QTL Analysis of Grain Storage Durability for Maize Under Controlled Deterioration Conditions Using SSR Markers

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the quantitative trait loci （QTLs） of grain storage durability for maize under controlled deterioration conditions by using SSR markers. [Method] The recombinant inbred line population F 2 derived from the cross of shen 137/02-50 was used to do the simple sequence repeats （SSRs） and QTL analysis. [Result] The 2 parents showed good polymorphisms. Three loci were detected on chromosome 1, chromosome 6 and chromosome 9, accounting for 41.2% of total phenotypic. [Conclusion] This study provided theoretical basis for using molecular marker to assist the breeding of storage durable maize varieties.

Effect of Carbon Dioxide (CO_2) Controlled Atmosphere on Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity of Three Storage Pests in Chinese Medicinal Materials

[ Objective ] The paper was to study the effect of controlled atmosphere stress of carbon dioxide （ CO2 ） on Superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity of in- sect, so as to analyze the biological mechanism of the action of controlled atmosphere stress on insect. [ Method] Using nitrotetrazolium blue chloride （NBT） light reduction method, SOD activity of drugstore beetle （ Stegobium panlceum ）, cigarette beetle （ Lasioderma serricorne） and coffee bean beetle （Araecerus fasciculatus） was studied, and the stress response of the enzyme under controlled atmosphere stress of CO2 was analyzed. [ Result ] SOD activity of drugstore beetle, cigarette beetle and coffee bean beetle exposed to controlled atmosphere stress of high concentrations of CO2 for 3 and 6 h had certain degree of increase, and the activity sig- nificantly increased from 2.011±0.954,2.664±0.218 and 1.458±0.718 to 3. 135±0. 105,3.050±0.673 and 2.975±0.229 U/（per pest · 30 min） after treat- ment for 6 h. [ Conclusion] Controlled atmosphere stress of high concentrations of CO2 had certain activation effect on SOD activity of storage pest in Chinese me- dicinal material within the context of sub-lethal events. The results could enrich the insecticidal mechanism of controlled atmosphere and theoretical system of analy- sis on insect resistance to controlled atmosphere.

Sensitivity of Marine Controllable Source Electromagnetic Soundings for Identifying Plume Migration in Offshore CO_(2) Storage

Offshore carbon dioxide(CO_(2)) storage is an effective method for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, when using traditional seismic wave methods to monitor the migration of sequestration CO_(2) plumes, the characteristics of wave velocity changes tend to become insignificant beyond a certain limit. In contrast, the controllable source electromagnetic method(CSEM) remains highly sensitive to resistivity changes. By simulating different CO_(2) plume migration conditions, we established the relevant models and calculated the corresponding electric field response characteristic curves, allowing us to analyze the CSEM's ability to monitor CO_(2) plumes. We considered potential scenarios for the migration and diffusion of offshore CO_(2) storage, including various burial depths, vertical extension diffusion, lateral extension diffusion,multiple combinations of lateral intervals, and electric field components. We also obtained differences in resistivity inversion imaging obtained by CSEM to evaluate its feasibility in monitoring and to analyze all the electric field(Ex, Ey, and Ez) response characteristics. CSEM has great potential in monitoring CO_(2) plume migration in offshore saltwater reservoirs due to its high sensitivity and accuracy. Furthermore, changes in electromagnetic field response reflect the transport status of CO_(2) plumes, providing an important basis for monitoring and evaluating CO_(2)transport behavior during storage processes.

Adaptive linear active disturbance-rejection control strategy reduces the impulse current of compressed air energy storage connected to the grid

The merits of compressed air energy storage(CAES)include large power generation capacity,long service life,and environmental safety.When a CAES plant is switched to the grid-connected mode and participates in grid regulation,using the traditional control mode with low accuracy can result in excess grid-connected impulse current and junction voltage.This occurs because the CAES output voltage does not match the frequency,amplitude,and phase of the power grid voltage.Therefore,an adaptive linear active disturbance-rejection control(A-LADRC)strategy was proposed.Based on the LADRC strategy,which is more accurate than the traditional proportional integral controller,the proposed controller is enhanced to allow adaptive adjustment of bandwidth parameters,resulting in improved accuracy and response speed.The problem of large impulse current when CAES is switched to the grid-connected mode is addressed,and the frequency fluctuation is reduced.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in reducing the impact of CAES on the grid connection was verified using a hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform.The influence of the k value in the adaptive-adjustment formula on the A-LADRC was analyzed through simulation.The anti-interference performance of the control was verified by increasing and decreasing the load during the presynchronization process.

