvest Citrus Diseases

[ Objective] To study the control efficiency of 45% Prochloraz amines ME and 500 g/L Triabendazole SC for the post-harvest diseases of citrus fruits, and the economic and efficient dosage and application techniques. [ Method] Carry out prevention and control test of common post-harvest diseases of tangerines, such as anthracnose, green mold and penicillium disease. [ Result] The experiment agent 45% Prochloraz amines ME showed excellent effect in controlling post- harvest anthracnose of citrus fruits, the 45t^-day control efficiency was above 73% ; the 45ts-day control efficiency of 45% Prochloras amines ME and 500 g/L Tri- abendazole SC for green mold and penicillium disease was above 72%. [ Conclusion] 45% Prochloraz amines ME and 500 g/L Triabendazole SC are two ideal agents for preventing and controlling post-harvest diseases and safeguarding quality of citrus fruits.

Impact of environmental regulations on the efficient control of industrial pollution in China

The continuous progress of industrialization is a fundamental cause of China’s increasingly severe environmental pollution problem.Improving the efficiency of industrial pollution control is an inevitable choice to effectively decrease pollution emissions,thus winning the battle of pollution prevention and control.In this paper,we used the stochastic frontier analysis(SFA)model to measure the provincial efficiency of industrial pollution control based on the input and output data of industrial pollution control of 29 administrative provinces in China from 2000 to 2017.On this basis,a spatial econometric model was used to explore the influence of environmental regulation intensity on the efficiency of industrial pollution control.In addition,the spatial spillover effect of pollution reduction was thoroughly examined.The results show that:(1)The efficiency of industrial pollution control in China has improved year by year,but the overall efficiency is still low,with the average value increasing from 0.165 in 2000 to 0.309 in 2017.Furthermore,there is significant regional heterogeneity with the highest efficiency level in the east and lowest efficiency level in the west.(2)By increasing the financial and material input,the efficiency of industrial pollution control has increased.However,the increase of human input has not been so helpful.(3)The global Moran’s I index is significantly greater than zero,indicating a strong spatial correlation and agglomeration in the efficiency of industrial pollution control,which is reflected in high-high agglomeration in the eastern region and low-low agglomeration in the western region.(4)Stringent environmental regulation has a positive effect on improving the efficiency of industrial pollution control.It also imposes a positive spatial spillover effect,indicating a strategic interaction and coordination of regional pollution control.In line with this,related proposals have been made to optimize the investment structure for environmental pollution control,establish a flow mechanism for the factor market,and strengthen the environmental responsibility awareness of state-owned enterprises.On this basis,we expect to provide a policy for improving the efficiency of industrial pollution control and promoting regional joint pollution control in China.

Control method on serial type pump-valve coordinated electro-hydraulic servo system

In order to compromise the conflicts between control accuracy and system efficiency of conventional electro-hydraulic servo systems,a novel pump-valve coordinated electro-hydraulic servo system was designed and a corresponding control strategy was proposed.The system was constituted of a pumpcontrolled part and a valve-controlled part,the pump controlled part is used to adjust the flow rate of oil source and the valve controlled part is used to complete the position tracking control of the hydraulic cylinder.Based on the system characteristics,a load flow grey prediction method was adopted in the pump controlled part to reduce the system overflow losses,and an adaptive robust control method was adopted in the valve controlled part to eliminate the effect of system nonlinearity and parametric uncertainties due to variable hydraulic parameters and system loads on the control precision.The experimental results validated that the adopted control strategy increased the system efficiency obviously with guaranteed high control accuracy.

Field Efficiency Trial of Microbial Fertilizer against Eggplant Verticillium Wilt

The control effect of microbial fertilizer on eggplant verticillium wilt was studied through investigation of disease index and diseased plant rate. The reiults showed that the disease index and diseased plant rate of eggplant verticillium wilt were the lowest in the plots with substrate treatment and root-irrigation treatnent. The control effects in the plots with substrate treatment were higher than those in the plots with only root irrigation treatment. Moreover, higher concentration of microbial fertilizer resulted in better control effect and higher yield. Thus, the microbial fertilizer had a broad application prospect.

