Effects of Different Herbicides on Maize Growth and Weed Control in Maize Fields

Effects of four herbicides(paraquat, acetochlor, nicosulfuron and atrazine) on the growth of maize and control effect of plant quantity and fresh weight of weeds were studied. The results showed that 15 days after spraying the herbicides on weeds,the prevention and control effect of paraquat on weeds was the optimum, and its effects on the plant quantity and fresh weight of weeds were above 81.57%; the prevention and control effect of acetochlor on weeds was the second best; the prevention and control effect of atrazine on weeds was the worst, and its effects on the plant quantity and fresh weight of weeds were only 51.04% and 37.86%. After 30 or 45 days, the prevention and control effect of atrazine and nicosulfuron on weeds in the maize fields was better than the other herbicides, and their effects on the plant quantity and fresh weight of weeds were higher than 70.00% and 85.00%. Acetochlor and paraquat had certain phytotoxicity to the growth of maize after about 15 days, and its leaves became yellow and grew slowly. On the whole, nicosulfuron had good prevention and control effect on weeds and had no phytotoxicity to the growth of maize.

Control Effect of 80% Nicosulfuron·Atrazine Water-dispersible Granules on Weeds in Spring Maize Field

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the control effect of different concentrations of 80% nicosulfuron·atrazine water-dispersible granules on weeds in spring maize field. [Method] Maize field was sprayed with 300, 375, 450, 750 g/hm280% nicosulfuron·atrazine water-dispersible granules respectively, with 40 g/L nicosulfuron suspending concentrate and 38% atrazine suspending concentrate as control agents. Artificial weeding and control(CK) plots were set. [Result] Fresh weight control efficiency of 375-750 g/hm280% nicosulfuron·atrazine water-dispersible granules was significantly higher than that of 40 g/L nicosulfuron suspending concentrate and 38% atrazine suspending concentrate; no obvious phytotoxicity symptoms were observed after application of 300-450 g/hm280% nicosulfuron·atrazine waterdispersible granules; 750 g/hm280% nicosulfuron·atrazine water-dispersible granules posed certain impact on the growth of maize seedlings. Compared with control plots, various doses of 80% nicosulfuron·atrazine water-dispersible granules significantly improved the yield of maize. [Conclusion] In the present study, 375-450 g/hm280% nicosulfuron·atrazine water-dispersible granules exhibited high control effect on weeds in maize field and were safe for the growth of maize seedlings.

Effects of Methylated Soybean Oil Adjuvant on Fomesafen Efficacy to Weeds

Tank-mix adjuvant has the potential to improve the weed control efficacy of post-emergence herbicides. In order to study the synergistic effect of adjuvant, the effects of different rates of fomesafen alone or applied methylated soybean oil adjuvant（MSO） were sprayed on redroot pigweed, abutilon and black nightshade under greenhouse condition. The results showed that fomesafen had different performance on the three weeds, and MSO adjuvant could effectively increase the control. The nightshade control was lower than other two weeds with all the fomesafen doses from 131.25 to 506.25 ga.i. · hm-2 with or without adjuvant. The control of abutilon was between the black nightshade and the redroot pigweed, and had better control at 375 ga.i. · hm-2 with adjuvant or 506.25 ga.i. · hm-2 alone or with adjuvant respectively. The results indicated that mixing adjuvant with fomesafen improved the control on weeds, especially at the low rate. Black nightshade was more difficult to control. The redroot pigweed had the most susceptibility to fomesafen alone or with adjuvant.

Effects of Different Herbicides on the Control of Malachium aquaticum L. and Poa annua L.

