A matrix metalloproteinase-responsive hydrogel system controls angiogenic peptide release for repair of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

Vascular endothelial growth factor and its mimic peptide KLTWQELYQLKYKGI(QK)are widely used as the most potent angiogenic factors for the treatment of multiple ischemic diseases.However,conventional topical drug delivery often results in a burst release of the drug,leading to transient retention(inefficacy)and undesirable diffusion(toxicity)in vivo.Therefore,a drug delivery system that responds to changes in the microenvironment of tissue regeneration and controls vascular endothelial growth factor release is crucial to improve the treatment of ischemic stroke.Matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2)is gradually upregulated after cerebral ischemia.Herein,vascular endothelial growth factor mimic peptide QK was self-assembled with MMP-2-cleaved peptide PLGLAG(TIMP)and customizable peptide amphiphilic(PA)molecules to construct nanofiber hydrogel PA-TIMP-QK.PA-TIMP-QK was found to control the delivery of QK by MMP-2 upregulation after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and had a similar biological activity with vascular endothelial growth factor in vitro.The results indicated that PA-TIMP-QK promoted neuronal survival,restored local blood circulation,reduced blood-brain barrier permeability,and restored motor function.These findings suggest that the self-assembling nanofiber hydrogel PA-TIMP-QK may provide an intelligent drug delivery system that responds to the microenvironment and promotes regeneration and repair after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.

pH-responsive mesoporous silica nanoparticles employed in controlled drug delivery systems for cancer treatment

In the fight against cancer, controlled drug delivery systems have emerged to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and safety of anti-cancer drugs. Among these systems, mesoporous silica nanoparticles （MSNs） with a functional surface possess obvious advantages and were thus rapidly developed for cancer treatment. Many stimuli-responsive materials, such as nanopartides, polymers, and inorganic materials, have been applied as caps and gatekeepers to control drug release from MSNs. This review presents an overview of the recent progress in the production of pH-responsive MSNs based on the pH gradient between normal tissues and the tumor microenvironment. Four main categories of gatekeepers can respond to acidic conditions. These categories will be described in detail.

Structure-Property Relationships and Models of Controlled Drug Delivery of Biodegradable Poly (D, L-lactic acid) Microspheres

An oil-in-water (O/W) solvent evaporation method was used to prepare biodegradable microspheresbased on poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PLA). Nifedipine, a hydrophobic drug, was chosen as a model molecule in the studyof drug entrapment and release. Effect of preparation conditions on the size, morphology, drug loading, and releaseprofiles of micropheres was investigated. Based on in vitro release experimental findings, a diffusion/dissolutionmodel was presented for quantitative description of the resulting release behaviors and drug release kinetics fromPLA microspheres analyzed. The mathematical models were used to predict the effect of microstructure on theresulting drug release. It provided an approach to determine the suitable structure parameters for microspheres toachieve desired drug release behaviors.

A Concise Review of Gold Nanoparticles-Based Photo-Responsive Liposomes for Controlled Drug Delivery

The focus of drug delivery is shifting toward smart drug carriers that release the cargo in response to a change in the microenvironment due to an internal or external trigger. As the most clinically successful nanosystem, liposomes naturally come under the spotlight of this trend. This review summarizes the latest development about the design and construction of photo-responsive liposomes with gold nanoparticles for the controlled drug release. Alongside, we overview the mechanism involved in this process and the representative applications.

Tumor microenvironment responsive drug delivery systems

Conventional tumor-targeted drug delivery systems(DDSs)face challenges,such as unsatisfied systemic circulation,low targeting efficiency,poor tumoral penetration,and uncontrolled drug release.Recently,tumor cellular molecules-triggered DDSs have aroused great interests in addressing such dilemmas.With the introduction of several additional functionalities,the properties of these smart DDSs including size,surface charge and ligand exposure can response to different tumor microenvironments for a more efficient tumor targeting,and eventually achieve desired drug release for an optimized therapeutic efficiency.This review highlights the recent research progresses on smart tumor environment responsive drug delivery systems for targeted drug delivery.Dynamic targeting strategies and functional moieties sensitive to a variety of tumor cellular stimuli,including pH,glutathione,adenosine-triphosphate,reactive oxygen species,enzyme and inflammatory factors are summarized.Special emphasis of this review is placed on their responsive mechanisms,drug loading models,drawbacks and merits.Several typical multi-stimuli responsive DDSs are listed.And the main challenges and potential future development are discussed.

