An efficient synthesis of benzofuran derivatives under conventional/non-conventional method

l-Methyl-3-ethyl imidazolium bromide[meim]Br/basic alumina（Al2O3） has been found to promote the cyclocondensation of chloroacetone/chloroethyl acetate with salicylaldehydes under conventional as well as microwave irradiation to yield benzofuran derivatives.

Applying Conventional Combustion Science and Technology to Alternative Energy Resources in Industrial Systems

Life is hinged on energy and a good and sustainable source is the penultimate desire of all nations. Now faced with the impending decline in the oil reserves, attempts have been and are being made to control the use. Yet beyond all the control strategies, the time approaches when the world supply will become inadequate. The very high rate of regeneration of grasses, weeds and leaves shows that it will be environmentally friendly to use as fuel, for the carbon dioxide that will be released when they are burnt will be required for their regeneration. In this study, attention is focused on designing a burner to combust these materials in an industrial setting. The result shows that the temperature profile for pulverized lower grade biomass fuel rises slowly and tends to stabilize at 438℃. It was also discovered that the cost of a heating process can be drastically reduced as it costs $8 when using the cooking gas and $4.66 when using the mixture of the new fuel and cooking gas. Thus by using this new fuel or a mixture of it, not only will the cost of heating processes be reduced, but also the life of the existing known conventional resources will be prolonged.

Buoyance-driven hydrocarbon accumulation depth and its implication for unconventional resource prediction

The discovery of unconventional hydrocarbon resources since the late 20th century changed geologists’understanding of hydrocarbon migration and accumulations and provides a solution to energy shortage.In 2016,unconventional oil production in the USA accounted for 41%of the total oil production;and unconventional natural gas production in China accounted for 35%of total gas production,showing strong growth momentum of unconventional hydrocarbons explorations.Unconventional hydrocarbons generally coexist with conventional petroleum resources;they sometimes distribute in a separate system,not coexisting with a conventional system.Identification and prediction of unconventional resources and their potentials are prominent challenges for geologists.This study analyzed the results of 12,237 drilling wells in six representative petroliferous basins in China and studied the correlations and differences between conventional and unconventional hydrocarbons by comparing their geological features.Migration and accumulation of conventional hydrocarbon are caused dominantly by buoyance.Wepropose a concept of buoyance-driven hydrocarbon accumulation depth to describe the deepest hydrocarbon accumulation depth driven dominantly by buoyance;beyond this depth the buoyance becomes unimportant for hydrocarbon accumulation.We found that the buoyance-driven hydrocarbon accumulation depth in petroliferous basins controls the different oil/gas reservoirs distribution and resource potentials.Hydrocarbon migration and accumulations above this depth is dominated by buoyancy,forming conventional reservoirs in traps with high porosity and permeability,while hydrocarbon migration and accumulation below this depth is dominated by non-buoyancy forces(mainly refers to capillary force,hydrocarbon volumeexpansion force,etc.),forming unconventional reservoirs in tight layers.The buoyance-driven hydrocarbon accumulation depths in six basins in China range from 1200mto 4200 m,which become shallowerwith increasing geothermal gradient,decreasing particle size of sandstone reservoir layers,or an uplift in the whole petroliferous basin.The predicted unconventional resource potential belowthe buoyance-driven hydrocarbon accumulation depth in six basins in China is more than 15.71×10^(9) t oil equivalent,among them 4.71×10^(9) t reserves have been proved.Worldwide,94%of 52,926 oil and gas reservoirs in 1186 basins are conventional reservoirs and only 6%of them are unconventional reservoirs.These 94%conventional reservoirs show promising exploration prospects in the deep area below buoyance-driven hydrocarbon accumulation depth.