Screening of Chemical Control for Potato Blight

To screen chemicals for controlling potato blight effectively, randomized block experiment was adopted, the control efficiency of five chemicals for Carbendazim, Metalaxyl, Dithane mancozeb, Curzate, Cymoxanil mancozeb was explored. The results showed that the efficiency of Metalaxyl was much better than that of other conventional chemicals in controlling potato blight, up to 70.59% ; the mean control efficiency of Curzate and Cymoxanil mancozeb was 68.76% and 67.05% ; the control efficiency of Carbendazim was lower, 55.76%. Big and middle tuber rate, tuber weight per hole, plot yield, unit area yield of potatoes in Metalaxyl treatment were the highest, 78.05%, 437.24 g/hole, 34.0 kg/21.6 m2 and 15 748.61 kg/hm2, 49.12% higher than the control yield. The indexes of potatoes in Cymoxanil mancozeb treatment were the second highest, 73.33%, 385.31 g/hole, 32.8 kg/21.6 m2 and 15 192.78 kg/hm2, 43.86% higher than the control yield.

Effect Trials on Abamectin + Chlorpyrifos 8% GR for Controlling Turf Grubs

To screen high-efficiency, low-toxicity, and safe pesticides for controlling soil pests, experimental investigations of Abamectin ＋ Chlorpyrifos 8 % GR for controlling tuff grubs were implemented according to Field Pharrnacodynamic Test Standards of the Ministry of Agricuhure. The results showed that as the active in- gredient of Abamectin ＋ Chlorpyrifos 8% GR is 1 625 - 1 950 g/hm2, the control efficiency of tuff grubs is 81.43% -90.46% 3 - 10 days after pesticide applica- tion, the readily availability and persistent effect achieve the ideal level, and it is safe for turf.

Agronomic Efficiency of Herbicide Tolerant Crops in Peninsular India——A Review

Crops made resistant to herbicides by biotechnology are being widely adopted in various parts of the world and several herbicide resistant crops have become available in many countries for commercial cultivation.But in India,the technology of herbicide tolerant crops is in initial stage of field evaluation.Hence,field trials have been carried out to evaluate and consolidate the agronomic advantages of herbicide tolerant transgenic cotton and maize.Herbicide tolerant stacked traits of maize and cotton have been evaluated under Bio-safety Research Level(BRL I)as confined field trials for its agronomic efficiency on weed control and enhanced crop productivity at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University(TNAU),Coimbatore and Punjab Agricultural University(PAU),Ldhiana for many years.In both crops,potassium salt formulation of glyphosate was sprayed at different doses(900,1,350,1,800,2,700,3,600 and 5,400 g a.e./ha twice at 25 days after sowing(DAS)and 60 DAS in cotton and 900,1,800 and 3,600 g a.e./ha at 25 DAS in maize).Evaluation was made on weed control efficiency,phyto-toxicity on crops,yield and economics and carry over effects on the succeeding crops.Application of glyphosate at 2,700 g a.e./ha recorded lower weed density,dry weight and higher weed control efficiency(WCE)in cotton.Post-emergence(POE)glyphosate at 900,1,800 and 3,600 g a.e./ha registered lower weed density,dry weight and higher WCE in transgenic Hishell and 900 M Gold and in 30V92 and 30B11 corn hybrids.Post-emergence application of glyphosate in transgenic maize hybrids did not affect the germination percent,vigour and yield of succeeding green gram in the transgenic maize trials and sunflower,soybean and pearl millet in cotton trials.Phytotoxicity symptoms were not observed in cotton with glyphosate at lower doses viz.,900,1,350,1,800 and 2,700 g a.e./ha.Higher doses viz.3,600 g a.e./ha and 5,400 g a.e./ha were noticed with phytotoxicity symptoms at early stages of herbicide application.Glyphosate applied at 900,1,350,1,800 and 2,700 g a.e./ha recorded more number of bacteria,fungi and actinomycetes compared to atrazine treatments.Higher grain yield was recorded with POE application of glyphosate at 900,1,800 and 3,600 g a.e./ha in Hishell and 900 M Gold transgenic hybrids and higher net return and benefit cost ratio were recorded in glyphosate at 1,800 g a.e./ha in transgenic 900 M Gold in all the four seasons.Post-emergence application of glyphosate at 900 g a.e./ha and 1,800 g a.e./ha registered higher grain yield in transgenic 30V92 and 30B11 corn hybrids.In maize and cotton transgenic crops,post-emergence weed management with glyphosate proved to be the better management option for the control of weeds.

