Research on the Control Effects of Several Insecticides on Wheat Aphids

[Objective] The aim was to determine control effects of the 6 insecticides and recommended the optimal doses. [Method] In 2014, the control effects of sophocarpidine, pymetrozine, beta-cypermethrin, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and chlor- pyrifos on wheat aphids were tested, and every pesticide was designed with three doses in Shou County, Anhui Province, to explore the significance of differences on control effects. [Result] The results showed that the control effects of the 6 insecti- cides were satisfied, and the insecticides were safe on wheat. [Conclusion] During initial diseasing stage of aphid, it is recommended to use sophocarpidine soluble concentrate （1.5%）, pymetrozine water dispersible granule （50%）, imidacloprid wet- table powder （25%）, and acetamiprid wettable powder （5%）, and chlorpyrifos missi- ble oil （40%）, cypermethrin missible oil （4.5%） and imidacloprid wettable powder （25%） can be applied in peak-diseasing stage.

Research on the Prevention and Control Technology of Rape Aphids

[Objective] The aim was to screen economic and environment-friendly pesticides adaptive to aphid-resistant varieties in main rape growing regions of Yunnan Province.[Method] The effects of 6 pesticides against aphids on 22 Brassica campestris materials of the main breeds in Yunnan Province,the new improved varieties in China and the core breeding materials were tested.[Result] Yunyoushuang 1,Huayou 4,Yunhuayou Early-maturing Variety No.1 and A35 showed better aphid-resistance.An optimum pesticide application strategy was to use Diyaling in sowing time,and interchangeably apply nitenpyram and imidacloprid during flowering and pod formation stages.[Conclusion] The present study had provided an important technical support for sustainable development of rape industry.

Control Effect of Methanol Extract of Blumea megacephala Chang et Tseng against Turnip Aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach)

[ Objective ] The paper was to explore the application of botanical pesticides on controlling turnip aphid （ Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach）. [ Method ] Through potting efficacy experiment of Chinese cabbage, the control effects of two preparations（20% EC and 10% EW）of methanol extract of Blumea megacephala Chang et Tseng against turnip aphid, as well as leaf-protection effect on Chinese cabbage were determined. [ Result] 20% EC of B. megacephala had the highest efficacy in 10-fold dilution, and its control effects against turnip aphid were 57.78%, 77.19% and 84.79% after pesticide spraying for 24, 48 and 72 h; 10% EW of B. megacephala had the highest efficacy in 5-fold dilution, and its control effects against turnip aphid were 74.44%, 84.79% and 89.14% after pesticide spra- ying for 24, 48 and 72 h. The leaf-protection rates of 20% EC orB. megacephala in 10-fold dilution were 89.31% and 94.80% after pesticide spraying for 3 and 5 d; the leaf-protection rates of 10% EW of B. megacephala in 5-fold dilution were 93.50% and 97.83% after pesticide spraying for 3 and 5 d. [ Condusion] The methanol extract of B. megacephala had good control effect against turnip aphid and good protection rate on crops.

A Preliminary Study on Control Efficiency of New Nicotine Biopesticides against Pomegranate Aphids

In this study, toxicity and control efficiency of three nicotine biopesticides against pomegranate aphids were determined via indoor toxicity test and field effica- cy test, aiming at screening the appropriate reagent for prevention and control of pomegranate aphids. The results of indoor toxicity test showed that LC^o of reagent 1, reagent 2 and reagent 3 reached 10 270, 12 810 and 13 040 mg/L, respectively. The results of field efficacy test showed that control efficacy of reagent 1, reagent 2 and reagent 3 reached 60.52%, 34.60% and 46.99%, respectively. Overall, reagent 1 （91% ultrafine powder of tobacco leaves, 3% silicone oil, 2% sasangua cake, 2% emulsifier, 2% ascorbic acid） exhibited the highest control efficiency against pomegranate aphids, which can be further popularized and utilized.