Multi-Time Scale Optimal Scheduling of a Photovoltaic Energy Storage Building System Based on Model Predictive Control

Building emission reduction is an important way to achieve China’s carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.Aiming at the problem of low carbon economic operation of a photovoltaic energy storage building system,a multi-time scale optimal scheduling strategy based on model predictive control(MPC)is proposed under the consideration of load optimization.First,load optimization is achieved by controlling the charging time of electric vehicles as well as adjusting the air conditioning operation temperature,and the photovoltaic energy storage building system model is constructed to propose a day-ahead scheduling strategy with the lowest daily operation cost.Second,considering inter-day to intra-day source-load prediction error,an intraday rolling optimal scheduling strategy based on MPC is proposed that dynamically corrects the day-ahead dispatch results to stabilize system power fluctuations and promote photovoltaic consumption.Finally,taking an office building on a summer work day as an example,the effectiveness of the proposed scheduling strategy is verified.The results of the example show that the strategy reduces the total operating cost of the photovoltaic energy storage building system by 17.11%,improves the carbon emission reduction by 7.99%,and the photovoltaic consumption rate reaches 98.57%,improving the system’s low-carbon and economic performance.

Microgrid Design Including Fuzzy Logic Controlled Storage System

Smart grid design and structures are somehow depending on the way of designing and operating Microgrids. In this research a unique design of microgrid is proposed as in medium tension isolated power distribution system contains diesel generation unit and photovoltaic generation. Storage system is a part of the control strategy to reduce the diesel usage and to maintain the balance between generation and demand which might be disturbed due to the presence of PV system. Fuzzy logic control scheme has been chosen compared with conventional controller to be the main controller for both the diesel unit and storage system. Promising result has been found by digital simulation using Matlab Simulink proving the possibility of reducing the dependency on fossil fueled generators and increase the utilization of renewable energy.

Safe Controlled Storage of SVBR-100 Spent Nuclear Fuel in the Extended-Range Future

Experience of operating reactor facilities (RF) with lead-bismuth coolant (LBC) has revealed that it is possible to perform safe refueling in short terms if the whole core is replaced and a kit of the special refueling equipment is used. However, comparing with RFs of nuclear submarines (NS), in which at the moment of performance of refueling the residual heat release is small, at RF SVBR-100 in a month after the reactor has been shut down, at the moment of performance of refueling the residual heat release is about 500 kW. Therefore, it is required to place the spent removable unit (SRU) with spent fuel subassemblies (SFSA) into the temporal storage tank (TST) filled with liquid LBC, in which the conditions for coolant natural circulation (NC) and heat removal via the tank vessel to the water cooling system are provided. After the residual heat release has been lowered to the level allowing transportation of the TST with SRU in the transporting-package container (TPC), it is proposed to consider a variant of TPCs transportation to the special site. On that site after the SRU has been reloaded into the long storage tank (LST) filled with quickly solidifying liquid lead, the TPCs can be stored during the necessary period. Thus, the controlled storage of LSTs is realized during several decades untill the time when SNF reprocessing and NFC closing are becoming economically expedient. On that storage, the four safety barriers are formed on the way of the release of radioactive products into the environment, namely: fuel matrix, fuel element cladding, solid lead and steel casing of the LST.

Effect of Controlled Atmosphere Storage(CAS)Technology of Flue-cured Tobacco Laminas on the Alcoholization Quality of Tobacco

