Study on Moist Potential Vorticity and Symmetric Instabilityduring a Heavy Rain Event Occurred inthe Jiang-Huai Valleys

In the light of the theory on moist potential vorticity (MPV) investigation was undertaken of the 700 hPa vertical (horizontal) component MP1 (MPV2) for the heavy rain event occurring in July 5–6, 1991. Results show that the distribution features of the two components were closely related to the development of a mesoscale cyclone as a rainstorm-causing weather system in the lower troposphere in such a way that the ambient atmosphere of which MPV1 > 0 and MPV2 < 0 with |MPV1| ≥ |MPV2| favored the genesis of conditional symmetric instability (CSI) and that, as indicated by calculations, a CSI sector was really existent in the lower troposphere during the heavy rain happening and contributed greatly to its development.

Analysis on the Moist Potential Vorticity and Conditional Symmetric Instability of a Rainstorm

[Objective] The research aimed to analyze the moist potential vorticity (MPV) and conditional symmetric instability (CSI) of a rainstorm in Guangxi in the prior flood season. [Method] Based on the conventional observation data, precipitation data from the automatic station and 1°×1° six-hourly reanalyzed data from NCEP, MPV and CSI in a rainstorm process which occurred in the prior flood season in Guangxi were analyzed. The characteristics of MPV component and role of CSI before and after the rainstorm occurrence were discussed. [Result] The dense belt of isoline in the southeast of MPV1 positive-value area (MPV2 negative-value area) at 925 hPa, the underneath of sloping MPV1 positive-value column (MPV2 negative-value column) on the profile map and the underneath of dense belt of θe isoline had the good corresponding relationships with the falling zone of strong precipitation. After the system developed strongly, the enhancements of gradient and intensity of MPV1 and MPV2 predicted the rainstorm increase. In the beginning period of strong precipitation occurrence, the convective instability at 850-650 hPa co-existed with CSI. The convective instability and vertical movement played the main role. In the middle and latter periods of strong precipitation, the high-altitude weak cold air further invaded southward. It triggered the release of unstable energy, and compelled that the original sloping θe dense belt became steep. It was favorable for the development of sloping vorticity, and the atmosphere gradually turned into the neutral state of convection. CSI and ramp motion played the major role. Then, the rainstorm continued. [Conclusion] The research provided the theory basis for the application of MPV and CSI into the local routine business.

AN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON THE INSTABILITY OF NATURAL CONVECTION BOUNDARY LAYER AROUND A VERTICAL HEATED FLAT PLATE

Experimental results on the instability of the isothermal natural-convection boundary layer around a vertical heated flat plate are presented. It is demonstrated that the characteristics of the instability wave in the outer layer is consistent with the calculation of Brewster & Gebhart. Aft;er an initial growth of its low frequency components at the downstream side of the turning point of the neutral curve (Gr approximate to 120) its comparatively higher frequency components develop and become turbulent subsequently with a buoyancy subrange in its power spectra. Simultaneously, in the measurement at the inner layer near the wail a viscous instability signal the same as the Tollmien-Schlichting waves in ordinary boundary layer and its subharmonics in a much higher frequency domain is discovered and an inertial subrange can be observed in the spectra at Gr approximate to 378.6.

Spatiotemporal Evolution of Stimulated Raman Scattering in the Absolute and Convective Regimes

A three-wave interaction （3WI） code is developed to study the stimulated Raman scattering （SRS） in both absolute and convective regimes. In the simulations, the time and spatial evolutions of a plasma wave are described by temporal growth rate and spatial factor, respectively. The spatial factors in different phases and different instability regimes are investigated. It is found that the spatial factor is caused by the finite velocity of the pump wave in the first phase and by damping in the last phase. With inclusion of the spatial factor, the temporal growth rate decreases and the threshold for SRS for a finite frequency mismatch increases. Meanwhile, the effects of wave frequency mismatch on the temporal growth rate are also discussed.

Absolute and Convective Instabilities of Two-Plasmon Decay in an Inhomogeneous Magnetized Plasma

Three-wave resonant parametric decay instability of extraordinary wave decay into two upper hybrid waves in an inhomogeneous plasma is studied theoretically. Analytical expressions of the local absolute growth rate, convective amplification factor and threshold intensity are obtained. The calculated results show that the effects of magnetic field and ky （ICy is the component of the wavenumber of upper hybrid wave perpendicular to pump wave k0） on the growth rate, amplification factor and threshold intensity are extremely dependent on their strength. The absolute growth rate and convective amplification factor increase with the plasma density while the threshold decreases. Moreover, the expression indicates that the inhomogeneity scale length of density and linear damping will reduce the convective amplification factor.

