We propose a bidirectional quantum secure direct communication(QSDC) network protocol with the hyperentanglment in both the spatial-mode ad the polarization degrees of freedom of photon pairs which can in principle be...We propose a bidirectional quantum secure direct communication(QSDC) network protocol with the hyperentanglment in both the spatial-mode ad the polarization degrees of freedom of photon pairs which can in principle be produced with a beta barium borate crystal.The secret message can be encoded on the photon pairs with unitary operations in these two degrees of freedom independently.Compared with other QSDC network protocols,our QSDC network protocol has a higher capacity as each photon pair can carry 4 bits of information.Also,we discuss the security of our QSDC network protocol and its feasibility with current techniques.展开更多
The controlled quantum secure direct communication(CQSDC)with authentication protocol based on four particle cluster states via quantum one-time pad and local unitary operations is cryptanalyzed.It is found that there...The controlled quantum secure direct communication(CQSDC)with authentication protocol based on four particle cluster states via quantum one-time pad and local unitary operations is cryptanalyzed.It is found that there are some serious security issues in this protocol.An eavesdropper(Eve)can eavesdrop on some information of the identity strings of the receiver and the controller without being detected by the selective-CNOT-operation(SCNO)attack.By the same attack,Eve can also steal some information of the secret message that the sender transmits.In addition,the receiver can take the same kind of attack to eavesdrop on some information of the secret message out of the control of the controller.This means that the requirements of CQSDC are not satisfied.At last,we improve the original CQSDC protocol to a secure one.展开更多
Recently Xia and Song [Phys. Lett. A 364 (2007) 117] have proposed a controlled quantum secure direct communication (CQSDC) protocol. They claimed that in their protocol only with the help of the controller Charli...Recently Xia and Song [Phys. Lett. A 364 (2007) 117] have proposed a controlled quantum secure direct communication (CQSDC) protocol. They claimed that in their protocol only with the help of the controller Charlie, the receiver Alice can successfully extract the secret message from the sender Bob. In this letter, first we will show that within their protocol the controller Charlie's role could have been excluded if it were not for their unreasonable design. We then revise the Xia-Song CQSDC protocol such that its original advantages are reta/ned and the CQSDC can be really realized.展开更多
This paper presents a scheme for quantum secure direct communication with quantum encryption. The two authorized users use repeatedly a sequence of the pure entangled pairs (quantum key) shared for encrypting and de...This paper presents a scheme for quantum secure direct communication with quantum encryption. The two authorized users use repeatedly a sequence of the pure entangled pairs (quantum key) shared for encrypting and decrypting the secret message carried by the travelling photons directly. For checking eavesdropping, the two parties perform the single-photon measurements on some decoy particles before each round. This scheme has the advantage that the pure entangled quantum signal source is feasible at present and any eavesdropper cannot steal the message.展开更多
We propose a two-step quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocol with hyperentanglement in both the spatial-mode and the polarization degrees of freedom of photon pairs which can in principle be produced wi...We propose a two-step quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocol with hyperentanglement in both the spatial-mode and the polarization degrees of freedom of photon pairs which can in principle be produced with a beta barium borate crystal. The secret message can be encoded on the photon pairs with unitary operations in these two degrees of freedom independently. This QSDC protocol has a higher capacity than the original two-step QSDC protocol as each photon pair can carry 4 bits of information. Compared with the QSDC protocol based on hyperdense coding, this QSDC protocol has the immunity to Trojan horse attack strategies with the process for determining the number of the photons in each quantum signal as it is a one-way quantum communication protocol.展开更多
We present two novel quantum secure direct communication(QSDC) protocols over different collective-noise channels.Different from the previous QSDC schemes over collective-noise channels,which are all source-encrypti...We present two novel quantum secure direct communication(QSDC) protocols over different collective-noise channels.Different from the previous QSDC schemes over collective-noise channels,which are all source-encrypting protocols,our two protocols are based on channel-encryption.In both schemes,two authorized users first share a sequence of EPR pairs as their reusable quantum key.Then they use their quantum key to encrypt and decrypt the secret message carried by the decoherence-free states over the collective-noise channel.In theory,the intrinsic efficiencies of both protocols are high since there is no need to consume any entangled states including both the quantum key and the information carriers except the ones used for eavesdropping checks.For checking eavesdropping,the two parties only need to perform two-particle measurements on the decoy states during each round.Finally,we make a security analysis of our two protocols and demonstrate that they are secure.展开更多