Regional selection of insecticides and fungal biopesticides to control aphids and thrips and improve the forage quality of alfalfa crops

The efficacies of biological and conventional chemical insecticides against two major insect pests of alfalfa(aphids and thrips)were compared in three sites across China’s alfalfa belt.In addition,the persistence of the residues of chemical insecticides in alfalfa and their influence on the quality of alfalfa hay were examined.Efficacy varied among the different biological and chemical insecticides.The chemical insecticides were significantly more effective than biopesticides in a short time-frame.The efficacy period of biopesticides was significantly longer than that of chemical insecticides,and the corrected mortality rate of aphids in all regions was above 50%at 14 days after application.The analysis of pesticide residues showed that the residual doses of all the pesticides were within the allowed ranges after the safe period.The acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber contents in alfalfa hay were higher and the protein content was lower in chemical insecticide treatments than in biopesticide treatments in Hebei.The relative feeding value of alfalfa hay treated with Metarhizium anisopliae IPP330189 was the highest among the treatments.Compared with chemical insecticides,the yield of alfalfa hay was higher in the biopesticides treatments.Biopesticides show a stronger control effect on insect populations and also a better improvement in the quality of alfalfa hay than chemical insecticides.This study provides a basis for exploring and developing a comprehensive control regime for alfalfa insect pests in the different alfalfa-growing regions in China,and for reducing chemical insecticide usage and improving forage quality.

Control Effect of Slow-release, Long-acting and Multi-functional New Pesticides on Sugarcane Borders and Woolly Aphids

In order to select the long-acting,low toxic,low-risk and multi-functional new pesticides for the control of sugarcane borders and woolly aphids and precise and efficient application technology,the control effect of 10% monosultap · thiamethoxam granular formulation and 1% Bt · clothianidin granular formulation on sugarcane borders and woolly aphids were studied.The results showed that 10% monosultap·thiamethoxam GR and 1% Bt·clothianidin GR had good control effects on sugarcane borders and woolly aphids.They were ideal slow-release,long-acting,low toxic and multi-functional new pesticides used to control sugarcane borders and woolly aphids.They could be used alternately with other pesticides to delay the emergence and development of pest resistance to pesticides.The best dosage of the two pesticides in the field was 45 kg/hm^2.They could be mixed with fertilizer( 1200-1800 kg/hm^2),scattered in sugarcane ditches or at the base of sugarcane plants,and covered with soil or film from January to July.The control effect on dead heart seedlings damaged by borers could be up to above 79.2%,and the control effect on sugarcane woolly aphids could reach more than 98.8%.In comparison with the control group,the actual yield and sugar content of sugarcane increased by above 41 555 kg/hm^2 and 6.5% respectively.The application of slow-release,long-acting,strong systemic and multi-functional new agents with fertilizer around roots is convenient,precise and efficient,labor-saving,time-saving and environmentally friendly,and is worthy of being widely applied in sugarcane areas.

Technical Specifications for Integrated Prevention and Control of Yellow Aphids

[Objectives]The purpose was to standardize the scientific prevention and control of yellow aphids and effectively control their occurrence and spread.[Methods]On the basis of consulting domestic and foreign data and standards extensively,a series of related trials were carried out.[Results]Technical specifications for integrated prevention and control of yellow aphids were formulated.[Conclusions]It is of great significance to the healthy and sustainable development of the fruit trees’industry,the implementation of standardized management,the reduction of pesticide uses,and the reduction of damage caused by yellow aphids to fruit trees,and also provides urgent-needed technical support and guarantee for the prevention and control of yellow aphids.