In this experiment,the effects of 13 kinds of herbicides( or mixtures) on the control of two kinds of weeds were studied by pot cultivation with the broadleaf weed Malachium aquaticum L. and Gramineae weed Poa annua L. as the materials. The results showed that the herbicide MCPA-Na had the best and fastest control effect on M. aquaticum L.,and all the M. aquaticum L. died 7 d after treatment;it was followed by the other four herbicides including MCPA-Na + clethodim,MCPA-Na + quizalofop-p-ethyl,bentazon and nicosulfuron·atrazine,and all the M. aquaticum L. died 14 d after treatment. Atrazine was the best herbicide to control Gramineae weeds,followed by nicosulfuron·atrazine,and mesotrione·nicosulfuron·atrazine. The study on the application of field herbicide found that four herbicides including atrazine,mesotrione·nicosulfuron·atrazine,nicosulfuron·atrazine and bentazon had better control effect on weeds. The best herbicide for flax field was MCPA-Na + clethodim,followed by MCPA-Na and MCPA-Na + quizalofop-p-ethyl. The optimized herbicides and combinations had no harmful effects on the growth of corn and flax.

棉隆土壤消毒联合种植密度防除油菜田杂草及对作物产量和田间光照的影响

在农田杂草的治理中,结合农艺措施来治理草害的发生,可有效减少化学除草剂的使用,实现草害的综合治理。本文采用田间试验研究了棉隆土壤消毒联合油菜不同种植密度对油菜田主要杂草野燕麦Avena fatua、苦苣菜Sonchus oleraceus的防除效果,及杂草对氮、磷、钾及水分消耗的影响。结果表明,土壤消毒联合种植密度对油菜田杂草防除效果显著,对野燕麦、苦苣菜均有良好防效,总鲜重防效达到89.8%~100.0%。采取防除措施后,杂草对田间氮、磷、钾和水分的消耗量减少85%以上,有效改善了田间的水肥和光照条件。土壤消毒联合种植密度不同处理的油菜籽产量达到3155.0~4920.5 kg/hm^(2),增产效果显著,产量较未消毒土壤区增加13.3%~76.8%,增收1857.3~10684.8元/hm^(2)。研究表明采用土壤消毒结合种植密度对油菜田杂草具有很好的控制效果,适度增加油菜种植密度既能保证对杂草防效,同时也能保证产量。

黄芩田茎叶处理除草剂筛选试验

为了筛选出适用于黄芩田防除一年生杂草的除草剂种类或组合,通过调查黄芩田杂草种类、数量,并针对主要杂草,从13种有代表性的茎叶处理除草剂中筛选出对黄芩安全性好的种类进行防效试验,确定除草效果及用量。结果表明,60 g/L烟嘧磺隆可分散油悬浮剂750.0 mL/hm^(2),12%砜嘧磺隆可分散油悬浮剂120.0、187.5 mL/hm^(2)以及10.8%精喹禾灵水乳剂450.0、675.0、1350.0 mL/hm^(2),108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵乳油375.00、450.0、900.0 mL/hm^(2)等处理对黄芩安全,鲜重减退率为-17.96%~-1.35%;480 g/L灭草松水剂等其他药剂处理黄芩植株全部或多数枯死、植株弱小发黄,对黄芩不安全。药后30 d,12%砜嘧磺隆可分散油悬浮剂120.00、187.50、240.00、375.00 mL/hm^(2)处理对黄芩田一年生阔叶杂草的总体株防效为84.08%~90.55%,鲜重防效为89.30%~95.38%;对一年生禾本科杂草的总体株防效为54.90%~73.20%,鲜重防效为60.16%~78.52%。10.8%精喹禾灵水乳剂450.00、675.00 mL/hm^(2)处理对黄芩田一年生禾本科杂草的株防效为90.20%~95.42%,鲜重防效为93.19%~97.00%。108g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵乳油375.00、450.00 mL/hm^(2)处理对黄芩田一年生禾本科杂草的株防效为95.42%~99.35%,鲜重防效为97.23%~99.54%。可以使用12%砜嘧磺隆可分散油悬浮剂120.0~187.5 mL/hm^(2)防除黄芩田以反枝苋、马齿苋、牛筋草等为主的一年生杂草,且对黄芩安全。当禾本科杂草群体较大时,可加入10.8%精喹禾灵水乳剂450.00~675.00 mL/hm^(2)或108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵乳油375.00~450.00 mL/hm^(2),以提高对禾本科杂草的防效。