Shock Induced Symmetric Compression in a Spherical Target

Shock induced symmetric compression has been studied in a spherical target. The shock induced interfacial radius will shrink and would reach a minimum point during implosion situation. However, after implosion the plasma tries to expand in blow off/explosion situation and as a result the interfacial radius will increase. Effects of plasma parameters like density and temperature have been studied numerically. It is seen that the density increases many times due to the mass conservation in imploding situation of a compressible shell like ICF. However, temperature will change rapidly due to change of inner density and so would be the pressure of compressible fluid following adiabatic law. Our analytical results agree qualitatively with those of simulation results in spherical geometry and also experimental observations conducted in cylindrical container.

对流风暴大气不稳定机制研究的若干问题

大气不稳定是强对流天气发生的必要条件之一,具有复杂性。首先简要回顾了气块假设,给出了该假设的应用局限性,比如气块在对流风暴中的强上升运动必然会导致环境大气气压和涡度的变化等;然后梳理了大气的静力不稳定、对称不稳定以及其他多种类型不稳定的概念,重点总结了条件不稳定、湿绝对不稳定和条件对称不稳定的判据及其与对流风暴发生发展的关系,同时澄清了一些错误认识。判别条件不稳定最有效的方法是对气块作有限虚拟位移、使用对流有效位能(CAPE)来判别。CAPE和对流抑制能量的计算对抬升气块的温湿状况较为敏感,并需要进行虚温订正;最优CAPE值较地表CAPE具有更好的代表性。在强垂直风切变、低CAPE环境中,由于旋转导致的动力扰动气压梯度的加速作用对强对流风暴的发展至关重要;对流不稳定不一定对应于条件不稳定。条件对称不稳定的方便判别方法是使用饱和湿地转位势涡度,文中进一步总结了该不稳定所致的中尺度雨带特征。

陕南西南涡暴雨的热动力特征分析

利用10年(2013-2022年)4-10月逐日700 hPa高空图、西南低涡年鉴资料、欧洲中心ERA5再分析资料、陕西省站点降水数据对陕南西南涡暴雨个例进行了统计与诊断分析。结果表明:(1) 10年间共有119个暴雨日,其中由西南涡引起的暴雨日数38天,约占总暴雨日数的三分之一(32%),主要发生在5-9月,6月最多,根据统计降水时段多开始于夜间,结束于白天。(2)影响陕南的西南涡,源地主要是盆地涡,一般东移12~24 h后可造成陕南地区暴雨天气。陕南西南涡暴雨区主要位于700 hPa西南涡中心的东北象限附近,切变线以南区域,假相当位温的梯度大值区,500 hPa西风槽和副高外围西南气流的交汇区域且对应200 hPa强辐散区。(3)对西南涡的垂直结构研究表明,700 hPa强辐合中心位于正涡度中心东侧。这一区域与暴雨落区对应较好。高空急流下的强辐散引起空气质量调整,低层辐合,促使锋生。(4)存在三支水汽输送:通道一来自孟加拉湾西部的暖洋面;通道二源于孟加拉湾东部暖洋面;通道三源于南海洋面。暴雨期间秦巴山区地形产生的气旋式涡度、散度、水汽通量散度与系统性的涡度、散度和水汽通量散度叠加,增强低层辐合,这也是陕南西南涡暴雨形成的一个重要因素。