Electrospun nanofiber-based drug delivery systems

Electrospinning is a very simple and versatile process by which polymer nanofibers with di-ameters ranging from a few nanometers to sev-eral micrometers can be produced using an electrostatically driven jet of polymer solution or polymer melt. Significant progress has been made in this process throughout the past few years and electrospinning has advanced its ap-plications in many fields, including pharmaceu-tics. Electrospun nanofibers show great prom-ise for developing many types of novel drug delivery systems (DDS) due to their special characteristics and the simple but useful and effective top-down fabricating process. The current state of electrospun nanofiber-based DDS is focused on drug-loaded nanofiber preparation from pharmaceutical and biode-gradable polymers and different types of DDS. However, there are more opportunities to be exploited from the electrospinning process and the corresponding drug-loaded nanofibers for drug delivery. Additionally, some other related challenges and the possible resolutions are outlined in this review.

Controlled release of dexamethasone from fibrin sealant for intratympanic administration in inner ear therapy

The aim of the present work was to show the sustainability of fibrin sealant in releasing dexamethasone and adjust the protocol for clinical application of the novel method in the treatment of Meniere’s disease (MD) and sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL).Gelation occurred shortly after mixing dexamethasone-containing fibrinogen with thrombin.Dexamethasone was constantly released for at least 16 d at a stable level after 7d in protocol 1 (low-dose),while it was robustly released within 4 d and slowed afterward until 10 d in protocol 2(high-dose).There were significant differences among the time points in Protocol 2 (p<0.01,ANOVA),and the exponential model with the formula y=15.299*e~(-0.483*t) fits the association.The estimated concentration of dexamethasone released on 7 d in protocol 2 was slightly lower than that observed in protocol 1.The fibrin sealant is capable of constantly releasing dexamethasone with adjustable dynamics.Targeted and minimally invasive administration of the material can be achieved in the clinic by sequential injections of the fluids using a soft-tipped catheter.

Layered Double Hydroxide Modified by PEGylated Hyaluronic Acid as a Hybrid Nanocarrier for Targeted Drug Delivery

In recent years, organic-inorganic hybrid nanocarriers are explored for effective drug delivery and preferable disease treatments. In this study, using 5-fluorouracil(5-FU)as electronegative model drug, a new type of organic-inorganic hybrid drug delivery system(LDH/HA-PEG/5-FU)was conceived and manufactured by the adsorption of PEGylated hyaluronic acid(HA-PEG)on the surface of layered double hydroxide(LDH, prepared via hydrothermal method)and the intercalation of 5-FU in the interlamination of LDH via ion exchange strategy. The drug loading amount of LDH/HA-PEG/5-FU achieved as high as 34.2%. LDH, LDH/5-FU and LDH/HA-PEG/5-FU were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, TGA, laser particle size analyzer and SEM. With the benefit of p Hdegradable feature of LDH and enzyme-degradable feature of HA, LDH/HA-PEG/5-FU showed p H-degradable and enzyme-degradable capacity in in vitro drug release. Moreover, the drug carrier LDH/HA-PEG contained biocompatible PEG and tumor-targeted HA, resulting in lower cytotoxicity and better endocytosis compared with LDH in vitro. It was suggested that the organic-inorganic hybrid drug delivery system, which was endowed with the properties of controlled release, low toxicity and tumor-targeting delivery for ameliorative cancer therapy, was advisable and might be applied further to fulfill other treatments.

In situ-prepared homogeneous supramolecular organic framework drug delivery systems(sof-DDSs)：Overcoming cancer multidrug resistance and controlled release

Water-soluble three-dimensional porous supramolecular organic frameworks（SOFs） have been demonstrated as a new generation of homogeneous polycationic platforms for anti-cancer drug delivery.The new SOF drug delivery systems（sof-DDSs） can adsorb dianionic pemetrexed（PMX）,a clinically used chemotherapeutic agent instantaneously upon dissolving in water,which is driven by both electrostatic attraction and hydrophobicity.The in situ-prepared PMX@SOFs are highly stable and can avoid important release of the drug during plasm circulation and overcome the multidrug resistance of human breast MCF-7/Adr cancer cells to enter the cancer cells.Acidic microenvironment of cancer cells promotes the release of the drug in cancer cells.Both in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed that sofDDSs considerably improve the treatment efficacy of PMX,leading to 6-12-fold reduction of the IC50 values,as compared with that of PMX alone.The new drug delivery strategy omits the loading process required by most of reported nanoparticle-based delivery systems and thus holds promise for future development of low-cost drug delivery systems