In this paper a scheme for quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) network is proposed with a sequence of polarized single photons. The single photons are prepared originally in the same state (0) by the server...In this paper a scheme for quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) network is proposed with a sequence of polarized single photons. The single photons are prepared originally in the same state (0) by the servers on the network, which will reduce the difficulty for the legitimate users to check eavesdropping largely. The users code the information on the single photons with two unitary operations which do not change their measuring bases. Some decoy photons, which are produced by operating the sample photons with a Hadamard, are used for preventing a potentially dishonest server from eavesdropping the quantum lines freely. This scheme is an economical one as it is the easiest way for QSDC network communication securely.展开更多
In this paper an efficient quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) scheme with authentication is presented, which is based on quantum entanglement and polarized single photons. The present protocol uses Einstein-...In this paper an efficient quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) scheme with authentication is presented, which is based on quantum entanglement and polarized single photons. The present protocol uses Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs and polarized single photons in batches. A particle of the EPR pairs is retained in the sender's station, and the other is transmitted forth and back between the sender and the receiver, similar to the‘ping-pong' QSDC protocol. According to the shared information beforehand, these two kinds of quantum states are mixed and then transmitted via a quantum channel. The EPR pairs are used to transmit secret messages and the polarized single photons used for authentication and eavesdropping check. Consequently, because of the dual contributions of the polarized single photons, no classical information is needed. The intrinsic efficiency and total efficiency are both 1 in this scheme as almost all of the instances are useful and each EPR pair can be used to carry two bits of information.展开更多
We propose two schemes for realizing quantum secure direct communication (QSDC)by using a set ofordered two-photon three-dimensional hyperentangled states entangled in two degrees of freedom (DOFs)as quantuminformatio...We propose two schemes for realizing quantum secure direct communication (QSDC)by using a set ofordered two-photon three-dimensional hyperentangled states entangled in two degrees of freedom (DOFs)as quantuminformation channels.In the first scheme,the photons from Bob to Alice are transmitted only once.After insuring thesecurity of the quantum channels,Bob encodes the secret message on his photons.Then Alice performs single-photontwo-DOF Bell bases measurements on her photons.This scheme has better security than former QSDC protocols.In thesecond scheme,Bob transmits photons to Alice twice.After insuring the security of the quantum channels,Bob encodesthe secret message on his photons.Then Alice performs two-photon Bell bases measurements on each DOF.The schemehas more information capacity than former QSDC protocols.展开更多
In this paper,we first re-examine the previous protocol of controlled quantum secure direct communication of Zhang et al.’s scheme,which was found insecure under two kinds of attacks,fake entangled particles attack a...In this paper,we first re-examine the previous protocol of controlled quantum secure direct communication of Zhang et al.’s scheme,which was found insecure under two kinds of attacks,fake entangled particles attack and disentanglement attack.Then,by changing the party of the preparation of cluster states and using unitary operations,we present an improved protocol which can avoid these two kinds of attacks.Moreover,the protocol is proposed using the three-qubit partially entangled set of states.It is more efficient by only using three particles rather than four or even more to transmit one bit secret information.Given our using state is much easier to prepare for multiqubit states and our protocol needs less measurement resource,it makes this protocol more convenient from an applied point of view.展开更多
An improvement (Y-protocol) [Commun. Theor. Phys. 49 (2008) 103] on the quantum secure direct communication with W state (C-protocol) [Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 (2006) 290] is proposed by Yuan et al. The quantum bi...An improvement (Y-protocol) [Commun. Theor. Phys. 49 (2008) 103] on the quantum secure direct communication with W state (C-protocol) [Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 (2006) 290] is proposed by Yuan et al. The quantum bit error rate induced by eavesdropper is 4.17% in C-protocol and 6.25% in Y-protocoL In this paper, another improvement on C-protocol is given. The quantum bit error rate of the eavesdropping will increase to 8.75%, which is 1.1 times larger than that in C-protocol and 0.4 times larger than that in Y-protocol.展开更多
I present a new protocol for three-party quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) with a set of ordered M Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. In the scheme, by performing two unitary operations and Bell state m...I present a new protocol for three-party quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) with a set of ordered M Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. In the scheme, by performing two unitary operations and Bell state measurements, it is shown that the three legitimate parties can exchange their respective secret message simultaneously. Then I modify it for an experimentally feasible and secure quantum sealed-bid auction (QSBD) protocol. Furthermore, I also analyze th^ecurity of the protocol, and the scheme is proven to be secure against the intercept-and-resend attack, the disturbancb attack and the entangled-and-measure attack.展开更多