960g/L精异丙甲草胺乳油苗前封闭对小豆苗期生长发育和生理代谢以及杂草防效的影响

为了明确苗前除草剂960 g/L精异丙甲草胺乳油在小豆苗前封闭处理的适宜浓度,自然条件下,以辽红小豆2号为研究对象,设960 g/L精异丙甲草胺乳油有效用量486、648、778和972 g/hm^(2)计4个处理,以清水处理为对照(CK),研究了不同用量药剂处理对小豆苗期生长形态、光合生理指标、冠层结构、根系性状、杂草防除效果和产量的影响。结果表明:960 g/L精异丙甲草胺乳油有效用量为778 g/hm^(2)时,能够明显促进小豆幼苗生长发育;显著提高小豆苗期叶片的光合性状指标和抗氧化酶活性,增强小豆幼苗叶片的光合作用和抗氧化能力;促进小豆植株下部节位粗度增大,在一定程度上增强小豆的抗倒伏性;促进第4节位的叶柄长度增大,进而改善冠层结构;对小豆田杂草防效较高,其中对禾本科杂草的防效明显优于阔叶杂草,且小豆苗期药害症状最轻。960 g/L精异丙甲草胺有效用量为778 g/hm^(2)时,能增加小豆苗期叶片的光合生理指标和抗氧化酶活性,促进小豆生长以及干物质的积累,对小豆田杂草防效较好且对小豆幼苗安全,小豆产量最高。

7.5%啶磺草胺水分散粒剂对小麦和青稞田杂草的防效研究

为了有效防除青海地区小麦和青稞田的杂草,开展了7.5%啶磺草胺水分散粒剂防除小麦、青稞田杂草的效果及其对作物的安全性研究。结果表明,7.5%啶磺草胺水分散粒剂199.95 g/hm^(2)对小麦田野燕麦的鲜重防效达97.32%,对阔叶杂草鲜重防效达80%以上,对青稞田苣荬菜、大刺儿菜两种菊科杂草有一定防效。7.5%啶磺草胺水分散粒剂在试验剂量下对作物安全。施用7.5%啶磺草胺水分散粒剂199.95 g/hm^(2)后,小麦增产10%以上,青稞增产15%以上。7.5%啶磺草胺水分散粒剂是青海高寒地区麦类作物田较为适宜的除草剂。

植保无人机喷施封闭除草剂对稻田杂草的防效研究

为探究植保无人机喷施除草剂对直播稻田杂草防效,采用50%丁草胺乳油、26%噁草酮悬浮剂、350 g/L异噁草松微囊悬浮剂、300 g/L丙草胺乳油4种封闭除草剂,在飞行高度2 m和3 m,用水量22.5、45.0 L/hm^(2)条件下设置不同处理,考察播前施药结合水层管理及播后干封对水稻安全性及对直播稻田不同种类杂草的防除效果。结果表明,26%噁草酮悬浮剂2个用水量处理的成苗率和苗高显著低于其余处理,播后30 d各处理水稻分蘖数均显著高于空白对照,各处理5株苗茎基宽与空白对照无差异。药后15 d,3种除草剂供试浓度下高用水量处理对稗草、千金子、多花水苋、异型莎草等杂草的防效均优于低用水量;播前水封与播后干封效果整体上差异不大。药后40 d,整体上各处理防效均降低,26%噁草酮悬浮剂、350 g/L异噁草松微囊悬浮剂在高用水量时对稗草的株数防效显著优于低用水量,3种药剂在高用水量时对千金子的株数防效均显著高于低用水量,鲜重防效与株数防效趋势基本一致。3种药剂不同飞防参数下对异型莎草和多花水苋的防效有差异,且效果较差。同一药剂在用水量45 L/hm^(2)和飞行高度3 m时对不同杂草的防效优于用水量22.5 L/hm^(2)和飞行高度2 m处理。不同除草剂对不同种类杂草的防效存在差异,高用水量播前施药结合水层管理对不同杂草的防效均优于播后干封处理。后期应适时进行茎叶处理,以提升施药对田间杂草的治理效果。

