The Formulation of Convention on the Rights of Older Persons:The Process and Prospects

Since its establishment,the United nations open-ended Working group on aging has shouldered the historical mission of exploring the“possibilities”and even laying the“foundation”for a Convention on the Rights of older Persons.Although the formulation of a convention on the protection of the rights of older persons has been widely supported by the general public and many countries,it still faces many problems.China should adhere to the combination of“human rights”and“development”and adjust its policies to adapt to the new changes in related fields.With successful case studies,concise expression of rights,and regional contracting practice,China could participate more fully in the reform of the international mechanism for the protection of the rights of older persons to improve the voice in future international human rights governance and make greater contributions to the protection of the rights of older persons worldwide.

Challenges and New Directions of Information Accessibility for Persons with Disabilities in China: From the Perspective of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

Accessibility is the basis and prerequisite for persons with disabilities to enjoy and exercise all human rights and fundamental freedoms With the rapid development of the internet, providing and promoting information accessibility is considered an important obligation for the State In the process of transforming international human rights law into domestic law, how to deal with the human rights protection of persons with disabilities and the obligations of the private sector to ensure persons with disabilities receive services and products that meet the requirements and principles of information accessibility has become a development issue in the new era Against the backdrop of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and in the context of the booming development of the cause of persons with disabilities in China, legal scholars, persons with disabilities, and organizations have jointly proposed the Beijing Initiative on the Principles of Information Accessibility for Science and Technology Products It clarifies that the private sector should embrace the human rights model advocated by the Convention in terms of information accessibility, and provide equal participation for persons with disabilities in the process of designing, producing and selling scientific and technological products The Initiative also states that the private sector should keep pace with the United Nation’s sustainable development goals and the basic national policy of building a well-to-do society in an all round way, ensuring persons with disabilities are included within a moderately well-off society It also provides civil opinions on the formulation and clarification of relevant laws in the future.

The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and China's Protection of the Right to Education of the Persons with Disabilities

The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities effective in 2008 explicitly stipulates that Member States shall guarantee that people with disabilities enjoy the right to education free from discrimination and without prejudice to equal opportunities.The Chinese government made amendments to the Law of the People s Republic of China on the Protection of Persons with disabilities and the Regulation on the Education of the Persons with Disabilities and issued a series of rules on the Education of the Persons with Disabilities so as to actively implement the Convention. In recent years,the number and proportion of children with disabilities who receive education in China and the number of students with disabilities receiving high school and higher education have been on the rise annually.However, there is still a gap in the level of education on all stages between persons with disabilities and persons without, presenting a huge challenge for the achievement of the right to education of persons with disabilities. We should continue to actively fulfill the obligations prescribed by the Convention to protect the right to education, explore the construction of integrated education, support the maintenance system,strive to improve the quality of special education,allocate resources for the education of persons with disabilities, and emphasize the appraisal of the education of persons with disabilities.

The Background and Core Conception of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: A Review

The convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities came into force on May 3, 2008? Reviewing the social background of the drafting of the convention and reinterpreting its basic concepts and core provisions are of positive significance for the more comprehensive implementation of the convention in china’s domestic law and the advancement of the rights protection of persons with disabilities in china? The preamble of the convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities clearly confirms the value and foundation of the rights of persons with disabilities and establishes the guiding ideology and basic principles for the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities? china has actively implemented the convention through legislative, administrative measures and other appropriate measures in accordance with the requirements of the convention? in recent years, it has actively promoted the judicial protection of persons with disabilities by strengthening legal aid for persons with disabilities and strengthening judicial responsibility for handling cases of persons with disabilities?

The “Transcendental” Interpretation of the Concept of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind: The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Its Implementation in China

The concept of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind provides new theoretical support for the special protection of the rights of persons with disabilities. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is innovative in terms of its purposes and principles, logic and technology, and the actual implementation of the contracting parties, which is unique in the field of international human rights law. It is a "transcendental" interpretation of the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind and enhances the ethical values of international human rights law. The development of the cause of persons with disabilities in China is positively influenced by the values reflected in the concept of a community of shared Future for mankind and meanwhile highlights them, which provides "Chinese experiences" for the international cause of persons with disabilities.