Comparative Analysis for Evaluating Wind Energy Resources Using Intelligent Optimization Algorithms and Numerical Methods

Statistical distributions are used to model wind speed,and the twoparameters Weibull distribution has proven its effectiveness at characterizing wind speed.Accurate estimation of Weibull parameters,the scale(c)and shape(k),is crucial in describing the actual wind speed data and evaluating the wind energy potential.Therefore,this study compares the most common conventional numerical(CN)estimation methods and the recent intelligent optimization algorithms(IOA)to show how precise estimation of c and k affects the wind energy resource assessments.In addition,this study conducts technical and economic feasibility studies for five sites in the northern part of Saudi Arabia,namely Aljouf,Rafha,Tabuk,Turaif,and Yanbo.Results exhibit that IOAs have better performance in attaining optimal Weibull parameters and provided an adequate description of the observed wind speed data.Also,with six wind turbine technologies rating between 1 and 3MW,the technical and economic assessment results reveal that the CN methods tend to overestimate the energy output and underestimate the cost of energy($/kWh)compared to the assessments by IOAs.The energy cost analyses show that Turaif is the windiest site,with an electricity cost of$0.016906/kWh.The highest wind energy output is obtained with the wind turbine having a rated power of 2.5 MW at all considered sites with electricity costs not exceeding$0.02739/kWh.Finally,the outcomes of this study exhibit the potential of wind energy in Saudi Arabia,and its environmental goals can be acquired by harvesting wind energy.

Analysis on Change Tendency of the Precipitation Resource during Growth Period of the Conventional Crops in Plain Area before Taihang Mountains

[Objective] The aim was to study change tendency of the precipitation resource during growth period of the conventional crops in plain area before Taihang Mountains. [ Method] Based on daily precipitation data at Shijiazhuang meteorological station in recent 51 years, average rainfall dudng growth periods of the 9 kinds of conventional crops was obtained. Precipitation tendency dudng growth periods of the 9 kinds of conventional crops in plain area before Taihang Mountains was analyzed by Mann-Kendall nonparametric test. [ Result] Seen from rainfall during growth pedods of the different crops, rainfall was the least during the growth period of winter wheat, followed by summer corn. Rainfall during growth peri- ods of the cotton, oil plant, vegetable, fruit tree, potato, rice and legumes was more. Under different guaranteed rates, precipitation change also had difference. Rainfall change during growth periods of the wheat and corn was bigger, and rainfall change during growth period of the rice was smaller. Change degree of the precipitation during growth periods of the cotton, oil plant, vegetable, fruit tree and legumes was equivalent, while precipitation change during growth period of the potato was the biggest. Seen from change tendency of the precipitation during growth periods of the different crops, precipitation in the growth period of winter wheat was increasing at a speed of 0.62 mm/a. However, precipitation in growth periods of the other crops had a decreasing tendency. Precipitation in the growth periods of summer corn and legumes decreased at the same speed which was 2.11 mm/a, while precipitation in growth periods of the cotton, oil plant, vegetable, fruit tree, potato and rice decreased insignificantly. [ Con dusion] The study laid foundation for determination of the agricultural irrigation water and provided theoretical reference for regional agricultural water-saving.

Evaluation and re-understanding of the global natural gas hydrate resources

Natural gas hydrate(NGH)has been widely considered as an alternative to conventional oil and gas resources in the future energy resource supply since Trofimuk’s first resource assessment in 1973.At least 29 global estimates have been published from various studies so far,among which 24 estimates are greater than the total conventional gas resources.If drawn in chronological order,the 29 historical resource estimates show a clear downward trend,reflecting the changes in our perception with respect to its resource potential with increasing our knowledge on the NGH with time.A time series of the 29 estimates was used to establish a statistical model for predict the future trend.The model produces an expected resource value of 41.46×1012 m3 at the year of 2050.The statistical trend projected future gas hydrate resource is only about 10%of total natural gas resource in conventional reservoir,consistent with estimates of global technically recoverable resources(TRR)in gas hydrate from Monte Carlo technique based on volumetric and material balance approaches.Considering the technical challenges and high cost in commercial production and the lack of competitive advantages compared with rapid growing unconventional and renewable resources,only those on the very top of the gas hydrate resource pyramid will be added to future energy supply.It is unlikely that the NGH will be the major energy source in the future.