Security of the quantum secure direct communication protocol (i.e., the C-S QSDC protocol) recently proposed by Cao and Song [Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 (2006) 290] is analyzed in the case of considerable quantum channe...Security of the quantum secure direct communication protocol (i.e., the C-S QSDC protocol) recently proposed by Cao and Song [Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 (2006) 290] is analyzed in the case of considerable quantum channel noise. The eavesdropping scheme is presented, which reveals that the C-S QSDC protocol is not secure if the quantum bit error rate (QBER) caused by quantum channel noise is higher than 4.17%. Our eavesdropping scheme induces about 4.17% QBER for those check qubits. However, such QBER can be hidden in the counterpart induced by the noisy quantum channel if the eavesdropper Eve replaces the original noisy channel by an ideal one. Furthermore, if the QBER induced by quantum channel noise is lower than 4.17%, then in the eavesdropping scheme Eve still can eavesdrop part of the secret messages by safely attacking a fraction of the transmitted qubits. Finally, an improvement on the C-S QSDC protocol is put forward.展开更多
We propose two schemes for quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) and deterministic securequantum communication (DSQC) over collective dephasing noisy channel.In our schemes,four special two-qubit statesare used a...We propose two schemes for quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) and deterministic securequantum communication (DSQC) over collective dephasing noisy channel.In our schemes,four special two-qubit statesare used as the quantum channel.Since these states are unchanged through the collective dephasing noisy channel,the effect of the channel noise can be perfectly overcome.Simultaneously,the security against some usual attacks canbe ensured by utilizing the various checking procedures.Furthermore,these two schemes are feasible with present-daytechnique.展开更多
The one-step quantum secure direct communication(QSDC)(Sci.Bull.67,367(2022))can effectively simplify QSDC’s operation and reduce message loss.For enhancing its security under practical experimental condition,we prop...The one-step quantum secure direct communication(QSDC)(Sci.Bull.67,367(2022))can effectively simplify QSDC’s operation and reduce message loss.For enhancing its security under practical experimental condition,we propose two measurement-device-independent(MDI)one-step QSDC protocols,which can resist all possible attacks from imperfect measurement devices.In both protocols,the communication parties prepare identical polarization-spatial-mode two-photon hyperentangled states and construct the hyperentanglement channel by hyperentanglement swapping.The first MDI one-step QSDC protocol adopts the nonlinear-optical complete hyperentanglement Bell state measurement(HBSM)to construct the hyperentanglement channel,while the second protocol adopts the linear-optical partial HBSM.Then,the parties encode the photons in the polarization degree of freedom and send them to the third party for the hyperentanglementassisted complete polarization Bell state measurement.Both protocols are unconditionally secure in theory.The simulation results show the MDI one-step QSDC protocol with complete HBSM attains the maximal communication distance of about354 km.Our MDI one-step QSDC protocols may have potential applications in the future quantum secure communication field.展开更多
We present a scheme for quantum secure direct communication,in which the message is encoded bylocal unitary operations,transmitted through entangled photons,and deduced from both the sender and receiver's localmea...We present a scheme for quantum secure direct communication,in which the message is encoded bylocal unitary operations,transmitted through entangled photons,and deduced from both the sender and receiver's localmeasurement results.In such a scheme,only one pair of entangled photons is consumed,and there is no need to transmitthe sender's qubit carrying the secret message in a public channel,in order to transmit two-bit classical information.展开更多
An improved quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocol is proposed in this paper. Blocks of entangled photon pairs are transmitted in two steps in which secret messages are transmitted directly. The single ...An improved quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocol is proposed in this paper. Blocks of entangled photon pairs are transmitted in two steps in which secret messages are transmitted directly. The single logical qubits and unitary operations under decoherence free subspaces are presented and the generalized Bell states are constructed which are immune to the collective noise. Two steps of qubit transmission are used in this protocol to guarantee the security of communication. The security of the protocol against various attacks are discussed.展开更多