Chitosan nanoparticles crosslinked by glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane for pH triggered release of protein

pH-responsive-chitosan nanoparticles for the control release of protein drug were prepared by combining two-step crosslinking method, in which chitosan was subsequently crosslinked by sodium tripolyphosphate （TPP） and glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane （GPTMS）. Compared with TPP crosslinked chitosan particles, the two-step crosslinked nanoparticles were not only pH-responsive but also more stable in wide pH range. Fluorescein isothiocyanate （FITC） labeled anti-human-IgG antibody was used as a model protein drug for evaluating the control release profile of the nano-carrier. The amount of released antibody increased from 5.6% to 50% when the pH of solution shifted from 7.4 to 6.0. The results suggest the possible application of the nanoparticles as pH- responsive drug delivery materials.

Loading-free supramolecular organic framework drug delivery systems(sof-DDSs) for doxorubicin:normal plasm and multidrug resistant cancer cell-adaptive delivery and release

Four water-soluble porous supramolecular organic framework drug delivery systems（sof-DDSs） have been used to adsorb doxorubicin（DOX） in water at physiological pH of 7.4,which is driven exclusively by hydrophobicity.The resulting complexes DOX@SOFs are formed instantaneously upon dissolving the components in water.The drug-adsorbed sof-DDSs can undergo plasm circulation with important maintenance of the drug and overcome the multidrug resistance of human breast MCF-7/Adr cancer cells.DOX is released readily in the cancer cells due to the protonation of its amino group in the acidic medium of cancer cells.In vitro and in vivo experiments reveal that the delivery of SOF-a-d remarkably improve the cytotoxicity of DOX for the MCF-7/Adr cells and tumors,leading to 13-19-fold reduction of the 1C_（50）values as compared with that of DOX.This new sof-DDSs strategy omits the indispensable loading process required by most of reported nano-scaled carriers for neutral hydrophobic chemotherapeutic agents,and thus should be highly valuable for future development of low-cost delivery systems.

Studies on the in Vitro Dissolution of Insoluble Volatile Drug from Su-Anxin Nasal Inhalant and Its Correlation on the Nose Steady Self-Controllable Expiration and Inspiration at Night

In the paper, the in vitro dissolution of borneol in 12 hours from 6 batches of optimized inhalant samples were investigated. As a new dosage form, the in vitro release apparatus of nasal inhalant was invented and a pushing bump was used according to the simulation of the nose expiration and inspiration. Based on the data of r2 in the profile and similar factor f2 from 6 linear release tendencies, a good controlled release and a zero order tendency were observed. It can be suggested that there is a good correlation between the in vitro controlled release and the nose steady self-controllable expiration and inspiration, which will contribute to the trend of insoluble volatile drug controlled release and the effect of quick absorption in nasal pulmonary delivery to cure severe or acute cardiovascular or lung diseases at patients' sleeping, such as angina or breathing obstruction. Also, it was concluded that the prescription composed of insoluble volatile drugs can be prepared to be nasal inhalant from which drugs can be absorbed through nose steady self-controllable inspiration to the lung then into the blood and have a great effectiveness improvement of bioavailability at night timing drug delivery system.

Prolonged Release of the Local Anesthetic Butamben for Potential Use in Pain Management

Continuous delivery of local anesthetics might be useful for management of localized and chronic pain. Controlled release injectable anesthetics have been developed but they can deliver the drug for only few days and the release is not zero-order. A drug delivery system (DDS) consisting of a perforated reservoir for drug containment and release and its potential for management of chronic pain is described. Proof of principle is detailed for long-term zero order delivery of butamben. In this study, the DDS was a polyimide tube with a 0.20 mm hole and butamben release was evaluated in vitro. It is envisioned that the DDS could be implanted in proximity to a nerve, enervating the pain source, for long-term control of chronic pain.