Evaluation of natural gas hydrate resources in the South China Sea using a new genetic analogy method

Natural gas hydrate(NGH)has attracted much attention as a new alternative energy globally.However,evaluations of global NGH resources in the past few decades have casted a decreasing trend,where the estimate as of today is less than one ten-thousandth of the estimate forty years ago.The NGH researches in China started relatively late,but achievements have been made in the South China Sea(SCS)in the past two decades.Thirty-five studies had been carried out to evaluate NGH resource,and results showed a flat trend,ranging from 60 to 90 billion tons of oil equivalent,which was 2-3 times of the evaluation results of technical recoverable oil and gas resources in the SCS.The big difference is that the previous 35 group of NGH resource evaluations for the SCS only refers to the prospective gas resource with low grade level and high uncertainty,which cannot be used to guide exploration or researches on development strategies.Based on the analogy with the genetic mechanism of conventional oil and gas resources,this study adopts the newly proposed genetic method and geological analogy method to evaluate the NGH resource.Results show that the conventional oil and gas resources are 346.29×10^(8)t,the volume of NGH and free dynamic field are 25.19×10^(4)km^(3) and(2.05-2.48)×10^(6)km^(3),and the total amount of in-situ NGH resources in the SCS is about(4.47-6.02)×10^(12)m^(3).It is considered that the resource of hydrate should not exceed that of conventional oil and gas,so it is 30 times lower than the previous estimate.This study provides a more reliable geological basis for further NGH exploration and development.

Distribution and potential of global oil and gas resources

Using conventional and unconventional oil and gas resource evaluation methods with play as a unit, this study evaluates the oil and gas geology and resource potential of conventional oil and gas resources and seven types of unconventional resources in the global major oil and gas basins(excluding China). For the first time, resource evaluation data with independent intellectual property rights has been obtained. According to evaluation and calculation, the global recoverable conventional oil resources are 5 350.0×108 t, the recoverable condensate oil resources are 496.2×108 t, and the recoverable natural gas resources are 588.4×1012 m3. The remaining oil and gas 2 P recoverable reserves are 4 212.6×108 t, the reserve growth of oil and gas fields are 1 531.7×108 t. The undiscovered oil and gas recoverable resources are 3 065.5×108 t. The global unconventional oil recoverable resources are 4 209.4×108 t and the unconventional natural gas recoverable resources are 195.4×1012 m3. The evaluation results show that the global conventional and unconventional oil and gas resources are still abundant.

南美地区油气地质特征及常规油气资源潜力

在分析南美油气地质特征的基础上,进行南美主要含油气盆地待发现常规油气资源评价,总结待发现油气资源分布规律,探讨其勘探前景。结果表明,受4大板块碰撞影响,南美沉积盆地可分成弧前、弧后、前陆、内克拉通和被动陆缘盆地5种类型。南美油气成藏条件优越,烃源岩以中新生界海相-陆相泥岩为主,生烃潜力大。储层以白垩系和第三系碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩为主,分布广泛。盖层中新生界区域性泥岩和盐岩为主,封堵能力强。采用以成藏组合为基础评价单元的资源评价方法,将南美65个盆地共划分出152个成藏组合,并进行了资源评价。预测南美65个主要含油气盆地的待发现石油可采资源量为263 716 MMB,待发现凝析油可采资源量为7 405 MMB,待发现天然气可采资源量为559 020 BCF。待发现油气资源在平面上呈“两带”展布、“两中心”富集特征;在纵向上主要富集于白垩系和第三系。被动陆缘盆地和前陆盆地是南美未来油气勘探的两个重点领域,其中深海和前陆冲断带是主要勘探方向,巴西、委内瑞拉是重点关注国家。

Hydrocarbon Generation Potential and Organic Matter Enrichment Mechanism of the Cambrian Marine Shale in the Tadong Low Uplift,Tarim Basin

