Controllable combustion behaviors of the laser-controlled solid propellant

Microsatellites have been widely applied in the fields of communication,remote sensing,navigation and science exploration due to its characteristics of low cost,flexible launch mode and short development period.However,conventional solid-propellant have difficulties in starting and interrupting combustion because combustion is autonomously sustained after ignition Herein,we proposed a new type of solid-propellant named laser-controlled solid propellant,which is sensitive to laser irradiation and can be started or interrupted by switching on/off the continuous wave laser.To demonstrate the feasibility and investigate the controllable combustion behaviors under different laser on/off conditions,the combus tion parameters including burning rate,ignition delay time and platform pressure were tested using pressure sensor,high-speed camera and thermographic camera.The results showed that the increase of laser-on or laser-off duration both will lead to the decrease of propellant combustion performance during re-ignition and re-combustion process.This is mainly attributed to the laser attenuation caused by the accumulation of combustion residue and the change of chamber ambient temperature.Simultaneously the multiple ignition tests revealed that the increased chamber ambient temperature after combustion can make up for the energy loss of laser attenuation and expansion of chamber cavity.However,the laser-controlled combustion performance of solid propellant displayed a decrease trend with the addi-tion of ignition times.Nevertheless,the results still exchibited good laser-controlled agility of laser-controlled solid propellant and manifested its inspiring potential in many aspects of space missions.

Simulation on an optimal combustion control strategy for 3-D temperature distributions in tangentially pc-fired utility boiler furnaces

The control of 3-D temperature distribution in a utility boiler furnace is essential for the safe, economic and clean operation of pc-fired furnace with multi-burner system. The development of the visualization of 3-D temperature distributions in pc-fired furnaces makes it possible for a new combustion control strategy directly with the furnace temperature as its goal to improve the control quality for the combustion processes. Studied in this paper is such a new strategy that the whole furnace is divided into several parts in the vertical direction, and the average temperature and its bias from the center in every cross section can be extracted from the visualization results of the 3-D temperature distributions. In the simulation stage, a computational fluid dynamics(CFD) code served to calculate the 3-D temperature distributions in a furnace, then a linear model was set up to relate the features of the temperature distributions with the input of the combustion processes, such as the flow rates of fuel and air fed into the furnaces through all the burners. The adaptive genetic algorithm was adopted to find the optimal combination of the whole input parameters which ensure to form an optimal 3-D temperature field in the furnace desired for the operation of boiler. Simulation results showed that the strategy could soon find the factors making the temperature distribution apart from the optimal state and give correct adjusting suggestions.

Application and practice of regenerative combustion technology on radiant-tube furnace

High Temperature Air Combustion(HTAC) based on regenerative theory has been used in developed countries in recent years,it has many advantages such as efficient recovery of waste heat,high temperature preheating air,low pollution discharge,and so on.This Technology can be used in various furnaces in mechanical,petroleum,chemical industry.To rebuild traditional radiant-tube combustion system with HTAC technology has become important.In the transformation process,The biggest difficulty encountered is that the stability of burner combustion and control system. Because the exhaust gas heat is absorbed by the regenerator,exhaust gas discharge can be controlled at a very low temperature to realize maximum waste heat recovery.At the same time,it improves the temperature uniformity and improve the heating intensity.Thermal efficiency of the device can reach more than 80%.And compared to the traditional air preheating,21.55%energy can be saved. Revamping on traditional radiant-tube combustion system is technically feasible,but a lot of problems will be involved since the rebuild work is on the old system,this article discusses on the main problem encountered in rebuild process in site. to optimize temperature control and obtain not so high exhaust gas temperature,digital combustion control system is necessary.This control loop consists of big loop and small loop,Big loop controls the load distribution of all burners in each heating zone.Small loop controls each heating zone burner's burning time. Compared performance of tradition radiant-tube heater with regenerative radiant-tube heater,result that regenerative radiant-tube heater have many advantage in consume fuel.Accordance with experience of replacing tradition radiant-tube heater with regenerative type,give a proposition in combustion control system, pilot burner,flame detection and prevent trouble to rebuild work of CAPL and CGL. It is recommended to use regenerative combustion technology in new annealing Line.Although the investment is 1/3 much more than the traditional combustion system,the energy saving effect is obvious and operating costs decreases.Revamping can be taken step by step according to different heating zones.Although taking a long time,it is safer and it influences the production less. Regenerative combustion burner revamping has become successful.However,the revamping work on different furnaces,particular on continuous annealing furnace with high request for temperature control,need further exploration and research.

The application of the regenerative combustion technology to a radiant-tube furnace and its practice

This study compares the regenerative radiant-tube heater with the traditional radiant-tube heater, showing the regenerative radiant-tube heaters have many advantages in fuel consumption. Based on the experience of changing a heating system with traditional radiant-tube burners to a heating system with regenerative combustion, propositions are given for the combustion control system, pilot burner, flame detection and for trouble prevention in rebuilding the continuous annealing production line（CAPL） and the continuous galvanizing line（CGL）.

INVESTIGATION IN REDUCING EXHAUST EMISSIONS FROM TWO STROKE MOTORCYCLES

Test results of reducing two stroke motorcycle emissions with new type carburettors and electronic fuel injection systems are presented. Analyses and comparison between different systems are discussed. The adoption of electronically controlled injection and corresponding electronic control technique is an effective measure of prolonged vitality to improve emissions from two stroke motorcycles. Suggestions about the strategic steps of China′s motorcycle emission control are proposed.