中昆仑山北坡极端暴雨对流—对称不稳定性及其触发机制分析

本文利用ERA-50.25°×0.25°再分析资料,通过计算2020年5月6~7日中昆仑山北坡极端暴雨天气过程中湿位涡和锋生函数,给出暴雨过程大气不稳定性演变特征,明确锋面系统在对流触发中的作用,并得出以下结论:(1)本次中昆仑山北坡暴雨期间,200 hPa高空两支急流造成辐散叠加区,500 hPa中亚低涡、高原北部切变线缓慢移动过程中,配合低层700 hPa地形辐合抬升、地面高压前冷气团与塔里木盆地暖气团交汇,为中昆仑山北坡浅山区云团发展提供有利的动力、热力条件。(2)暴雨分为两个阶段,第一阶段(EP1)于田至且末一线降水期间,对流层低层暴雨区为对流不稳定大气层结;第二阶段(EP2-1)策勒地区短时强降水期间,策勒对流层低层逐渐由对流不稳定大气转为条件对称不稳定大气层结,对流层低层Mpv2变化由大气的湿斜压性和低层水平风的垂直切变所造成;受前期降水和凝结潜热释放影响,第二阶段(EP2-2)策勒至洛浦一线低层增暖增湿,对流层低层转为对流不稳定大气层结。(3)地形辐合抬升是第一阶段降水中尺度云团生成的主要原因,低层冷锋锋生触发对流不稳定能量释放,且末附近云团迅速发展,同时塔里木盆地气流沿地形爬坡至高原北部,在500 hPa附近冷锋锋生,与高原北侧暖锋短时间对峙形成冷式锢囚锋,锋面附近垂直运动增强使得对流云团快速发展,与且末附近对流云团合并加强,造成第一阶段(EP1)于田至且末一线降水天气;第二阶段(EP2-1)策勒短时强降水期间,对流层低层700 hPa冷锋锋生,云团移动方向暖湿入流气流与云下蒸发和云后入流冷气团相遇,暖气团沿底层冷池进一步爬升,使得云团迅速发展至成熟阶段,造成策勒地区出现短时强降水天气;随着中亚低涡逐渐进入研究区,对流层低层—中层冷锋锋生,进一步加强了上升运动的发展,是第二阶段(EP2-2)策勒至洛浦一线持续性降水天气的重要原因。

塔里木盆地东北缘一次强对流天气过程中的阵风锋特征

利用地面自动站逐小时观测、多普勒天气雷达及WRF模式高分辨率数值模拟,分析2016年7月塔里木盆地东北缘一次强对流天气过程中的阵风锋特征。结果表明:阵风锋前沿较强的辐合抬升运动不断触发多个对流单体,其中大部分单体与其后方的对流系统合并且进一步发展,使得强对流天气不断发展和维持。在对流系统快速发展阶段,阵风锋前沿水平风的垂直切变造成湿位涡的斜压分量显著增强,从而增强局地的条件对称不稳定,为对流系统的发展和维持提供了重要的不稳定能量。不稳定能量释放需要的锋生强迫作用主要是由阵风锋前方的辐合辐散项和倾斜项决定,而阵风锋前沿附近的水平形变项及其上方的非绝热加热项贡献相对较弱。

“21·11”极端暴雪过程多系统结构演变及热动力机制

利用多种实时观测资料和ERA5再分析资料,对造成2021年11月6—8日华北、东北极端暴雪过程多系统的结构特征及热动力机制进行分析。结果表明:此次过程先后由500 hPa高空横槽、河套西风槽及高空冷涡接力影响,其上空的高空急流不断加强并呈现“S”型弯曲,同时低空偏南风急流形成与加强,并在东北地区与高空急流耦合。此次过程阶段性特征明显,其影响系统的结构特征和水汽输送存在差异。回流冷锋形成的冷垫锋面较为浅薄,暖湿气流在其上倾斜上升。寒潮冷锋则较为陡立,上升气流随高度西倾。而锋面气旋结构较为深厚直立,使得气流呈垂直上升运动。随着斜压强迫的不断增强,850 hPa切变线由准东西向分布转为南北向分布,再演变为低涡切变结构。对应的水平涡度由弱转强,其上空正涡度垂直分布也逐渐加强,由弱倾斜上升运动逐步演变为较强垂直上升运动区,并在系统东侧形成次级环流下沉支。此次过程的发生发展与锋生作用密切相关,降雪落区和强度与锋区走向及锋生函数大小较为一致。假相当位温锋区在降雪3个阶段逐渐加强,垂直锋区和低层锋生函数由倾斜状态演变为近乎直立结构;湿位涡诊断表明,3个阶段降雪落区均发生在湿位涡正压项>0而斜压项<0配置的区域,条件性对称不稳定是此次过程的主要动力机制。

间接驱动相关条件下的大空间尺度对流受激拉曼侧向散射

利用基于光线追踪和对流放大模型的模拟程序PHANTAM,对神光Ⅲ原型装置间接驱动相关条件下的大空间尺度受激拉曼散射进行了研究.模拟结果表明,在该参数条件下,真空腔和充气腔中均会发生较强的对流受激拉曼侧向散射过程.入射光的焦斑大小是影响对流受激拉曼侧向散射的关键因素:在光强保持不变的条件下,真空腔和充气腔中受激拉曼侧向散射的对流增益会随焦斑增大而增大,而在功率保持不变的条件下,会随焦斑增大而减小.因此改变焦斑尺寸是调控受激拉曼侧向散射对流增益的有效途径.