To achieve the continuous maintainence of optimum quality state of flue- cured tobacco laminas and the effective regulation and control on alcoholization time for controlled atmosphere storage （CAS） method in the process of storage, the lam- ina samples of natural alcoholization for 1 year were selected. Comparable analysis on the appearance quality, chemical components and sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco laminas in the process of alcoholization was carried out by using the meth- ods of CAS and natural alcoholization. The results showed that appearance and color through the treatment of natural alcoholization were deep, browning and ac- companied by the phenomenon of oil, while color scale of flue-cured tobacco lami- nas through the treatment of CAS was uniform, fullness was better, and these two methods were close or identical after opening for 3 months. The contents of total sugar and reducing sugar during the process of alcoholization were also gradually decreased, but the ratio of reducing sugar to total sugar of laminas via CAS was higher than that of the natural alcoholization treatment. Compared with the natural alcoholization,the descending trends of total nitrogen and nicotine contents during CAS were gentler, the ratio via CAS was closer to 1, and the coordination of chemical components was more superior. During the period of alcoholization for 6 to 12 months, sensory quality of laminas via the natural alcoholization treatment was more superior than that of CAS treatment. However, after 18 months of alcoholiza- tion, sensory quality of laminas via the CAS treatment was more superior than that of the natural alcoholization treatment, and the CAS treatment could improve opti- mum sensory quality by 0.5 to 1.5 scores. Additionally, the CAS treatment could prolong the time of optimum alcoholization quality for 6 months, compared with the treatment of natural alcoholization. The CAS method could influence the alcohoJiza- tion quality of flue-cured tobacco laminas and prolong the retention period of opti- mum quality status for flue-cured tobacco laminas by regulating the environmental aas composition, thereby realizin.q quality control of flue-cured tobacco laminas.

Distributed Cooperative Control of Battery Energy Storage Systems in DC Microgrids

The control of battery energy storage systems(BESSs)plays an important role in the management of microgrids.In this paper,the problem of balancing the state-ofcharge(SoC)of the networked battery units in a BESS while meeting the total charging/discharging power requirement is formulated and solved as a distributed control problem.Conditions on the communication topology among the battery units are established under which a control law is designed for each battery unit to solve the control problem based on distributed average reference power estimators and distributed average unit state estimators.Two types of estimators are proposed.One achieves asymptotic estimation and the other achieves finite time estimation.We show that,under the proposed control laws,SoC balancing of all battery units is achieved and the total charging/discharging power of the BESS tracks the desired power.A simulation example is shown to verify the theoretical results.

A novel coordinated control strategy considering power smoothing for a hybrid photovoltaic/battery energy storage system

This work presents a novel coordinated control strategy of a hybrid photovoltaic/battery energy storage(PV/BES) system. Different controller operation modes are simulated considering normal, high fluctuation and emergency conditions. When the system is grid-connected, BES regulates the fluctuated power output which ensures smooth net injected power from the PV/BES system. In islanded operation, BES system is transferred to single master operation during which the frequency and voltage of the islanded microgrid are regulated at the desired level. PSCAD/EMTDC simulation validates the proposed method and obtained favorable results on power set-point tracking strategies with very small deviations of net output power compared to the power set-point. The state-of-charge regulation scheme also very effective with SOC has been regulated between 32% and 79% range.

Microscopic experiment on efficient construction of underground gas storages converted from water-invaded gas reservoirs

Based on the microfluidic technology,a microscopic visualization model was used to simulate the gas injection process in the initial construction stage and the bottom water invasion/gas injection process in the cyclical injection-production stage of the underground gas storage(UGS)rebuilt from water-invaded gas reservoirs.Through analysis of the gas-liquid contact stabilization mechanism,flow and occurrence,the optimal control method for lifecycle efficient operation of UGS was explored.The results show that in the initial construction stage of UGS,the action of gravity should be fully utilized by regulating the gas injection rate,so as to ensure the macroscopically stable migration of the gas-liquid contact,and greatly improve the gas sweeping capacity,providing a large pore space for gas storage in the subsequent cyclical injection-production stage.In the cyclical injection-production stage of UGS,a constant gas storage and production rate leads to a low pore space utilization.Gradually increasing the gas storage and production rate,that is,transitioning from small volume to large volume,can continuously break the hydraulic equilibrium of the remaining fluid in the porous media,which then expands the pore space and flow channels.This is conducive to the expansion of UGS capacity and efficiency for purpose of peak shaving and supply guarantee.