双氯磺草胺在东北地区春大豆田的应用效果

为明确双氯磺草胺土壤封闭与茎叶处理对东北地区春大豆田阔叶杂草的防除效果和对作物的安全性。采用随机区组设计,连续2年开展田间试验。结果表明:25.2~76.5 g/hm^(2)有效成分剂量下84%双氯磺草胺水分散粒剂用于大豆田进行土壤封闭处理,施药后60 d,对东北地区常见阔叶杂草藜、本氏蓼、苍耳、苘麻、水棘针的株防效和鲜重防效都在90.0%以上,对龙葵的株防效和鲜重防效都在87.0%以上。对阔叶杂草的总株防效为93.3%~99.0%,总鲜重防效为94.7%~99.4%。25.2~63.0 g/hm^(2)有效成分剂量下84%双氯磺草胺水分散粒剂茎叶喷雾处理,施药后30 d,对本氏蓼、苍耳、苘麻的株防效和鲜重防效都在93.0%以上,对水棘针的株防效和鲜重防效都高于82.0%,对藜、龙葵的株防效为59.8%~85.5%,鲜重防效为62.5%~90.9%。对阔叶杂草总的株防效为80.1%~93.2%,总的鲜重防效为82.2%~95.9%,施药后初期,大豆叶片有受害症状,后期新生叶片正常。双氯磺草胺土壤封闭和茎叶喷雾施药方式都能有效控制东北地区春大豆田的阔叶杂草,但依据大豆产量分析,84%双氯磺草胺水分散粒剂有效剂量25.2~76.5 g/hm^(2)4个土壤封闭处理区大豆产量与人工除草相比差异不显著。本试验为大豆田苗后除草剂选择提供了新思路,茎叶喷雾施药方式适宜的剂量为84%双氯磺草胺水分散粒剂31.5~37.8 g/hm^(2);土壤封闭施药方式具有更好的除草效果,适宜的施药剂量为84%双氯磺草胺水分散粒剂25.2~50.4 g/hm^(2)。

不同土壤处理除草剂对棉田杂草防除效果及安全性

为筛选出适宜本地区土壤处理的除草剂。通过大田小区试验,采用土壤封闭处理,对比分析了7种土壤处理除草剂对棉花安全性和杂草防除的效果。结果显示,与对照相比,不同药剂处理对‘冈棉11号’出苗率和第一果枝结位均没有显著性差异,但鲜重、株高和果枝数有增加趋势,表明试验药剂对棉花安全。田间药效结果显示,复配剂50%扑草净可湿性粉剂(WP)+33%二甲戊灵乳油(EC)、50%扑草净WP+960 g/L精异丙甲草胺EC和50%扑草净WP+50%乙草胺EC对禾本科和阔叶杂草均具有较好防效,45 d平均鲜重防效分别为83.32%、84.08%、80.57%,与单剂处理均存在极显著差异,且持效期较长,建议3种复配剂作为土壤处理除草剂用于棉田杂草防除。

新疆荒漠绿洲区大麦田阔叶杂草化学防除药效评价

【目的】筛选对大麦田阔叶杂草具有较好防效的除草剂,为荒漠绿洲生态区安全高效应用除草剂提供依据。【方法】采用随机区组的方法,调查各药剂处理小区的杂草株数和地上部分鲜质量,评价供试药剂对大麦田阔叶杂草的防除效果及安全性。【结果】药后50 d,20%双氟·氟氯酯WG 19.50 g/hm^(2)、10%双唑草酮OD 37.50 g/hm^(2)、200 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸EC 210.00 g/hm^(2)、22%氟吡·双唑酮OD 165.00 g/hm^(2)、50%2甲·氯·双氟SC 450.00 g/hm^(2)、87.5%2,4-滴异辛酯EC 577.50 g/hm^(2)、25%辛酰溴苯腈EC 562.50 g/hm^(2)和75%苯磺隆WG 22.50 g/hm^(2)对阔叶杂草灰绿藜和卷茎蓼的株防效和鲜质量防效较好,防效分别为90.87%~96.02%和94.15%~98.08%,各处理株防效和鲜质量防效之间均无显著性差异。【结论】20%双氟·氟氯酯WG、10%双唑草酮OD、200 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸EC、22%氟吡·双唑酮OD、50%2甲·氯·双氟SC、87.5%2,4-滴异辛酯EC、25%辛酰溴苯腈EC和75%苯磺隆WG可防除大麦田灰绿藜、卷茎蓼等阔叶杂草,且对大麦生长安全,可在大田合理轮换使用。