口服液体缓控释制剂技术的研究进展

目的针对各类口服液体缓控释技术的释药机理、应用特点及局限性进行综述,为此类制剂的开发提供参考。方法查阅国内外相关文献,对口服液体缓控释技术进行整理归纳。结果目前已有基于离子交换树脂和微囊技术的口服液体缓控释制剂上市,此外,微球、固体脂质纳米粒、原位凝胶等技术也应用于口服液体缓控释制剂领域。结论口服液体缓控释给药系统相比于传统固体缓控释制剂,因其口服可接受性良好,剂量调整灵活,给药依从性优势明显,具有良好的开发应用前景。

复合纳米载体在微波可控释药方面的研究进展

在现代癌症治疗中,传统化疗药物缺乏靶向性,常伴随严重的毒副作用,限制了化学疗法的临床应用。近年来,随着纳米技术的发展,基于纳米材料的靶向化疗成为一种新的治疗策略,特别是复合纳米材料在微波刺激下的药物释放性能,展现出了优异的应用前景。本文综述了这一领域的最新进展,重点分析了复合纳米材料如何在微波刺激下实现精准的药物释放,以及这种方法在癌症治疗中的潜力。复合纳米材料因其独特的物理化学性质,如高稳定性和良好的生物相容性,被广泛应用于癌症治疗中。在微波刺激下,这些材料能够实现药物的精准控制释放,从而提高治疗效果并减少对健康组织的损害。然而,复合纳米载体在生物体内的分布、靶向性和生物安全性等方面仍面临一定的挑战。例如,纳米粒子的体内稳定性和靶向能力需要进一步优化,以提高其治疗效果和减少副作用。在微波刺激诱导的药物控制释放方面,虽然已取得了一定的成果,但精确控制微波能量的传递和局部组织的加热效果仍是主要挑战之一。此外,如何确保微波能量集中于肿瘤组织而不损害周围健康组织,也是当前研究需要解决的问题。未来,随着纳米技术的不断进步和微波控制技术的改进,预计将开发出更为高效和安全的复合纳米载体,不仅能够提高药物的靶向性和治疗效果,还能在微波刺激下实现更为精准的药物释放控制。综上所述,复合纳米材料在微波刺激下的药物释放性能将是癌症治疗领域的一个重要研究方向,有望为癌症患者带来更有效的治疗选择。

PCL/ASA药物控释系统结构拓扑优化及瞬态释药性能

以聚己内酯(PCL)为载体材料,阿司匹林(ASA)为待释放药物,提出一种PCL/ASA药物控释系统,以实现医工结合背景下药物控释系统的个性化定制及释药量的参数化调节。首先,基于菲克扩散定律建立了PCL/ASA药物控释系统的释药模型,以设计域平均浓度与目标浓度之差的最小值作为优化目标,采用拓扑优化方法对PCL/ASA药物控释系统的结构进行拓扑优化设计。其次,对所获得的拓扑优化结构进行几何重构,得到清晰的流道结构,并研究了不同药物储库形状和流道结构对瞬态释药性能的影响。最后,制备PCL/ASA药物控释系统并进行体外药物释放实验,验证了优化方法和模型的合理性。结果表明,几何重构方法可以很好地保留拓扑优化的流道结构,具备较高的可靠性。拓扑优化方法所获得的流道结构展现出较好的药物控释性能,药物释放趋势趋于零级释放。基于拓扑优化设计的PCL/ASA药物控释系统可以在35.03~43.86 mol/m3范围内实现ASA浓度的参数化调节,呈现出较好的释药量调节能力。该研究为医工结合背景下优化药物控释系统结构、实现按需给药提供了一种新的手段。