Coordinated control strategy for a PV-storage grid-connected system based on a virtual synchronous generator

Due to the characteristics of intermittent photovoltaic power generation and power fluctuations in distributed photovoltaic power generation,photovoltaic grid-connected systems are usually equipped with energy storage units.Most of the structures combined with energy storage are used as the DC side.At the same time,virtual synchronous generators have been widely used in distributed power generation due to their inertial damping and frequency and voltage regulation.For the PV-storage grid-connected system based on virtual synchronous generators,the existing control strategy has unclear function allocation,fluctuations in photovoltaic inverter output power,and high requirements for coordinated control of PV arrays,energy storage units,and photovoltaic inverters,which make the control strategy more complicated.In order to solve the above problems,a control strategy for PV-storage grid-connected system based on a virtual synchronous generator is proposed.In this strategy,the energy storage unit implements maximum power point tracking,and the photovoltaic inverter implements a virtual synchronous generator algorithm,so that the functions implemented by each part of the system are clear,which reduces the requirements for coordinated control.At the same time,the smooth power command is used to suppress the fluctuation of the output power of the photovoltaic inverter.The simulation validates the effectiveness of the proposed method from three aspects:grid-connected operating conditions,frequency-modulated operating conditions,and illumination sudden-drop operating condition.Compared with the existing control strategies,the proposed method simplifies the control strategies and stabilizes the photovoltaic inverter fluctuation in the output power of the inverter.

Distributed energy storage node controller and control strategy based on energy storage cloud platform architecture

Based on the energy storage cloud platform architecture,this study considers the extensive configuration of energy storage devices and the future large-scale application of electric vehicles at the customer side to build a new mode of smart power consumption with a flexible interaction,smooth the peak/valley difference of the load side power,and improve energy efficiency.A plug and play device for customer-side energy storage and an internet-based energy storage cloud platform are developed herein to build a new intelligent power consumption mode with a flexible interaction suitable for ordinary customers.Based on the load perception of the power grid,this study aims to investigate the operating state and service life of distributed energy storage devices.By selecting an integrated optimal control scheme,this study designs a kind of energy optimization and deployment strategy for stratified partition to reduce the operating cost of the energy storage device on the client side.The effectiveness of the system and the control strategy is verified through the Suzhou client-side distributed energy storage demonstration project.

Potential evaluation of saline aquifers for the geological storage of carbon dioxide: A case study of saline aquifers in the Qian-5 member in northeastern Ordos Basin

The well-developed coal electricity generation and coal chemical industries have led to huge carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions in the northeastern Ordos Basin.The geological storage of CO_(2) in saline aquifers is an effective backup way to achieve carbon neutrality.In this case,the potential of saline aquifers for CO_(2) storage serves as a critical basis for subsequent geological storage project.This study calculated the technical control capacities of CO_(2) of the saline aquifers in the fifth member of the Shiqianfeng Formation(the Qian-5 member)based on the statistical analysis of the logging and the drilling and core data from more than 200 wells in the northeastern Ordos Basin,as well as the sedimentary facies,formation lithology,and saline aquifer development patterns of the Qian-5 member.The results show that(1)the reservoirs of saline aquifers in the Qian-5 member,which comprise distributary channel sand bodies of deltaic plains,feature low porosities and permeabilities;(2)The study area hosts three NNE-directed saline aquifer zones,where saline aquifers generally have a single-layer thickness of 3‒8 m and a cumulative thickness of 8‒24 m;(3)The saline aquifers of the Qian-5 member have a total technical control capacity of CO_(2) of 119.25×10^(6) t.With the largest scale and the highest technical control capacity(accounting for 61%of the total technical control capacity),the Jinjie-Yulin saline aquifer zone is an important prospect area for the geological storage of CO_(2) in the saline aquifers of the Qian-5 member in the study area.

Multi-timescale robust dispatching for coordinated automatic generation control and energy storage

The increasing penetration of renewable energy into power grids is reducing the regulation capacity of automatic generation control(AGC).Thus,there is an urgent demand to coordinate AGC units with active equipment such as energy storage.Current dispatch decision-making methods often ignore the intermittent effects of renewable energy.This paper proposes a two-stage robust optimization model in which energy storage is used to compensate for the intermittency of renewable energy for the dispatch of AGC units.This model exploits the rapid adjustment capability of energy storage to compensate for the slow response speed of AGC units,improve the adjustment potential,and respond to the problems of intermittent power generation from renewable energy.A column and constraint generation algorithm is used to solve the model.In an example analysis,the proposed model was more robust than a model that did not consider energy storage at eliminating the effects of intermittency while offering clear improvements in economy and efficiency.