Effect of Neoseiulus cucumeiris Carrying Paecilomyces fumosoroseus on the Prevention of Aphids and Spider Mites in Eggplant

Using predatory mites Neoseiulus cucumeris Oudermans dusted with en- tomopathgen Paecilomyces fumosoroseus （Wize） Brown ＆ Smith to control aphids and spider mites is a new idea of biological control. Some studies were conducted to confirm the feasibility of this idea. The germination condition of P. fumosoroseus conidia was determined by the method of different saturated salt solutions applying different humidity in small containers, and the pathogenicity test and the pot experi- ment were also conducted, under a suitable condition. There were 6 treatments for pot experiment as following： （1） CK; （2） releasing 50 N. cucumeds, （3） spraying 20 ml of 10^7 spores/ml conidial suspension; （4） releasing 50 N. cucumeris after spraying 20 ml of 10^7 spores/ml conidial suspension; （5） releasing 20 N. cucumeris dusted conidia of P. fumosoroseus; and （6） releasing 50 N. cucumeris dusted with conidia of P. fumosoroseus. The result showed that the germination condition of P. fu- mosoroseus conidia was 25-30 ℃ and 95%-100% RH, and under this condition, the 10s spores/ml conidia suspension caused a mortality of 86.52% in aphids and 41.78% in predatory mites after ten days. From the pot experiment, the numbers of aphids of treatment （3）, （4）, （6） were close to 0 at the 8th day. This study proved that the predatory mites N. cucumeris dusted with the entomogenous P. fu- mosoroseus could provide satisfactory control on both aphids and spider mites in potted eggplants under suitable temperature and humidity. The predatory mite vec- toring entomopathogen system could provide an economic and labor saving way for aphid control.

The Control Efficiency of Plant Alcohol Extracts on the Laboratory Populations of Myzus persicae(Sulzer)and Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach)

The effects of semiochemicals extracted from 63 species of plants, on peach aphid (Myzus per-sicae) and mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi), were studied in laboratory. The deterrent rate, reproduction deterrent index and the interferential index of population control (IIPC) was used to evaluate the efficiency of semiochemicals on population control of the two target aphids. The results showed that the extracts of 34 species of common plants have noticeable effect on both aphid populations, especially, Xanthium sibiricum Petr. Et Widd. and Syngonium podophyllum Schott. These plant extracts could be used to construct the plant pro-tectant to protect crops.

Transgenic Expression of a Functional Fragment of Harpin Protein Hpa1 in Wheat Represses English Grain Aphid Infestation

The harpin protein Hpa1 produced by the rice bacterial blight pathogen promotes plant growth and induces plant resistance to pathogens and insect pests. The region of 10-42 residues （Hpa110-42） in the Hpa1 sequence is critical as the isolated Hpa110-42 fragment is 1.3-7.5-fold more effective than the full length in inducing plant growth and resistance. Here we report that transgenic expression of Hpa110-42 in wheat induces resistance to English grain aphid, a dominant species of wheat aphids. Hpa110-42-induced resistance is effective to inhibit the aphid behavior in plant preference at the initial colonization stage and repress aphid performances in the reproduction, nymph growth, and instar development on transgenic plants. The resistance characters are correlated with enhanced expression of defense-regulatory genes （EIN2, PP2-A, and GSL10） and consistent with induced expression of defense response genes （Hel, PDF1.2, PR-1b, and PR-2b）. As a result, aphid infestations are alleviated in transgenic plants. The level of Hpa110-42-induced resistance in regard to repression of aphid infestations is equivalent to the effect of chemical control provided by an insecticide. These results suggested that the defensive role of Hpa110-42 can be integrated into breeding germplasm of the agriculturally signiifcant crop with a great potential of the agricultural application.