Attribute-Based Access Control Scheme with Efficient Revocation in Cloud Computing

Attribute-based encryption(ABE) supports the fine-grained sharing of encrypted data.In some common designs,attributes are managed by an attribute authority that is supposed to be fully trustworthy.This concept implies that the attribute authority can access all encrypted data,which is known as the key escrow problem.In addition,because all access privileges are defined over a single attribute universe and attributes are shared among multiple data users,the revocation of users is inefficient for the existing ABE scheme.In this paper,we propose a novel scheme that solves the key escrow problem and supports efficient user revocation.First,an access controller is introduced into the existing scheme,and then,secret keys are generated corporately by the attribute authority and access controller.Second,an efficient user revocation mechanism is achieved using a version key that supports forward and backward security.The analysis proves that our scheme is secure and efficient in user authorization and revocation.

System-L evel Efficiency Optimization of a Linear Induction Motor Drive System

Linear induction motors are superior to rotary induction motors in direct drive systems because they can generate direct forward thrust force independent of mechanical transmission.However,due to the large air gap and cut-open magnetic circuit,their efficiency and power factor are quite low,which limit their application in high power drive systems.To attempt this challenge,this work presents a system-level optimization method for a single-sided linear induction motor drive system.Not only the motor but also the control system is included in the analysis.A system-level optimization method is employed to gain optimal steady-state and dynamic performances.To validate the effectiveness of the proposed optimization method,experimental results on a linear induction motor drive are presented and discussed.

Energy Efficiency Optimization for D2D Communications Based on SCA and GP Method

In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient power control scheme for device-to-device(D2D) communications underlaying cellular networks, where multiple D2D pairs reuse the same resource blocks allocated to one cellular user. Taking the maximum allowed transmit power and the minimum data rate requirement into consideration, we formulate the energy efficiency maximization problem as a non-concave fractional programming(FP) problem and then develop a two-loop iterative algorithm to solve it. In the outer loop, we adopt Dinkelbach method to equivalently transform the FP problem into a series of parametric subtractive-form problems, and in the inner loop we solve the parametric subtractive problems based on successive convex approximation and geometric programming method to obtain the solutions satisfying the KarushKuhn-Tucker conditions. Simulation results demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed scheme, and illustrate the impact of different parameters on system performance.

Experimental study on water-saving and emission-reduction effects of controlled drainage technology

Field experiments and laboratory analysis were carried out to determine the effects of controlled drainage（CTD） and conventional drainage（CVD） technologies on drainage volume, concentrations of NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and total phosphorus（TP）, nitrogen and phosphorus losses, rice yield,and water utilization efficiency. Results show that CTD technology can effectively reduce drainage times and volume; NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and TP concentrations, from the first to the fourth day after four rainstorms decreased by 28.7%e46.7%, 37.5%e47.5%, and 22.7e31.2%, respectively,with CTD. These are significantly higher rates of decrease than those observed with CVD. CTD can significantly reduce nitrogen and phosphorus losses in field drainage, compared with CVD; the reduction rates observed in this study were, respectively, 66.72%, 55.56%, and 42.81% for NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and TP. Furthermore, in the CTD mode, the rice yield was cut slightly. In the CVD mode, the water production efficiencies in unit irrigation water quantity, unit field water consumption, and unit evapotranspiration were, respectively, 0.85, 0.48, and 1.22 kg/m^3, while in the CTD mode they were 2.91, 0.84, and 1.61 kg/m^3 din other words, 3.42, 1.75, and 1.32 times those of CVD. Furthermore, the results of analysis of variance（ANOVA） show that the indicators in both the CVD and CTD modes, including the concentrations of NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and TP, the losses of NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and TP, irrigation water quantity, and water consumption, showed extremely significant differences between the modes, but the rice yield showed no significant difference.