Protection of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Under the Framework of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is a manifesto for the rights of the disabled. It establishes the values and concepts, the guidelines for action, and the system of rules for the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities worldwide. As one of the main drafting countries and the first signatories of the Convention, China has been actively implementing the principles of the Convention and faithfully fulfilling the responsibilities of a signatory party, and has made great achievements in building up its legal system, policy and culture. However, compared with the goals of the Convention, there still exist some gaps in rights awareness, social environment and related systems. Guided by the spirit of the Convention, and taking into account China’s national conditions, the country will continue to cultivate its human rights culture, upgrade its capability to provide public services for people with disabilities, improve the construction of barrier-free environments, guarantee the full realization of the survival, development and participation rights of the disabled, and establish a new mode of protecting the human rights of persons with disabilities in China.

Significance of Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Its Impact on Matters Related to Persons with Disabilities in China

On December 13, 2006, the 61th UN General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Rights of Persons withDisabilities. This is the first legally binding international instrument dedi- cated to the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities and the latest effort by the international community to protect and promote the human fights of persons with disabilities. The Convention clarifies the rights of per- sons with disabilities to participate in political, economic, social, cultural and civil life and stresses that all signatory parties have the obligation and duties to ensure that persons with disabilities really enioy the same human rights,

Social Participation of Older Persons Based on Human Rights:Conception Renewal and Action Plan

Equal participation and the promotion of social integration are essential parts of human rights protection. The theory of the right to social participation of older persons from the perspective of age stratification hardly explains the real difficulties older persons face in participating in social life. Life course theory reveals that social participation is an intermediate link between individuals and the social environment, so it is a means for individuals to achieve specific objectives as they age. In this light, there are three main interpretations for expressions of social participation of older persons throughout history, namely participation in health-oriented toward treatment of physiological aging, participation in production oriented toward human resources development of older persons, and full participation based on human rights. In the context of mainstreaming human rights and active aging, full participation based on human rights should become the main concept of relevant academic exploration and policy practice. To this end, we should establish the principle of protecting the rights of the elderly to social participation and integration, examine the participation process from the perspective of dynamic development, and construct the participation protection mechanism in light of China’s conditions.

WHAT DOES ACCESS TO JUSTICE REQUIRE？ -- OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO INVOKE THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES

Persons with disabilities have a right to effective access to justice under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities （UNCRPD）. This article provides insights on the parameters of that right, including a close examination of the history and text of Article 13, which directly addresses access to justice and other relevant UNCRPD provisions. In addition to the UNCRPD, this article discusses implementation guidance from the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, including its guidelines for State Party reports and jurisprudence. The initial reports by eleven States Parties -- Argentina, Azerbaijan, China, Costa Rica, Croatia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Hungary, Mexico, Peru and Turkmenistan - are also considered. The Committee＇s feedback regarding implementation of Article 13 by these eleven States parties is critiqued for being limited and inconsistent. This article then attempts to clarify what effective access to justice actually requires. It does so by focusing on the insights that can be drawn from implementation of Article 13 since the UNCRPD was adopted as well as implementation guidance from the Conference of States Parties, the International Disability Alliance, the World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry and the National Center for Access to Justice. This article concludes with recommendations on how the Committee can improve its guidance on access to justice to help ensure that equal rights will not be illusory for persons with disabilities.

Appropriate prescribing in the elderly: Current perspectives

Advances in medical therapeutics have undoubtedly contributed to health gains and increases in life expectancy over the last century. However, there is growing evidence to suggest that therapeutic decisions in older patients are frequently suboptimal or potentially inappropriate and often result in negative outcomes such as adverse drug events, hospitalisation and increased healthcare resource utilisation. Several factors influence the appropriateness of medication selectionin older patients including age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, high numbers of concurrent medications, functional status and burden of co-morbid illness. With ever-increasing therapeutic options, escalating proportions of older patients worldwide, and varying degrees of prescriber education in geriatric pharmacotherapy, strategies to assist physicians in choosing appropriate pharmacotherapy for older patients may be helpful. In this paper, we describe important age-related pharmacological changes as well as the principal domains of prescribing appropriateness in older people. We highlight common examples of drugdrug and drug-disease interactions in older people. We present a clinical case in which the appropriateness of prescription medications is reviewed and corrective strategies suggested. We also discuss various approaches to optimising prescribing appropriateness in this population including the use of explicit and implicit prescribing appropriateness criteria, comprehensive geriatric assessment, clinical pharmacist review, prescriber education and computerized decision support tools.

PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES AND THEIR SEXUAL, REPRODUCTIVE, AND PARENTING RIGHTS： AN INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Abstract Despite important gains in human rights, persons with disabilities -- and in particular women and girls with disabilities -- continue to experience significant inequalities in the areas of sexual, reproductive, and parenting rights. Persons with disabilities are sterilized at alarming rates; have decreased access to reproductive health care services and information; and experience denial of parenthood. Precipitating these inequities are substantial and instantiated stereotypes of persons with disabilities as either asexual or unable to engage in sexual or reproductive activities, and as incapable of performing parental duties. The article begins with an overview of sexual, reproductive, and parenting rights regarding persons with disabilities. Because most formal adjudications of these related rights have centered on the issue of sterilization, the article analyzes commonly presented rationales used to justify these procedures over time and across jurisdictions. Next, the article examines the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the attendant obligations of States Parties regarding rights to personal integrity, access to reproductive health care services and information, parenting, and the exercise of legal capacity. Finally, the article highlights fundamental and complex issues requiring future research and consideration.

基于ICF和联合国《残疾人权利公约》对国际组织有关残疾定义及其测量的内容研究

目的基于《国际功能、残疾和健康分类》(ICF)和《残疾人权利公约》(CRPD),分析国际有关残疾模式、残疾相关术语体系、残疾定义和残疾测量工具的相关内容,为发展符合国际标准的残疾术语、分类以及测量提供依据。方法基于ICF和CRPD对残疾和残疾人的定义,分析国际组织有关的残疾定义,并运用ICF进行编码;对国际组织推荐的残疾测量工具进行内容和编码分析。结果基于ICF和CRPD残疾和残疾人定义,对相关国际组织残疾和残疾人定义进行内容分析与编码研究,分析各定义中涉及的残疾核心概念与相应的ICF编码。国际组织残疾定义内容涉及ICF身体功能与结构、活动和参与以及环境因素和个人因素等维度。标准化残疾测量工具世界卫生组织残疾评定量表、华盛顿残疾统计小组(WG)残疾数据标准WG和WG-C,以及示范残疾调查(MDS),均以ICF与CRPD为理论基础的,且完全采用ICF的分类体系、术语体系和编码标准,测量内容覆盖ICF有关残疾的核心内容,符合CRPD有关残疾和残疾人的定义。结论基于ICF和CRPD有关残疾理论架构、术语体系和编码系统,发展标准化的残疾定义和测量工具,并且构建标准化残疾数据理论架构与数据标准。基于ICF残疾数据标准在残疾相关的健康、康复、教育、职业、社区和社会服务领域,将促进实现跨行业和领域的残疾数据交换。

《世界残疾报告》及对我国残疾人康复服务的启示

介绍《世界残疾报告》的出台背景、理论架构和主要建议,分析评述"第四章康复"的表述;认为我国残疾人康复服务发展应更新残疾观念和重构模式,体现现代康复的内涵与价值,分析残疾人的康复障碍及其解决策略,倡导《国际功能、残疾与健康分类》理念并推进"残疾人权利国际公约"落实;提出我国发展残疾人康复服务行动策略:倡导康复服务理念变革,推行以社区为基础的康复服务,采纳多专业合作的康复服务模式,建设专业化的康复服务人才队伍。

个人信息权保护的法律界限研究--基于欧洲人权法院50个判例的分析

个人信息权是一种新兴权利,与日益扩张的国家监控权针锋相对。《欧洲人权公约》第八条从个人和家庭隐私的角度,对个人信息权作出了规定。欧洲人权法院的50个相关判例涵盖英国、法国、德国、瑞士、俄罗斯等不同法系的国家,涉及健康隐私、私密声音、私人通信等个人信息,缔约国败诉率高达三分之二,明确表明保护个人信息的法律限度:对个人信息的收集、储存、使用、披露、查询、删除等监控和干预必须依法、善意、必要进行,以充分保障人权。我国应当以"保护为原则,干涉为例外",立法保护个人信息权,夯实合法性基础;合理善用国家监控权,找准合目的方向;最低程度平衡权益冲突,把握合比例性原则,进一步完善个人信息的法律保护。