Cambrian shales in China and elsewhere contain abundant oil and gas resources.However,due to its deep burial and limited outcrop,there has been relatively little research conducted on it.The Cambrian shale of the Tadong low uplift in the Tarim Basin of western China,specifically the Xidashan-Xishanbulake Formation(Fm.)and overlying Moheershan Fm.provide a case study through the use of organic petrology,mineralogy,organic and elemental geochemistry,with the aim of analyzing and exploring the hydrocarbon generation potential(PG)and organic matter(OM)enrichment mechanisms within these shale formations.The results indicate that:(1)the Cambrian shale of the Tadong low uplift exhibits relatively dispersed OM that consists of vitrinite-like macerals and solid bitumen.These formations have a higher content of quartz and are primarily composed of silica-based lithology;(2)shale samples from the Xidashan-Xishanbulake and Moheershan formations demonstrate high total organic carbon(TOC)and low pyrolytic hydrocarbon content(S_(2))content.The OM is predominantly typeⅠand typeⅡkerogens,indicating a high level of maturation in the wet gas period.These shales have undergone extensive hydrocarbon generation,showing characteristics of relatively poor PG;(3)the sedimentary environments of the Xidashan-Xishanbulake and Moheershan formations in the Tadong low uplift are similar.They were deposited in warm and humid climatic conditions,in oxygen-deficient environments,with stable terrigenous inputs,high paleoproductivity,high paleosalinity,weak water-holding capacity,and no significant hydrothermal activity;and(4)the relationship between TOC and the paleoproductivity parameter(P/Ti)is most significant in the Lower Cambrian Xidashan-Xishanbulake Fm.,whereas correlation with other indicators is not evident.This suggests a productivity-driven OM enrichment model,where input of landderived material was relatively small during the Middle Cambrian,and the ancient water exhibited lower salinity.A comprehensive pattern was formed under the combined control of paleoproductivity and preservation conditions.This study provides valuable guidance for oil and gas exploration in the Tarim Basin.

如何克服制造企业服务创新惰性:创新搜索视角下知识服务机构联结的作用

通过开展服务创新活动摆脱价值链低端锁定已成为本土制造业创新实践的普遍现象。但由于缺乏充足的资源与能力支撑,制造企业在服务创新过程中往往遭遇惰性的阻碍,如何克服服务创新惰性成为其面临的主要挑战。为了解决该问题,本文基于282份制造企业调查数据,基于创新搜索视角,考察知识服务机构联结对制造企业服务创新惰性的直接影响。研究发现:知识服务机构联结有利于克服服务创新惰性。另外,创新搜索在知识服务机构联结与服务创新资源刚性的负向关系中起正向调节作用,而在知识服务机构联结与服务创新惯例刚性的负向关系中不具有调节作用。本研究对制造企业合理利用外部资源以突破服务创新惰性壁垒具有一定的实践意义。

A conceptual framework for characterizing mineralized waste rocks as future resource

Conventional mining practices do not extract all mineralized rocks due to prevailing economics.Improvement in mineral prices and processing recovery(technology)could potentially make mineralized waste rocks profitable.A well-integrated mining strategy that focuses on both economic and physical resource depletion is vital to the management of non-renewable mineral resources.In this paper,a conceptual framework that maximizes the benefits of mining and processing mineralized waste rocks as future resource is proposed.Governmental policy and technical reforms that ensure mining companies incorporate the proposed mineralized waste rocks management framework in their long-term strategic mine plans have been recommended.

准噶尔盆地油气资源潜力与中国石化常规—非常规油气一体化勘探策略

准噶尔盆地油气资源丰富,勘探潜力巨大,是我国油气增储上产的主战场之一。近年来中国石油在准噶尔盆地勘探不断取得重大突破,揭示了常规、非常规油气有序共生的分布格局。为进一步吸收邻区油气成果勘探开发经验和地质理论新认识,制定中国石化在准噶尔盆地的油气勘探策略,文章系统分析了准噶尔盆地油气资源潜力及分布特征,指出了目前资源评价中存在的对天然气和非常规油气资源不够重视的问题;通过梳理近年来盆地在多领域、多层系、多类型的重大油气勘探突破,结合中国石化矿权区油气地质条件和勘探实际,提出中国石化下一步在准噶尔盆地的重点突破方向及勘探策略。研究表明,准噶尔盆地目前已进入中下组合勘探为主的新时期,勘探思路也必须随之调整,必须坚持由早期的源外勘探转为源内及近(进)源勘探,由早期的常规油气勘探为主,转为常规—非常规油气并重;并就下一步如何尽快实现中国石化在准噶尔盆地的大突破、大发现和增储上产目标,提出进一步摸清资源家底、组建常规—非常规一体化攻关团队、加强地质—工程一体化联合攻关和加大风险勘探力度等4个方面的勘探策略。