Evaluation of Control Effects against Sugarcane Pests：A New Sustained-release and Long-lasting Pesticide and Convenient and Efficient Pesticide Application Technology

[Objective]The paper was to screen a new ideal sustained-release,long-lasting and low-toxic pesticide and convenient and efficient pesticide application technology for controlling Ceratovacuna lanigera and Baliathrips serratus. [Method]2% Imidacloprid GR were selected and applied in the soil for field efficacy trial. [Result] The optimum dosage of 2% imidacloprid GR was 30 kg/hm^2（ active ingredient 600 g）,which can be mixed with fertilizer（ 30 kg pesticide and 40-80 kg fertilizer per hm^2） once combined with sugarcane planting management or big ridging during February and June. The control effects against C. lanigera and B. serratus could be more than 98. 2% and 81. 1%,respectively. The actual yield and sugar content in various pesticide treatments were increased by 33 390 kg/hm^2 and 6. 6% respectively compared to blank control. [Conclusion]2% imidacloprid GR has good control effects on C. lanigera and B. serratus. It is a new pesticide with ideal sustained-release,long-lasting and low-toxin effects against C. lanigera and B. serratus. Therefore,it could be used alternatively with other pesticides,to delay production and development of drug resistance.

Dynamic Power Dissipation Control Method for Real-Time Processors Based on Hardware Multithreading

In order to eliminate the energy waste caused by the traditional static hardware multithreaded processor used in real-time embedded system working in the low workload situation, the energy efficiency of the hardware multithread is discussed and a novel dynamic multithreaded architecture is proposed. The proposed architecture saves the energy wasted by removing idle threads without manipulation on the original architecture, fulfills a seamless switching mechanism which protects active threads and avoids pipeline stall during power mode switching. The report of an implemented dynamic multithreaded processor with 45 nm process from synthesis tool indicates that the area of dynamic multithreaded architecture is only 2.27% higher than the static one in achieving dynamic power dissipation, and consumes 1.3% more power in the same peak performance.

Rotor cross-tilt optimization for yaw control improvement of multi-rotor eVTOL aircraft

Manned multi-rotor electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing(eVTOL)aircraft is prone to actuator saturation due to its weak yaw control efficiency.To address this inherent problem,a rotor cross-tilt configuration is applied in this paper,with an optimization method proposed to improve the overall control efficiency of the vehicle.First,a flight dynamics model of a 500-kg manned multi-rotor eVTOL aircraft is established.The accuracy of the co-axial rotor model is verified using a single arm test bench,and the accuracy of the flight dynamics model is verified by the flight test data.Then,an optimization method is designed based on the flight dynamics model to calculate an optimal rotor cross-tilt mounting angle,which not only improves the yaw control efficiency,but also basically maintains the efficiency of other control channels.The ideal rotor cross-tilt mounting angle for the prototype is determined by comprehensively considering the optimal results with different payloads,forward flight speeds,and rotor mounting angle errors.Finally,the feasibility of the rotor cross-tilt mounting angle is proved by analyzing the control derivatives of the flight dynamics model,the test data of a ground three Degree-of-Freedom(3DOF)platform,and the actual flight data of the prototype.The results show that a fixed rotor cross-tilt mounting angle can achieve ideal yaw control effectiveness,improving yaw angle tracking and hold ability,increasing endurance time,and achieving good yaw control performance with different payloads and forward speeds.