Weed and insect control affected by mixing insecticides with glyphosate in cotton

Field studies were conducted in 2012 and 2013 to evaluate weed and insect control efficacy with glyphosate at 1 230 g ai（active ingredient） ha^（-1） and the insecticides acephate（728 g ai ha^（-1））,carbosulfan（135 g ai ha^（-1））,endosulfan（683 g ai ha^（-1））,imidacloprid（32 g ai ha^（-1））,or lambda-cyhalothrin（23 g ai ha^（-1））,as well as glyphosate tank-mixed with these insecticides.Four of the most common weeds in cotton,common purslane,false daisy,goosegrass,and lambsquarters,were manually sown in the cotton field and treated with glyphosate alone or in combination with insecticides.Glyphosate efficacy,based on visual estimates of control and weed fresh weight at 21 d after treatment（DAT）,was unaffected by the addition of insecticides.Four weeds were controlled by 93-97%and 86-100%（visual rating） and reduced weed fresh biomass by98-99%and 96-100%with glyphosate alone and its combination with insecticides,respectively.Addition of glyphosate to acephate improved cotton aphid control compared with acephate alone.However,addition of glyphosate to carbosulfan,endosulfan,imidacloprid,or lambda-cyhalothrin did not affect the aphid control when compared with the insecticide alone treatments.These results indicate that cotton producers could potentially integrate weed and insect management strategies by choosing suitable insecticide mixing partners with glyphosate,thereby reducing the application costs without sacrificing the efficacy of the glyphosate or the insecticides.

A Mechanism for Biological Control-Tempo-Spatial Synchronization of Natural Enemy and Insect Pest Population Dynamics at the Peak by Increase of Biodiversity

To reveal the mechanism of control of the Woolly Apple Aphid （Eriosoma lanigerum Hausm, WAA） by increase of biodiversity in the apple orchard, a consecutive two-year field trials were conducted in Yurman province, China. The results showed that the peak of natural enemy density curve in the cover cropping orchard was well temporally synchronized with that of the WAA density on trees, but did not synchronize with that of WAA density on trees in clean orchard. In addition, the frequency of natural enemies and WAA within a same sample in cover cropping orchard was obviously higher than that in clean cultivated orchard during the peak of population curves, indicating that natural enemies spatially synchronized with aphids. The density of WAA for the whole growing season in cover cropping orchard was much less than that in clean orchard. Therefore, the temporal-spatial synchrony of natural enemy and aphid populations was proposed as one of the mechanisms for aphid control in cover cropped orchards.

Efficacy of the Pepper Extracts to Control Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus

The Zucchini yellow mosaic virus （ZYMV） （Potyvirus） on “zucchini” presents great economic importance for Malagasy farmers. Numerous aphid species （Hemiptera： Aphididae） spread viral particles, which are easily transmitted mechanically, too. Farmers ignored this disease, therefore, its control became extremely difficult with insecticides. This study aimed to evaluate efficacy of chili pepper extracts. Treatments vary as a function of its initiations and were repeated at weekly intervals until harvest. It was conducted in market gardens around the town of Antananarivo. The study compared four treatments and repeated three times： firstly, plots received a protection as soon as installation of culture （preventive protection）; secondly, plots received treatment with low infestation （about a quarter plants infested） （late protection）; thirdly, plots received treatment with high infestation （about half of plants infested） （latest protection）; lastly, plots without treatment （the control）. As a result, pepper extracts can provide a significant level to control against aphids attack, and permit to delay virus installation on plots, which received treatment as soon as implementation of culture. However, it cannot eradicate and cannot limit extend of virus disease on plots already infested. Economic analysis shows that preventive treatment of pepper extracts to fight virus attack provides an even greater return on its investment than all other terms. Thus, use of pepper extracts can reduce chemical treatment and pollution.

氯化胆碱对七星瓢虫成虫生物学特性的影响

为了解氯化胆碱对七星瓢虫成虫生物学特性的影响,筛选饲喂七星瓢虫的人工饲料中较优氯化胆碱剂量,设置5组添加不同剂量氯化胆碱(A、B、C、D、E剂量分别为50、100、150、200、250 mg/100 g)的人工饲料,与豆蚜进行组合饲喂(1 d豆蚜+3 d饲料)七星瓢虫成虫,以不添加氯化胆碱的人工饲料饲养七星瓢虫成虫为对照组(CK),记录各处理七星瓢虫的产卵量、取食、交配、孵化、存活率。研究结果表明饲养20 d,A、B、C、D、E、CK平均产卵量分别为(286.30±35.14)、(342.4±26.79)、(242.65±25.38)、(241.90±32.24)、(240.45±24.34)、(230.00±23.00)粒/雌,B组产卵量显著高于其他组,其余组间没有显著性差异;各处理七星瓢虫取食频次、交配频次、成虫成活率及卵的孵化率都没有显著性差异。添加100 mg/100 g的氯化胆碱制作的人工饲料与豆蚜组合饲养显著提高了七星瓢虫20日龄的产卵量,对其余生物学指标没有影响。