A Numerical Investigation on the Effects of Intake Swirl and Mixture Stratification on Combustion Characteristics in a Natural-Gas/Diesel Dual-Fuel Marine Engine

Natural gas/diesel dual-fuel combustion strategy has a great potential to reduce emissions for marine engines while the high fuel consumption is the major problem.Pre-chamber system is commonly employed as the ignition system on large-bore dual-fuel marine engines especially under lean-burn condition,due to its advanced ignition stability and engine efficiency.However,the ignition and combustion mechanism in such dual-fuel pre-chamber engine is still unclear and the effects of in-cylinder swirl flow and mixture stratification on combustion require further investigation specifically.This paper numerically studied the detailed ignition mechanism and combustion process in a marine engine equipped with a pre-chamber ignition system,and revealed the flame development process in main chamber.Moreover,the effects of mixture stratification and swirl ratio on the combustion rate and further engine thermal efficiency are investigated under decoupled condition.The results mainly show that the jet flame develops along the pre-chamber orifice centerline at the initial stage and premixed combustion play an important role,while after that,heat release zone only exist at flame surface,and premixed flame propagation controls the combustion process.In addition,with higher swirl ratio the combustion rate increases significantly due to the wider ignition area.Mixture stratification degree plays a role in accelerating the combustion,either too high or too low stratification degree reduce the combustion rate,while a moderate stratification increases the combustion rate.And appropriate stratification degree by verifying the gas injection parameters can reduce fuel consumption in 0.3%.

Analysis on Frequent Flameout of HG-1025/18.2-YM6 Boiler

Based on reason analyses for frequent flameout of HG-1025/18.2-YM6 boiler in a given power plant after coal quality variation, major factors such as unreasonable burner structure and inappropriate secondary air distribution were discussed in detail. A new mode of secondary air distribution was introduced to optimize the combustion performance, and a lower burner was retrofitted by increasing the relative distance between the primary air fuel rich-lean nozzles and reducing the size of waist air nozzles as well. As a result, the recirculating zone became more stable and the burner's combustion stability was improved.Practical operation shows that the modifications are so effective that the flameout problems caused by instable combustion never occur in operation.

Two-degree-of-freedom H-infinity control of combustion in diesel engine using a discrete dynamics model

This paper proposes an H-infinity combustion control method for diesel engines. The plant model is the discrete dynamics model developed by Yasuda et al., which is implementable on a real engine control unit. We introduce a two-degree-of-freedom control scheme with a feedback controller and a feedforward controller. This scheme achieves both good feedback properties, such as disturbance suppression and robust stability, and a good transient response. The feedforward controller is designed by taking the inverse of the static plant model, and the feedback controller is designed by the H-infinity control method, which reduces the effect of the trubocharger lag. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated in simulations using the nonlinear discrete dynamics model.

Reduction of Transient Engine-Out NO_(x)-Emissions by Advanced Digital Combustion Rate Shaping

Modern diesel passenger cars already fulfill high demands regarding the reduction in NOx emissions through complex exhaust aftertreatment systems.With the consideration of real driving emissions,the reduction in NOx emissions in high transient engine operation becomes even more challenging.Apart from increasing the complexity of exhaust aftertreatment systems,internal engine measures play a major role.The approach to reducing NOx emissions described in this paper uses the precise control of the combustion.For this purpose,the method of digital combustion rate shaping control is applied,which allows the realization of a predefined combustion by automatically adapting the injection profile during operation.Within this work,this controller is extended in order to control the predefined combustion trace based on target NOx values.First,the working principal of the state-of-the-art digital combusting rate shaping controller is explained.In the next step,the design and strategy of the extended control approach are explained and validated.Finally,its potential to reduce engine-out NOx emissions during transient driving situations is evaluated based on simulations of the WLTC.It is shown that the control concept fulfills the requirements and is able to effectively reduce high NOx peaks during transient operation.

Simplified procedure for controlling pressure distribution of a scramjet combustor

Scramjet engines are used at extreme temperatures and velocity. New control problems involving distributed parameter control have been found concerning investigations of the control of scramjet engines whose physical states are spatially interacted. Succeeding the existing theoretical studies on the distributed parameter control for scramjet engines, this paper puts forward a simplified distributed parameter control approach for scramjet engines aimed at engineering application. The simplified control procedure uses the classical proportional-integral（PI） compensation to control the target pressure distribution of scramjet engines, which is effective and applicable for practical implements. Simulation results show the validation of the simplified distributed parameter control procedure.

Swirl diffusion flame control by the plasma swirler

In this paper, the design of plasma swirler is presented in detail. The experiments were carded out to verify the feasibility of using plasma swirler to control diffusion flame. The plasma swider consists of multiple electrodes with staggered arrangement on both sides of combustor＇s expansion section. The plasma swirler can enhance combustion stability through ionizing the air to produce active free radical and promoting the swirling air. In the experiments, the flame response to the plasma swider was examined with OH distribution by planar laser induced fluorescence （PLIF）. The experimental results showed that the flame reaction zone was broadened with the increase of the plasma exciting, and this demonstrated that the plasma swirler could be used to control diffusion flame. The design of plasma swirler is feasible.