用于肿瘤靶向治疗的双药递送、多重环境响应型核交联胶束

设计合成了一种新型两亲性三嵌段聚合物聚乙二醇单甲醚(mPEG)-b-聚甲基丙烯酸二异丙胺基乙酯(PDPA)-b-聚甲基丙烯酸(PMAA)/硫辛酸(LA)(mPEG-b-PDPA-b-PMAA/LA)。该聚合物通过自组装、核交联构建成具有pH/谷胱甘肽(GSH)响应的肿瘤靶向给药系统用于递送寡核苷酸HApt和阿霉素(DOX)。核交联胶束(CCM)在血清中和抗稀释方面表现出较高的稳定性。通过对DOX的包载与释放动力学研究,发现CCM比未交联胶束(UCM)具有更高的载药率(DLC),且DLC和包封率(DLE)都随着PDPA和PMAA聚合度的增加而增加,证明随着胶束的疏水核心增大,胶束封装药物的能力增强。此外,CCM有优良的药物控释性,研究证明CCM必须在pH和GSH同时刺激下,PDPA层质子化溶胀、凝胶核解交联引起胶束结构瓦解,DOX才能充分释放,最大累积释放率可达90%。同时还研究了DOX/HApt分区载药及其释放动力学,设法将DOX包载于PDPA层、核酸HApt包载于PMAA凝胶核,通过不同组合的环境条件刺激,获得了多种行为的释药模式。研究证明该药物载体具有将两种药物分区包载、独立释放的能力。本文所设计的核交联胶束药物递送系统有望实现基因治疗和药物治疗的协同效应。

Photo-controlled release of paclitaxel and model drugs from RNA pyramids

Stimuli-resp on sive release of drugs from a nano carrier in spatial-,temporal-,and dosage-controlled fashi ons is of great interest in the pharmaceutical industry.Paclitaxel is one of the most effective and popular chemotherapeutic drugs against a number of cancers such as metastatic or non metastatic breast can cer,non-small cell lung can cer,refractory ovaria n cancer,AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma,and head and neck can cers.Here,by taki ng the adva ntage of RNA nanotechno logy in biomedical and material scie nee,we developed a three-dime nsional pyramid-shaped RNA nanocage for a photocontrolled release of cargo,using paclitaxel as a model drug.The light-triggered release of paclitaxel or fluorophore Cy5 was achieved by incorporation of photocleavable spacers into the RNA nanoparticles.Upon irradiation with ultraviolet light,cargos were rapidly released(within 5 min).In vitro treatment of breast can cer cells with the RNA nano particles harbori ng photocleavable paclitaxel showed higher cytotoxicity as compared to RNA nanoparticles without the photocleavable spacer.The methodology provides proof of con cept for the applicati on of the light-triggered con trolled release of drugs from RNA nano cages.

Enhanced Precision Therapy of Multiple Myeloma Through Engineered Biomimetic Nanoparticles with Dual Targeting

Multiple myeloma(MM)is the second most prevalent hematological malignancy.Current MM treatment strategies are hampered by systemic toxicity and suboptimal therapeutic efficacy.This study addressed these limitations through the development of a potent MM-targeting chemotherapy strategy,which capitalized on the high binding affinity of alendronate for hydroxyapatite in the bone matrix and the homologous targeting of myeloma cell membranes,termed T-PB@M.The results from our investigations highlight the considerable bone affinity of T-PB@M,both in vitro and in vivo.Additionally,this material demonstrated a capability for drug release triggered by low pH conditions.Moreover,T-PB@M induced the generation of reactive oxygen species and triggered cell apoptosis through the poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1(PARP1)-Caspase-3-B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2)pathway in MM cells.Notably,T-PB@M preferentially targeted bone-involved sites,thereby circumventing systemic toxic side effects and leading to prolonged survival of MM orthotopic mice.Therefore,this designed target-MM nanocarrier presents a promising and potentially effective platform for the precise treatment of MM.

A panoramic perspective of recent progress in 2D and 3D covalent organic frameworks for drug delivery Special Issue:Emerging Investigators

The development of efficient drug delivery systems is essential for improving the efficacy and safety of cancer drugs,particularly for aggressive and difficult-totreat cancers.Covalent organic frameworks(COFs)are emerging as innovative porous nanomaterials in drug delivery systems(DDS),due to their unique properties,including the metal-free organic skeleton,predetermined structures and pore geometries,high porosity,large surface area,facile surface modification potential,and good biocompatibility.These characteristics make COFs excellent candidates for improving drug delivery by enhancing drug loading capacity and enabling precise encapsulation.This review emphasizes the importance of donor-acceptor-based COFs,which provide channels for charge transportation,and we also explore how theπ-conjugated skeleton of COFs enhances its long-acting fluorescent properties and facilitates drug uptake via cell endocytosis.While this review primarily focuses on recent advancements in COF-based targeted DDS,it also acknowledges the challenges posed by the diverse pore geometries in porous materials and discusses potential solutions.Further,it underlines the potential of developing future drug carriers that can successfully and specifically target cancer cells,improving treatment efficiency while reducing adverse side effects.