氟啶虫酰胺种子包衣对玉米蚜虫的田间防治效果

为促进氟啶虫酰胺药剂轻简化防治玉米蚜虫,2022年进行了田间小区试验,评价氟啶虫酰胺种子包衣对玉米生长的安全性及对蚜虫的防治效果。结果表明,氟啶虫酰胺[有效成分用量75.00~375.00 g·(100 kg)^(-1)]玉米种子包衣处理后,玉米出苗及生长均未表现药害症状,在试验剂量范围内安全性较好,且可以促进玉米幼苗生长,提高幼苗素质;对玉米蚜虫的末次防治效果为54.5%~85.8%,氟啶虫酰胺有效成分用量250.00~375.00 g·(100 kg)^(-1)种子包衣处理可以有效防治玉米蚜虫,对玉米蚜虫的防治效果大于80%。氟啶虫酰胺种子包衣处理防治玉米蚜虫,持效期较长,靶向性强,施药隐蔽,对环境及天敌安全,操作简便,节约成本,可以控制春玉米整个生育期内蚜虫为害,符合玉米轻简化生产需求,具有广阔的应用前景。氟啶虫酰胺种子包衣防治玉米蚜虫适宜用量为有效成分用量250.00~375.00 g·(100 kg)^(-1)。

不同生物药剂及施药方式对燕麦蚜虫的防治研究

为筛选出有效防治燕麦蚜虫的生物药剂及施药方式,开展不同生物药剂及施药方式对燕麦蚜虫的田间防治效果测定。结果表明,叶面喷施0.3%印楝素乳油对燕麦蚜虫的防效最好,药后14d的防效为76.82%,高于化学药剂5%吡虫啉乳油的防效(75.98%);药后14d,绿僵菌土壤施药+白僵菌叶面喷施、白僵菌土壤施药+白僵菌叶面喷施对燕麦蚜虫的防效较好,分别为79.65%、76.12%,均高于其他施药方式。建议在蚜虫初发期选择0.3%印楝素乳油替代化学药剂防治燕麦蚜虫,亦可选择在白僵菌、绿僵菌土壤施药的基础上叶面喷施白僵菌防治燕麦蚜虫,均有较好的防治效果。

种衣剂减量下增施菌剂和肥料对小麦光合、产量、蚜虫及白粉病防控的影响

为探究拌种药剂减量下增施不同类型肥料对麦田蚜虫和白粉病防控及光合和产量的影响,以小麦蚜虫低感品种川麦104和高感品种内麦836为试验材料,采用大田试验,对种衣剂减量20%下,配合施用光合菌剂、微生物菌剂、硅肥或磷酸二氢钾后麦田土壤酶活性、小麦植株光合特性、病虫防治情况和产量性状的变化进行了比较分析。结果表明,拌种药剂减量20%条件下增施微生物菌剂较种衣剂常规用量处理能显著提高孕穗期川麦104的根际土壤的脲酶活性,以及内麦836的根际土壤过氧化氢酶和纤维素酶活性。在孕穗期和抽穗期,低感品种川麦104的麦蚜数量均显著低于内麦836;增施微生物菌剂和硅肥均能显著降低麦蚜和白粉病发生,对蚜虫防效和白粉病防效较常规药剂拌种用量处理分别提高8.0和10.2个百分点。拌种药剂减量20%配合施用光合菌剂、微生物菌剂、硅肥和磷酸二氢钾均能有效提高小麦旗叶氮素含量和SPAD值,改善叶片光合效率。增施硅肥下川麦104和内麦836的产量最高,较常规种衣剂用量处理分别增加16.0%和18.2%,差异均显著。以上结果说明,小麦种子种衣剂减量配合施用硅肥或微生物菌剂可有效提高麦田土壤酶活性,减少蚜虫和白粉病发生,改善小麦叶片光合特性,提高产量。