In this paper we propose two quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocols with authentication.The authentication key expansion method is introduced to improve the life of the keys with security.In the first sc...In this paper we propose two quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocols with authentication.The authentication key expansion method is introduced to improve the life of the keys with security.In the first scheme,the third party, called Trent is introduced to authenticate the users that participate in the communication.He sends thepolarized photons in blocks to authenticate communication parties Alice and Bob using the authentication keys.In thecommunication process, polarized single photons are used to serve as the carriers, which transmit the secret messagesdirectly.The second QSDC process with authentication between two parties is also discussed.展开更多
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is an important branch of quantum cryptography. It can transmit secret information directly without establishing a key first, unlike quantum key distribution which requires...Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is an important branch of quantum cryptography. It can transmit secret information directly without establishing a key first, unlike quantum key distribution which requires this precursory event. Here we propose a QSDC scheme by applying the frequency coding technique to the two-step QSDC protocol, which enables the two-step QSDC protocol to work in a noisy environment. We have numerically simulated the performance of the protocol in a noisy channel, and the results show that the scheme is indeed robust against channel noise and loss. We also give an estimate of the channel noise upper bound.展开更多
By using six-qubit decoherence-free (DF) states as quantum carriers and decoy states, a robust quantum secure direct communication and authentication (QSDCA) protocol against decoherence noise is proposed. Four si...By using six-qubit decoherence-free (DF) states as quantum carriers and decoy states, a robust quantum secure direct communication and authentication (QSDCA) protocol against decoherence noise is proposed. Four six-qubit DF states are used in the process of secret transmission, however only the |0'〉 state is prepared. The other three six-qubit DF states can be obtained by permuting the outputs of the setup for |0'〉. By using the |0'〉 state as the decoy state, the detection rate and the qubit error rate reach 81.3%, and they will not change with the noise level. The stability and security are much higher than those of the ping-pong protocol both in an ideal scenario and a decoherence noise scenario. Even if the eavesdropper measures several qubits, exploiting the coherent relationship between these qubits, she can gain one bit of secret information with probability 0.042.展开更多
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Provincial Universities under Grant No.10KJB180004the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.11105075
文摘We propose a bidirectional quantum secure direct communication(QSDC) network protocol with the hyperentanglment in both the spatial-mode ad the polarization degrees of freedom of photon pairs which can in principle be produced with a beta barium borate crystal.The secret message can be encoded on the photon pairs with unitary operations in these two degrees of freedom independently.Compared with other QSDC network protocols,our QSDC network protocol has a higher capacity as each photon pair can carry 4 bits of information.Also,we discuss the security of our QSDC network protocol and its feasibility with current techniques.
基金This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61502101)the Six Talent Peaks Project of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.XYDXX-003)+1 种基金Scientific Research Foundation of the science and Technology Department of Fujian Province(Grant No.JK2015023)Shangda Li Education Foundation of Jimei University(Grant No.ZC2013010).
文摘The controlled quantum secure direct communication(CQSDC)with authentication protocol based on four particle cluster states via quantum one-time pad and local unitary operations is cryptanalyzed.It is found that there are some serious security issues in this protocol.An eavesdropper(Eve)can eavesdrop on some information of the identity strings of the receiver and the controller without being detected by the selective-CNOT-operation(SCNO)attack.By the same attack,Eve can also steal some information of the secret message that the sender transmits.In addition,the receiver can take the same kind of attack to eavesdrop on some information of the secret message out of the control of the controller.This means that the requirements of CQSDC are not satisfied.At last,we improve the original CQSDC protocol to a secure one.
基金The project supported by the Program of New Century Excellent Talents at the University of China under Grant No.NCET-06-0554National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.60677001 and 10747146+3 种基金the Science-Technology Fund of Anhui Province for Outstanding Youth under Grant No.06042087the Key Fund of the Ministry of Education of China under Grant No.206063the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province under Grant Nos.06300345 and 7007806the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province under Grant No.2006ABA354
文摘Recently Xia and Song [Phys. Lett. A 364 (2007) 117] have proposed a controlled quantum secure direct communication (CQSDC) protocol. They claimed that in their protocol only with the help of the controller Charlie, the receiver Alice can successfully extract the secret message from the sender Bob. In this letter, first we will show that within their protocol the controller Charlie's role could have been excluded if it were not for their unreasonable design. We then revise the Xia-Song CQSDC protocol such that its original advantages are reta/ned and the CQSDC can be really realized.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos 10604008 and 10435020) and the Beijing Education Committee (Grant No XK100270454).