12种除草剂对花生棉花间作田阔叶杂草防效及安全性评价

为筛选可用于花生棉花间作田的高效、安全除草剂,采用室内生物活性测定法评价了84%氯酯磺草胺水分散粒剂、84%双氯磺草胺水分散粒剂等12种除草剂对花生棉花间作田常见的6种阔叶杂草的防除效果及对花生和棉花的安全性。结果表明,120 g/噁草酮乳油、240 g/L乙氧氟草醚乳油、51%丙炔氟草胺水分散粒剂、40%扑草净可湿性粉剂、330 g/L二甲戊灵乳油在田间推荐剂量下可有效控制供试6种杂草;40%砜吡草唑悬浮剂在棉花和杂草间的选择性指数均大于2,杂草防除效果良好。25%噻吩磺隆可湿性粉剂、84%氯酯磺草胺水分散粒剂、20%乙羧氟草醚乳油等对棉花安全性相对较差。

9.5%丙嗪嘧磺隆悬浮剂对移栽水稻田稗草和鸭舌草的防效及安全性研究

2020和2021年在江西省南昌市进行了9.5%丙嗪嘧磺隆SC在15~60 g a.i./hm^(2)处理下及对照药(苄嘧磺隆和五氟磺草胺)的大田杂草防效试验,并评估其对水稻安全性和产量的影响。结果表明,9.5%丙嗪嘧磺隆SC对移栽水稻田稗草和鸭舌草均具有良好的防除效果,60 g a.i./hm^(2)剂量处理后,对稗草的株防效高达92.40%~98.91%,对鸭舌草的株防效为82.62%~89.15%。所有处理对水稻均无药害产生,并实现增产。因此,新型除草剂丙嗪嘧磺隆可有效防除移栽水稻田稗草和鸭舌草,有较好的应用价值。

2023年邹城市春花生植保贡献率的测算评估

为了客观反映植保工作在花生生产中对病虫草害的控制效果,评价植保工作在花生生产中的作用,2023年选取全国花生绿色防控示范县邹城为测试点,开展花生重大病虫害植保贡献率的评价。试验设严格综防区、农户自防区和空白对照区,通过试验示范区的防控效果、花生产量、投入成本三个指标进行综合评估。结果表明:2023年邹城市试验区花生病虫草害的防控植保贡献率为33.1%,严格综防区较农户自防区增收11642.85元/hm^(2),表明农户自防区还有很大的增收空间。本项工作通过科学防控可实现增产增效目的,为其他地区春花生植保贡献率的评估提供了技术参考。

覆盖地布对花椒园土壤理化性质与杂草生长的影响

【目的】探明覆盖地布对花椒园土壤理化性质与杂草生长的影响,为花椒轻简化栽培提供依据。【方法】以六月椒树为试验材料,采用田间调查和室内分析相结合的方法,研究清耕无覆盖(CK)、不可降解地布覆盖(T_(1))和可降解地布覆盖(T_(2))对花椒园土壤理化特性和抑草效果的影响。【结果】覆盖不同地布对花椒园土壤养分含量、物理特性及杂草防效影响不同。覆盖地布处理的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾含量均提高,各指标整体均表现为地布覆盖处理>清耕不覆盖。土壤容重降低,0~20 cm和40~60 cm土层均依次为可降解地布覆盖<不可降解地布覆盖<清耕不覆盖,20~40 cm土层为不可降解地布覆盖<可降解地布覆盖<清耕不覆盖。土壤总孔隙度、土壤含水率和田间持水量均显著提高,最大持水量增大,各指标整体均表现为地布覆盖处理>清耕不覆盖。不可降解地布覆盖和可降解地布覆盖处理对看麦娘和野豌豆的防效均达100.00%,对艾草的防效分别为95.59%和92.65%。【结论】覆盖地布可有效提高土壤养分含量,改善土壤物理特性,抑制杂草生长,从而促进花椒植株生长,在花椒园生产管理中应根据实际情况选择可降解地布或不可降解地布进行覆盖。