生物农药防治蚜虫研究进展

蚜虫是危害农林业的全球性重要害虫之一,不仅通过吸食植物汁液危害多种作物,同时也会间接引起多种植物病害,对我国农林业造成严重经济危害。目前蚜虫防治仍以化学防治为主,较之常规化学杀虫剂,生物杀虫剂有靶向性强、环境友好、研发周期短、抗性低等优势。文章从微生物农药、农用抗生素、植物源农药、生物化学农药、天敌生物农药5个生物农药主要类别对生物农药防治蚜虫研究进展进行概述,以期为蚜虫的综合防控技术提供一定参考。

Host-induced silencing of MpPar6 confers Myzus persicae resistance in transgenic rape plants

Plant-mediated RNA interference(RNAi)has emerged as a promising technology for insect control.The green peach aphid,Myzus persicae,feeds on over 400 species of host plants.Brassica napus(rape)is the second most important oilseed crop worldwide.Myzus persicae is highly reproductive and causes severe damage to the rape plants due to its quite flexible life cycle.In this study,we tested the RNAi effects of transgenic rape plants on M.persicae.By in vitro feeding M.persicae with artificial diets containing double-stranded RNAs(dsRNAs)targeting seven aphid genes,we identified a new gene encoding the partitioning-defective protein 6(Par6)as the most potent RNAi target.Tissue-and stage-expression analysis of Par6 suggested this gene is highly expressed in the embryo and adult stage of M.persicae.We next generated transgenic rape plants expressing ds Par6 by Agrobacteriummediated transformation and obtained nine independent transgenic lines.Compared to wild-type control plants,transgenic rape lines expressing ds Par6 showed strong resistance to M.persicae.Feeding assays revealed that feeding transgenic rape plants to M.persicae significantly decreased MpPar6 expression and survival rate and impaired fecundity.Furthermore,we showed that the resistance levels to M.persicae are positively correlated with ds Par6 expression levels in transgenic rape plants.Our study demonstrates that transgenic rape plants expressing ds Par6 are efficiently protected from M.persicae.Interfering with the genes involved in embryo development could be the effective RNAi targets for controlling aphids and potentially other insect pests.

十斑大瓢虫对豆蚜的捕食特性研究

为明确十斑大瓢虫对豆蚜的捕食能力和捕食规律,将野外采集的十斑大瓢虫置于室内饲养2代,再测定其各龄幼虫及雌、雄成虫对豆蚜的捕食量,以倒数法拟合Holling II圆盘方程,明确了十斑大瓢虫对豆蚜的捕食特性。研究结果表明,十斑大瓢虫对豆蚜的捕食量随着虫龄增加而逐渐增加,当N→∞时,十斑大瓢虫的1~4龄幼虫以及雌、雄成虫在1 d内对豆蚜的最大捕食量分别为30.1628、158.7003、556.3928、988.1128、841.0084、589.4011头。十斑大瓢虫幼虫对豆蚜的捕食量与日龄的拟合方程为y=3.9123x^(2.2092)(R^(2)=0.8093),随着日龄的增加捕食数量呈指数关系逐渐增加。雌、雄成虫对豆蚜的捕食量与日龄的拟合方程分别为y=0.9453x^(2)-28.274x+827.44(R^(2)=0.456)和y=0.8762x^(2)-31.511x+635.38(R^(2)=0.7188),随着日龄期的增加捕食数量逐渐降低。