文摘This paper presents a scheme for quantum secure direct communication with quantum encryption. The two authorized users use repeatedly a sequence of the pure entangled pairs (quantum key) shared for encrypting and decrypting the secret message carried by the travelling photons directly. For checking eavesdropping, the two parties perform the single-photon measurements on some decoy particles before each round. This scheme has the advantage that the pure entangled quantum signal source is feasible at present and any eavesdropper cannot steal the message.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Provincial Universities, China (Grant No. 10KJB180004)
文摘We propose a two-step quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocol with hyperentanglement in both the spatial-mode and the polarization degrees of freedom of photon pairs which can in principle be produced with a beta barium borate crystal. The secret message can be encoded on the photon pairs with unitary operations in these two degrees of freedom independently. This QSDC protocol has a higher capacity than the original two-step QSDC protocol as each photon pair can carry 4 bits of information. Compared with the QSDC protocol based on hyperdense coding, this QSDC protocol has the immunity to Trojan horse attack strategies with the process for determining the number of the photons in each quantum signal as it is a one-way quantum communication protocol.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61170270,61100203,60903152,61003286,and61121061)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (Grant No. NCET-10-0260)+3 种基金the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (Grant No. 20090005110010)the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing (Grant Nos. 4112040 and 4122054)the Foundation of Science and Technology on Communication Security Laboratory (Grant No. 9140C110101110 C1104)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant Nos. BUPT2011YB01,BUPT2011RC0505,2011PTB-00-29,and 2011RCZJ15)
文摘We present two novel quantum secure direct communication(QSDC) protocols over different collective-noise channels.Different from the previous QSDC schemes over collective-noise channels,which are all source-encrypting protocols,our two protocols are based on channel-encryption.In both schemes,two authorized users first share a sequence of EPR pairs as their reusable quantum key.Then they use their quantum key to encrypt and decrypt the secret message carried by the decoherence-free states over the collective-noise channel.In theory,the intrinsic efficiencies of both protocols are high since there is no need to consume any entangled states including both the quantum key and the information carriers except the ones used for eavesdropping checks.For checking eavesdropping,the two parties only need to perform two-particle measurements on the decoy states during each round.Finally,we make a security analysis of our two protocols and demonstrate that they are secure.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos 10604008 and 10435020) and the Beijing Education Committee (Grant No XK100270454).
文摘In this paper a scheme for quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) network is proposed with a sequence of polarized single photons. The single photons are prepared originally in the same state (0) by the servers on the network, which will reduce the difficulty for the legitimate users to check eavesdropping largely. The users code the information on the single photons with two unitary operations which do not change their measuring bases. Some decoy photons, which are produced by operating the sample photons with a Hadamard, are used for preventing a potentially dishonest server from eavesdropping the quantum lines freely. This scheme is an economical one as it is the easiest way for QSDC network communication securely.
基金Project supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No 2006AA01Z419), the Major Research plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 90604023), National Laboratory for Moderm Communications Science Foundation of China (Grant No 9140C1101010601) and the 0pen Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Information Security (Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences).
文摘In this paper an efficient quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) scheme with authentication is presented, which is based on quantum entanglement and polarized single photons. The present protocol uses Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs and polarized single photons in batches. A particle of the EPR pairs is retained in the sender's station, and the other is transmitted forth and back between the sender and the receiver, similar to the‘ping-pong' QSDC protocol. According to the shared information beforehand, these two kinds of quantum states are mixed and then transmitted via a quantum channel. The EPR pairs are used to transmit secret messages and the polarized single photons used for authentication and eavesdropping check. Consequently, because of the dual contributions of the polarized single photons, no classical information is needed. The intrinsic efficiency and total efficiency are both 1 in this scheme as almost all of the instances are useful and each EPR pair can be used to carry two bits of information.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundations of China under Grant Nos. 10904066 and 11004096the State Key Program for Basic Research of China under Grant No. 2011CBA00205
文摘We propose two schemes for realizing quantum secure direct communication (QSDC)by using a set ofordered two-photon three-dimensional hyperentangled states entangled in two degrees of freedom (DOFs)as quantuminformation channels.In the first scheme,the photons from Bob to Alice are transmitted only once.After insuring thesecurity of the quantum channels,Bob encodes the secret message on his photons.Then Alice performs single-photontwo-DOF Bell bases measurements on her photons.This scheme has better security than former QSDC protocols.In thesecond scheme,Bob transmits photons to Alice twice.After insuring the security of the quantum channels,Bob encodesthe secret message on his photons.Then Alice performs two-photon Bell bases measurements on each DOF.The schemehas more information capacity than former QSDC protocols.