大气河背景下的广西暖区暴雨机理初探

利用多源实况观测资料以及ERA5再分析资料对2010-2022年夏季(6-8月)广西暖区暴雨个例中伴随大气河的特征进行统计分析,并基于波作用通量、水平锋生以及非绝热加热诊断等,从热力、动力角度分析了2022年6月2-4日大气河背景下广西典型暖区暴雨过程。结果表明:(1)绝大多数暖区暴雨个例伴随大气河。当大气河通过广西区域并维持在约1000 kg·m^(-1)·s^(-1)以下时,大气河强度增强有利于暖区暴雨降水强度增强。大多数个例中大气河呈西南-东北向,在经过广西时方向角在15°~65°。(2)典型个例中东西伯利亚阻塞高压和东北冷涡异常活跃,造成副高总体被压制,位置偏南,使得大气河维持在孟加拉湾-南海-华南-北热带太平洋一带,为暖区暴雨发生发展提供充足水汽。副高维持而低涡东移造成的气压梯度增大以及夜间季风气流加速共同作用使得局地大气河增强。(3)大气河夜间增强促进了局地水汽辐合及垂直输送使得湿层不断增厚,大气可降水量增大,有利于降水效率增大。同时,持续的暖湿输送有利于低层不稳定层结的建立和维持,使大气对流不稳定结构贯穿整个降水过程。(4)山脉地形的辐合抬升、侧向摩擦促进了上升运动、垂直涡度发展,一方面有利于山前堆积的暖湿空气被迫抬升而触发对流,另一方面有利于对流系统维持,造成更多水汽凝结致雨。此外,暖湿空气堆积产生持续的锋生强迫也有利于降水维持和增强。(5)大气河影响下的强上升造成大量水汽不断凝结释放潜热,大气受热后又加强了上升运动,在该正反馈机制下对流持续发展增强。

川南一次准正压类强对流天气的综合分析

就四川而言,相较于斜压大气中的强对流天气,准正压大气中的强对流天气出现概率低,突发性更强,监测和预报难度更大。本文基于气象站观测资料、雷达组合反射率拼图、气象卫星的TBB资料以及NCEP和ERA5再分析资料,运用天气学、卫星气象学和雷达气象学方法,对2022年8月5日四川南部地区发生的准正压类强对流天气进行了综合分析。结果表明:本次强对流天气以雷暴大风和短时强降雨为主,持续时间约2 h,其间气象要素变化剧烈;主要影响系统为高层的南亚高压、中低层的季风低压倒槽和地面热低压;高CAPE值、“上干下湿”的湿度层结、弱垂直风切变、低层辐合、高层辐散和深厚的上升运动是强对流天气出现的有利环境条件;低压倒槽前的云带在川南演变为对流云团,多中心带状雷暴群的NE段在川南演变为团状雷暴群,雷暴大风和短时强降雨与冷云中心、高TBB梯度、高反射率梯度、反射率大小及其维持时间存在较好的对应关系。

RAYLEIGH-MARANGONI-BENARD INSTABILITY IN TWO-LAYER FLUID SYSTEM

Rayleigh-Marangoni-Bénard instability in a system of two-layer fluids is studied nu- merically.The convective instabilities in the system of Silicon Oil(10cSt)and Fluorinert(FC70)liquids have been analyzed.The critical parameters at onset of convection are presented in a large range of two-layer depth ratios from 0.2 to 5.0.Numerical results show that the instability of the two-layer system depends strongly on its depth ratio.When the depth ratio increases,the instability mode changes from mechanical coupling to thermal coupling.Between these two typical coupling modes, a time-dependent oscillation is detected.Nevertheless,traveling wave states are found in the case of oscillatory instability.The oscillation mode results from the competition between Rayleigh instability and Marangoni effect.