魔芋-荞麦套种对田间杂草群落的影响

【目的】探明魔芋-荞麦套种对田间杂草群落结构的影响,为田间杂草的生态控制提供参考。【方法】在威宁彝族回族苗族自治县麻乍镇魔芋种植基地以魔芋净作处理为对照,设置魔芋-荞麦套种处理,检测魔芋套种荞麦后田间杂草的种类、数量、鲜重和盖度等指标,分析魔芋-荞麦套种对杂草群落结构的影响及其对杂草的抑制效果。【结果】魔芋-荞麦套种处理的田间杂草有9科12种,其中,菊科3种、禾本科2种,藜科、鸭跖草科、玄参科、天南星科、酢浆草科、茜草科、石竹科各1种。与魔芋净作比较,魔芋-荞麦套种处理的田间杂草减少5科11种,田间杂草的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpon多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数分别降低0.6028、0.3963和0.0753。魔芋-荞麦套种处理田间蒲公英、野茼蒿、马唐等重要值相对魔芋净作有所下降,牛筋草、鸭跖草等杂草重要值上升。魔芋-荞麦套种处理的杂草密度防效和鲜重防效分别为83.35%和86.44%。【结论】魔芋套种荞麦可改变田间杂草群落结构,可有效抑制田间杂草发生。

不同药械喷施33%氟噻·吡酰·呋SC防控小麦田杂草的效果

为进一步优化麦田杂草防控器械使用技术,2022年选用多旋翼植保无人机、自走式喷杆喷雾机、担架式植保机、背负式电动喷雾器喷施土壤封闭除草剂33%氟噻·吡酰·呋SC,比较防控小麦田杂草的效果和作业效率。结果表明:药后30、100 d,4种施药器械处理阔叶杂草的防效分别为96.94%~98.98%、91.84%~95.92%,多旋翼植保无人机、自走式喷杆喷雾机和背负式电动喷雾器处理禾本科杂草的防效分别为84.36%~94.40%、74.00%~84.53%,均显著高于担架式植保机处理。综合自走式喷杆喷雾机防效及安全性较好、作业效率较高的优势,应作为规模化小麦生产封闭除草剂喷施主要器械。

7种选择性除草剂对草本化杂交桑园阔叶杂草的防效及安全性

杂草防除是草本化杂交桑大规模种植的关键技术。本试验在草本化杂交桑春季发芽前施药,比较了7种选择性除草剂对阔叶杂草的防除效果,以及对桑树生长的安全性。结果表明:240 g/L乙氧氟草醚乳油700倍液、51%丙炔氟草胺水分散粒剂4000倍液对阔叶杂草的鲜草质量防效达到100%和99.75%,但桑树发芽推迟,生长前期新梢短,叶片扭曲、黄化,对后期枝条长度、枝叶产量都有一定影响,在草本化杂交桑园中不建议使用乙氧氟草醚和丙炔氟草胺;10%苯唑草酮可分散油悬浮剂2000倍液、30%草除灵悬浮剂600倍液对阔叶杂草的鲜草质量防效分别为94.35%和84.06%,桑树未见明显药害症状,杂交桑的枝条长度和枝叶产量与空白对照差异不显著;其余3种除草剂对阔叶杂草的防效不理想。因此,苯唑草酮、草除灵是适宜用于草本化杂交桑园防除阔叶杂草的除草剂品种。

不同除草剂和药械防除小麦田杂草的田间药效

为了掌握不同药剂、不同药械对小麦田杂草的防除效果及安全性,试验选用不同药剂、不同施药器械防除小麦田杂草。结果表明:用植保无人机喷施4%啶磺草胺可分散油悬浮剂375 mL/hm^(2)+聚醚改性的七甲基三硅氧烷可溶性液剂277.5 mL/hm^(2)处理对小麦田杂草的防除效果最好,药后15、30、45 d对小麦田总草的株防效分别为61.84%、88.07%和83.40%,药后45 d对总草的鲜重防效达到90.72%;在药剂种类及剂量相同的条件下,植保无人机飞防处理对小麦田杂草的防效明显高于人工喷雾处理。