基金Project supported by NSFC(Grant Nos.61671087,61272514,61170272,61003287,61571335,61628209)the Fok Ying Tong Education Foundation(Grant No.131067)+2 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China under Grant 2017YFB0802300the Open Foundation of Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Big Data(2018BDKFJJ016)Hubei Science Foundation(2016CFA030,2017AAA125)。
文摘In this paper,we first re-examine the previous protocol of controlled quantum secure direct communication of Zhang et al.’s scheme,which was found insecure under two kinds of attacks,fake entangled particles attack and disentanglement attack.Then,by changing the party of the preparation of cluster states and using unitary operations,we present an improved protocol which can avoid these two kinds of attacks.Moreover,the protocol is proposed using the three-qubit partially entangled set of states.It is more efficient by only using three particles rather than four or even more to transmit one bit secret information.Given our using state is much easier to prepare for multiqubit states and our protocol needs less measurement resource,it makes this protocol more convenient from an applied point of view.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.10704011the Research Programs of the Educational Office of Liaoning Province of China under Grant No.2008006
文摘An improvement (Y-protocol) [Commun. Theor. Phys. 49 (2008) 103] on the quantum secure direct communication with W state (C-protocol) [Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 (2006) 290] is proposed by Yuan et al. The quantum bit error rate induced by eavesdropper is 4.17% in C-protocol and 6.25% in Y-protocoL In this paper, another improvement on C-protocol is given. The quantum bit error rate of the eavesdropping will increase to 8.75%, which is 1.1 times larger than that in C-protocol and 0.4 times larger than that in Y-protocol.
基金Supported by the 211 Project of Anhui University under Grant No.2009QN028B
文摘I present a new protocol for three-party quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) with a set of ordered M Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. In the scheme, by performing two unitary operations and Bell state measurements, it is shown that the three legitimate parties can exchange their respective secret message simultaneously. Then I modify it for an experimentally feasible and secure quantum sealed-bid auction (QSBD) protocol. Furthermore, I also analyze th^ecurity of the protocol, and the scheme is proven to be secure against the intercept-and-resend attack, the disturbancb attack and the entangled-and-measure attack.
基金The project supported by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents at the University of China under Grant No.NCET-06-0554the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.60677001+3 种基金the Science Technology Fund of Anhui Province for Outstanding Youth under Grant No.06042087the Key Fund of the Ministry of Education of China under Grant No.206063the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province under Grant Nos.06300345 and 7007806Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province under Grant No.2006ABA354
文摘Security of the quantum secure direct communication protocol (i.e., the C-S QSDC protocol) recently proposed by Cao and Song [Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 (2006) 290] is analyzed in the case of considerable quantum channel noise. The eavesdropping scheme is presented, which reveals that the C-S QSDC protocol is not secure if the quantum bit error rate (QBER) caused by quantum channel noise is higher than 4.17%. Our eavesdropping scheme induces about 4.17% QBER for those check qubits. However, such QBER can be hidden in the counterpart induced by the noisy quantum channel if the eavesdropper Eve replaces the original noisy channel by an ideal one. Furthermore, if the QBER induced by quantum channel noise is lower than 4.17%, then in the eavesdropping scheme Eve still can eavesdrop part of the secret messages by safely attacking a fraction of the transmitted qubits. Finally, an improvement on the C-S QSDC protocol is put forward.