Bio-Piracy on the High Seas? Benefit Sharing from Marine Genetic Resource Exploitation in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction

Transnational benefit sharing from the exploitation of Marine Genetic Resources’ (MGR’s) in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ) presents a unique problem in international law. Proposals to govern MGR’s in ABNJ include leaving them unregulated, governance under the International Seabed Authority (ISA) or the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) or implementing a new international regime. This paper demonstrates that a hybrid solution for MGR governance?under the ISA which is modeled on the CBD and The Nagoya Protocol (Nagoya), provides the most adroit solution to the problem of equal benefit and access to MGR’s for all States. This solution ensures adequate conservation of MGR’s, meanwhile fostering sustainable exploitation and maintaining equality in access, biodiversity and the sharing of financial and technological benefits amongst the internationalcommunity. Further, examining benefit sharing from bioprospecting under the CBD and Nagoya provides a foundation for a benefit-sharing regime in ABNJ under The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Examining the CBD, Nagoya and UNCLOS demonstrates how benefits arising from exploitation of MGR’s in the high seas and deep bed should be included as a mandate of the ISA. This methodology is accomplished by focusing on bioprospecting for MGR’s and how the CBD and Nagoya facilitate access to the resource while ensuring that the host State or community benefits from granting access. As the CBD and Nagoya focus on benefit sharing in light of national sovereignty, and UNCLOS regulates in areas beyond national jurisdiction, the ISA is perfectly placed to adopt the principles of the CBD and Nagoya and provide a mechanism to ensure that MGR’s in ABNJ are adequately conserved and the benefits arising from their exploitation equitably shared.

油气资源评价方法关键参数研究和资源分布特征——以中国石化探区“十三五”资源评价为例

在油气资源评价方法研究与优选的基础上,建立了针对中国石化探区“常规—非常规”以及“地质—经济—生态”2个一体化的“十三五”油气资源评价方法流程和技术体系。研究了油气资源评价关键参数,包括基于TSM盆地模拟技术构建了适用于我国不同类型盆地/地区烃源岩完整的生—排—滞留烃演化模式、产率模型;建立了基于典型刻度区解剖的资源评价关键参数获取方法和评价指标。通过对近50个盆地/地区全部含油气层系(震旦系—第四系)的系统评价,落实了中国石化矿权区常规油气、致密油气、页岩油气以及煤层气等7种不同类型油气的地质资源,明确了其油气资源的经济可采性和生态环境影响程度。通过资源分布特征研究,进一步明确了下一步勘探领域和方向,指出深层—超深层是常规油气的主攻方向,非常规尤其是页岩油气是未来我国油气增储上产的重要领域,海域探区也具备广阔的勘探前景。同时,资源评价结果为油公司“十四五”规划和勘探部署提供了重要依据。

接受对象的常规行为与资源需求对5~6岁幼儿分享行为的影响

本研究探究接受对象的常规行为与资源需求对幼儿分享行为的影响。采用两因素被试间设计考察5~6岁幼儿在不同常规行为表现与资源需求程度条件下分享行为的差异。被试任务是根据接受对象的常规行为与资源需求的特征,决定最终分享的糖果数量。结果发现,常规行为的主效应显著,相比常规行为坏的接受对象,幼儿给常规行为好的接受对象分享的糖果更多。资源需求的主效应显著,与无资源需求相比,接受对象有资源需求时,幼儿分享的糖果更多。常规行为与资源需求的交互作用显著,与其他条件相比,接受对象常规行为好且有资源需求时,幼儿分享的糖果更多。此外,结果可能表明,常规行为好比有资源需求更能促使5~6岁幼儿慷慨分享。