Novel Oxygen Storage Components Promoted Palladium Catalysts for Emission Control in Natural Gas Powered Engines

A three-way catalyst comprised novel oxygen storage components for emission control in natural gas powered engines was prepared. The addition of novel oxygen storage components to the Pd/γ-Al2O3 catalysts resulted in improved activities of the fresh and aged catalyst by lowering the light-off temperature for methane in natural gas engines exhaust.

Research on Distributed Cooperative Control Strategy of Microgrid Hybrid Energy Storage Based on Adaptive Event Triggering

Distributed collaborative control strategies for microgrids often use periodic time to trigger communication,which is likely to enhance the burden of communication and increase the frequency of controller updates,leading to greater waste of communication resources.In response to this problem,a distributed cooperative control strategy triggered by an adaptive event is proposed.By introducing an adaptive event triggering mechanism in the distributed controller,the triggering parameters are dynamically adjusted so that the distributed controller can communicate only at a certain time,the communication pressure is reduced,and the DC bus voltage deviation is effectively reduced,at the same time,the accuracy of power distribution is improved.The MATLAB/Simulink modeling and simulation results prove the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

Power Optimization Cooperative Control Strategy for Flexible Fast Interconnection Device with Energy Storage

With the wide application of renewable energy power generation technology,the distribution network presents the characteristics of multi-source and complex structure.There are potential risks in the stability of power system,and the problem of power quality is becoming more and more serious.This paper studies and proposes a power optimization cooperative control strategy for flexible fast interconnection device with energy storage,which combines the flexible interconnection technology with the energy storage device.The primary technology is to regulate the active and reactive power of the converter.By comparing the actual power value of the converter with the reference value,the proportional integral(PI)controller is used for correction,and the current components of d and q axes are obtained and input to the converter as the reference value of the current inner loop.The control strategy in this paper can realize power mutual aid between feeders,and at the same time,the energy storage device can provide or absorb a certain amount of power for feeders,so that the power grid can realize stable operation in a certain range.

Wind Power Flow Optimization and Control System Based on Rapid Energy Storage

风电功率的间歇与波动致使电场容量可信度低、可调度性差；同时易引起局部电网的电压不稳、频率波动，影响了系统的电能质量及稳定性。针对此现象，将超级电容器与蓄电池组成快速储能装置，用于风电的潮流优化控制。采用三重双向直流变换电路控制储能元件间的功率流动；采用四象限交直流变换电路控制储能与电网间的能量交换。提出基于超级电容器电压低频波动抑制的功率分配方法，可显著减少蓄电池的充放次数；提出基于储能元件荷电状态的储能能量调整规则，可避免储能元件的过充和频繁深度放电，以优化其功率调节能力。实验结果表明，系统可实现2种储能元件的优势互补，能有效平滑调节风电注入电网的有功功率，并实时补偿控制风电接入点的无功功率。

Ensuring Security, Confidentiality and Fine-Grained Data Access Control of Cloud Data Storage Implementation Environment

With the development of cloud computing, the mutual understandability among distributed data access control has become an important issue in the security field of cloud computing. To ensure security, confidentiality and fine-grained data access control of Cloud Data Storage (CDS) environment, we proposed Multi-Agent System (MAS) architecture. This architecture consists of two agents: Cloud Service Provider Agent (CSPA) and Cloud Data Confidentiality Agent (CDConA). CSPA provides a graphical interface to the cloud user that facilitates the access to the services offered by the system. CDConA provides each cloud user by definition and enforcement expressive and flexible access structure as a logic formula over cloud data file attributes. This new access control is named as Formula-Based Cloud Data Access Control (FCDAC). Our proposed FCDAC based on MAS architecture consists of four layers: interface layer, existing access control layer, proposed FCDAC layer and CDS layer as well as four types of entities of Cloud Service Provider (CSP), cloud users, knowledge base and confidentiality policy roles. FCDAC, it’s an access policy determined by our MAS architecture, not by the CSPs. A prototype of our proposed FCDAC scheme is implemented using the Java Agent Development Framework Security (JADE-S). Our results in the practical scenario defined formally in this paper, show the Round Trip Time (RTT) for an agent to travel in our system and measured by the times required for an agent to travel around different number of cloud users before and after implementing FCDAC.