文摘We propose two schemes for quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) and deterministic securequantum communication (DSQC) over collective dephasing noisy channel.In our schemes,four special two-qubit statesare used as the quantum channel.Since these states are unchanged through the collective dephasing noisy channel,the effect of the channel noise can be perfectly overcome.Simultaneously,the security against some usual attacks canbe ensured by utilizing the various checking procedures.Furthermore,these two schemes are feasible with present-daytechnique.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11974189 and 12175106)the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(Grant No.20KJB140001)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province,China(Grand No.KYCX22-0963)
文摘The one-step quantum secure direct communication(QSDC)(Sci.Bull.67,367(2022))can effectively simplify QSDC’s operation and reduce message loss.For enhancing its security under practical experimental condition,we propose two measurement-device-independent(MDI)one-step QSDC protocols,which can resist all possible attacks from imperfect measurement devices.In both protocols,the communication parties prepare identical polarization-spatial-mode two-photon hyperentangled states and construct the hyperentanglement channel by hyperentanglement swapping.The first MDI one-step QSDC protocol adopts the nonlinear-optical complete hyperentanglement Bell state measurement(HBSM)to construct the hyperentanglement channel,while the second protocol adopts the linear-optical partial HBSM.Then,the parties encode the photons in the polarization degree of freedom and send them to the third party for the hyperentanglementassisted complete polarization Bell state measurement.Both protocols are unconditionally secure in theory.The simulation results show the MDI one-step QSDC protocol with complete HBSM attains the maximal communication distance of about354 km.Our MDI one-step QSDC protocols may have potential applications in the future quantum secure communication field.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.10647133 and 10404010the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province of China under Grant No.0512007the Research Foundation of the Education Department of Jiangxi Province under Grant Nos.[2005]79 and [2007]22
文摘We present a scheme for quantum secure direct communication,in which the message is encoded bylocal unitary operations,transmitted through entangled photons,and deduced from both the sender and receiver's localmeasurement results.In such a scheme,only one pair of entangled photons is consumed,and there is no need to transmitthe sender's qubit carrying the secret message in a public channel,in order to transmit two-bit classical information.
基金Project supported by the National Fundamental Research Program (Grant No. 2010CB923202)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. BUPT2009RC0710)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 60937003 and 10947151)
文摘An improved quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocol is proposed in this paper. Blocks of entangled photon pairs are transmitted in two steps in which secret messages are transmitted directly. The single logical qubits and unitary operations under decoherence free subspaces are presented and the generalized Bell states are constructed which are immune to the collective noise. Two steps of qubit transmission are used in this protocol to guarantee the security of communication. The security of the protocol against various attacks are discussed.
基金Supported by the National Fundamental Research Program under Grant No.2010CB923202Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Education Ministry of China under Grant No.20090005120008+1 种基金 the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No.BUPT2009RC0710 China National Natural Science Foundation under Grant Nos.60871082,60937003 and 10947151
文摘In this paper we propose two quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocols with authentication.The authentication key expansion method is introduced to improve the life of the keys with security.In the first scheme,the third party, called Trent is introduced to authenticate the users that participate in the communication.He sends thepolarized photons in blocks to authenticate communication parties Alice and Bob using the authentication keys.In thecommunication process, polarized single photons are used to serve as the carriers, which transmit the secret messagesdirectly.The second QSDC process with authentication between two parties is also discussed.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11175094,91221205,and 11547035)the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2015CB921002)
文摘Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is an important branch of quantum cryptography. It can transmit secret information directly without establishing a key first, unlike quantum key distribution which requires this precursory event. Here we propose a QSDC scheme by applying the frequency coding technique to the two-step QSDC protocol, which enables the two-step QSDC protocol to work in a noisy environment. We have numerically simulated the performance of the protocol in a noisy channel, and the results show that the scheme is indeed robust against channel noise and loss. We also give an estimate of the channel noise upper bound.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61402058)the Science and Technology Support Project of Sichuan Province of China(Grant No.2013GZX0137)+1 种基金the Fund for Young Persons Project of Sichuan Province of China(Grant No.12ZB017)the Foundation of Cyberspace Security Key Laboratory of Sichuan Higher Education Institutions,China(Grant No.szjj2014-074)
文摘By using six-qubit decoherence-free (DF) states as quantum carriers and decoy states, a robust quantum secure direct communication and authentication (QSDCA) protocol against decoherence noise is proposed. Four six-qubit DF states are used in the process of secret transmission, however only the |0'〉 state is prepared. The other three six-qubit DF states can be obtained by permuting the outputs of the setup for |0'〉. By using the |0'〉 state as the decoy state, the detection rate and the qubit error rate reach 81.3%, and they will not change with the noise level. The stability and security are much higher than those of the ping-pong protocol both in an ideal scenario and a decoherence noise scenario. Even if the eavesdropper measures several qubits, exploiting the coherent relationship between these qubits, she can gain one bit of secret information with probability 0.042.