Effects of porous material on transient natural convection heat transfer of nano-fluids inside a triangular chamber

This study numerically investigates the impact of porous materials,nano-particle types,and their concentrations on transient natural convection heat transfer of nano-fluid inside a porous chamber with a triangular section.The governing equations of the two-phase mixture model are separated on the computational domain and solved using the Finite Volume Method,taking into account the Darcy–Brinkman model for porous medium.It was observed that convection heat transfer inside the triangular chamber consists of three stages named initial,transient,and semi-steady.The features of each step are provided in detail.The results suggested that the use of a hybrid nano-fluid(water/aluminum oxide-cooper)inside a porous glass material and an increase in volume fraction of nano-particles have adverse effects on heat transfer rate.In contrast,as the nano-particle volume fraction of the single nano-fluid(water/aluminum oxide)inside the chamber increased,convection heat transfer rate improved.At the same time,it was observed that the use of both nano-fluids(single and hybrid)in the porous environment of the aluminum foam could improve convection.

NUMERICAL STUDY OF NATURAL CONVECTION FLOW IN A VERTICAL SLOT

The stability of convective motion, generated by a lateral temperature difference across a vertical slot, is studied numerically over a range ofGr=5000 to 1.5 × 105,Pr=0.01 to 10, andA=8,16 and 20. Various cellular flow structures and temperature patterns are illustrated. Several branches of solutions characterized by different numbers of the cells in the flow patterns as well as by both steady and unsteady multicellular patterns are found for low-Prandtl-number fluid in the vertical slot. Meanwhile, the behaviors of the temperature variation and heat transfer are also discussed.

Linear stability analysis of convection in two-layer system with an evaporating vapor-liquid interface

Classical theories have successfully provided an explanation for convection in a liquid layer heated from below without evaporation. However, these theories are inadequate to account for the convective instabilities in an evaporating liquid layer, especially in the case when it is cooled from below. In the present paper, we study the onset of Marangoni convection in a liquid layer being overlain by a vapor layer. A new two-sided model is put forward instead of the one-sided model in previous studies. Marangoni-Béard instabilities in evaporating liquid thin layers are investigated with a linear instability analysis. We define a new evaporation Blot number, which is different from that in previous studies and discuss the influences of reference evaporating velocity and evaporation Blot number on the vapor-liquid system. At the end, we explain why the instability occurs even when an evaporating liquid layer is cooled from below.

Evolution of Instability before and during a Torrential Rainstorm in North China

NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data were used to analyze the characteristics and evolution mechanism of convective and symmetric instability before and during a heavy rainfall event that occurred in Beijing on 21 July 2012.Approximately twelve hours before the rainstorm,the atmosphere was mainly dominated by convective instability in the lower level of 900-800 hPa.The strong southwesterly low-level jet conveyed the moist and warm airflow continuously to the area of torrential rain,maintaining and enhancing the unstable energy.When the precipitation occurred,unstable energy was released and the convective instability weakened.Meanwhile,due to the baroclinicity enhancement in the atmosphere,the symmetric instability strengthened,maintaining and promoting the subsequent torrential rain.Deriving the convective instability tendency equation demonstrated that the barotropic component of potential divergence and the advection term played a major role in enhancing the convective instability before the rainstorm.Analysis of the tendency equation of moist potential vorticity showed that the coupled term of vertical vorticity and the baroclinic component of potential divergence was the primary factor influencing the development of symmetric instability during the precipitation.Comparing the effects of these factors on convective instability and symmetric instability showed some correlation.

ON THE INSTABILITY OF WAKES BEHIND STATIONARY CIRCULAR CYLINDERS

The study on the formation of vortex streets behind stationary circular cylinders is of substantial sense in engineering, since vortex streets play the leading role in introduction of vibration, generation of noise and wake instability, etc.. In the present paper, the Orr-Sommerfeld equation combined with measured velocity profiles is used to investigate the type of instability behind stationary cylinders, which determines the mechanism of vortex formation. The numerical calculations for Reynolds numbers of 56-140 000 imply that there is a range around the end of the dead water region in cylinder wakes where the instability belongs to the absolute type. Beyond the range, the flows show to be of the convective type. On the other hand, the flows tend to be of the convective instability when Reynolds number is below the subcritical value of forming vortex streets. All of the correspondent Strouhal numbers agree with experimental data very well. The formation of vortex streets behind stationary cylinders