从《残疾人权利公约》反思国际人权机制

2007年3月起开放签字的《残疾人权利公约》是联合国体系在保护人权领域的最新努力。与以往的多数人权条约一样,《残疾人权利公约》列举了具体权利、构划了报告体制,同时通过任择议定书设计建立一套来文制度。这意味着在国际人权法上又添加了一套体制。虽然从权利保护发展本身看,这一公约的出现丰富了联合国体系的人权保护内容,但是从国际法治的理念上看,它是国际法不成体系的特征的继续与延伸,本质上不仅无益于国际法治的完善,而且有可能进一步提高国际法维护人权各个环节的成本。现阶段有必要考虑将包括人权、环境等领域的规范进行编纂,将相应机构进行整合,以推进国际法治的目标。

论积极老龄化视域下的老年人权利保障

积极老龄化的理念认为,老年只是人的自然生命历程,应该正确看待。目前,非老年群体乃至整个社会对老年的一系列负面评价,诸如衰弱、没用、无能、失去价值等,均是一种年龄歧视和偏见,是社会建构的产物。在积极老龄化视域下,地方政府应该充分利用新修订的《立法法》的地方立法资源,来进行关于老年人权利保障的法律资源的配置和设计,建构老龄人口闲暇权,抓紧落实宪法规定的事关老龄人口的诸如文化权、宗教信仰自由权、弹性退休权、社会保障权、福利权等一系列基本权利,同时在民法的框架内建构成年人监护权,从而形成一个较为完善的保障老年人权利的体系架构。

镶嵌型的公共宗教——传统中国的政教关系之社会学解读

从“文化”而伦理,从“伦理”而结构,这是当代中国宗教研究范式的三段式演进。中国宗教社会学的研究,应当把宗教置于国家与社会的架构之中,是宗教的社会学研究与社会学的宗教研究的结合。传统中国的一个重要历史特征为世俗权力与精神权利的模糊界限与紧张关系,具体表现为中国古代的公共崇拜与私人信仰的彼此渗透。为此,中国宗教社会学的研究首先是要研究宗教所镶嵌在其中的社会关系和政教关系,以能深入中国宗教、信仰的内在脉络。

德国残疾人社会保护政策的反贫困现状评析

残疾人贫困是一个国际性难题。德国作为世界上首个建立残疾保险的国家,经过数百年发展其残疾人社会保护政策较大多国家和地区而言已相对完善和成熟,但根据2015年联合国残疾人权利委员会对德国残疾人社会保护政策的评估,认为其依然无法保障残疾人基本生活水平。本文回顾了德国社会保护政策发展历程,并依据联合国《残疾人权利公约》第二十八条对残疾人社会保护政策的分类梳理了德国残疾人社会保护政策构成,总结了目前存在的问题以及反贫困效果。最后,通过对德国残疾人社会保护政策的反贫困现状评析提出了几点对我国发展残疾人社会保护政策的启示。

《残疾人权利公约》在中国的适用研究——从“禁止导盲犬上地铁”说起

我国是《残疾人权利公约》的缔约国,并已批准了该《公约》。随着《公约》的实施,我国在残疾人人权保障方面取得了一定的成就,但仍存在问题。以"禁止导盲犬上地铁"为例,从宏观角度看,其有悖于国际公约、国际习惯法保护人权的精神;从比较法角度看,其亦与国际通行做法不相适应,特别是美国、英联邦、日本和我国港台地区的实践。虽然我国也有相关法律规范同意导盲犬进入公共场所,但是仍存在法律条款缺乏统一实施细则、公众对于有关法律尚缺乏全面认识,以及导盲犬的培训和管理制度有待完善等问题。

社会心理损伤或有此状况者的合理便利与残障公约

本文主要探讨为残障者提供合理便利义务问题。合理便利一方面打破了传统认为的公民权利和政治权利,另一方面打破了经济、社会和文化权利之间的泾渭分明界限,它在人权法领域能起到独特的桥梁作用。《残疾人权利公约》要求缔约国在社会生活的重要领域中推行合理便利义务。以社会心理损伤或有此状况人群为例,阐述缔约国应如何履行此项义务。