烟草种质资源常规化学成分分析及聚类评价

为烟草种质资源的创新利用,选取38个烟草种质资源进行田间试验,分析比较其常规化学成分并进行相关和聚类分析。结果显示,钾、氯、糖碱比和钾氯比变异系数较大,而总糖、还原糖、总氮和氮碱比变异系数相对较小。38个烟草种质聚为三类,第1类各主要化学成分含量中等适宜、协调性好;第2类总氮、氯含量适宜,烟碱高,总糖、还原糖、钾含量低;第3类总氮、烟碱和氯含量适宜,总糖、还原糖、钾含量稍低。从38个烟草种质中筛选出高烟碱种质8个,含钾量高的种质1个,钾氯比大的种质18个。

本体保护到综合治理:我国水下文物保护法治进路的思考——兼谈《保护水下文化遗产公约》最佳实践名录的启示

在加快建设海洋强国和增强文化自觉的时代背景下,2022年新修订的《水下文物保护管理条例》为我国水下文物保护工作提供了更为完善全面的法律保障,也带来新的机遇。水下文物作为特殊的海洋资源,如何与其他海洋资源、地方经济和谐发展;又如何充分发挥其所蕴含的中华优秀传统文化的作用,增强文化自信是新时代海洋强国战略下我国水下文物保护工作面临的时代要求。联合国教科文组织《保护水下文化遗产公约》缔约国大会于2015年确立水下文化遗产“最佳实践名录”制度并自2017年开始实施,该制度以水下文化遗产可持续发展为遴选原则,以水下文化遗产与其他海洋资源、社会经济协调发展为遴选目标。13例“最佳实践”案例,对我国水下文物保护工作有借鉴意义。为推进我国水下文物保护工作高质量发展,应尽快建立从本体保护到综合治理理念,逐步加强水下文物法治体系的建设,推进文化强国和海洋强国战略目标的实现。

《马德里议定书》的背景、发展与启示

《马德里议定书》的出台背景、谈判过程与晚近发展反映了环境保护目标在南极国际治理中从无到有,从边缘到中心的地位变化。从《南极矿产资源活动管理公约》到《马德里议定书》,南极条约协商国在南极治理中的核心理念从资源利用转移至环境保护。历经六年具有“非正式外交”和“个人外交”特色的谈判,《南极矿产资源活动管理公约》于1988年通过,但其因受到联合国质疑、环保组织及南极条约非协商国的多方反对等因素而无法生效。1991年,禁止南极矿产资源活动并建立了南极环境保护制度的《马德里议定书》通过,标志着南极条约体系中环境保护目标的确立。2005年《马德里议定书》附件六通过,其为南极环境保护制度设立了责任义务,大大提升了各国进行南极科学考察活动的门槛,但至今仍未生效。当下,环境保护已经成为了南极国际治理的关键目标之一,也是其核心议题与博弈工具。作为南极条约协商国与科考大国,我国应尽快出台南极环境保护专门立法以落实条约义务,并立足科学考察优势,利用协商国地位和权利积极争取南极事务话语权,以增强我国在南极的实质性存在,维护我国南极权益并推动南极环境保护法律制度的完善。

遗传资源数字序列信息问题刍议

遗传资源数字序列信息(DSI)是测序技术的产物,至少包括DNA、RNA等遗传物质的序列信息和天然产物化学结构信息等,其获取和利用以及由此产生的利益分配问题已经成为《生物多样性公约》等国际进程的热点和焦点。自2016年以来,《生物多样性公约》框架下各方对此虽然开展了卓有成效的讨论,但在DSI内涵和外延、与遗传资源的关系、开放获取、监测DSI的利用等领域仍然存在根本分歧。DSI获取与惠益分享问题面临政治博弈、技术障碍、国内法与国际法协调、多公约协同等多重挑战。我国作为全球DSI的主要提供国和利用国,为有效应对DSI获取与惠益分享所带来的挑战和机遇,有必要加强以下方面的相关工作:(1)加强DSI的相关基础研究工作,特别是需要强化跨学科研究,并开展惠益分享试点示范;(2)适时制定生物信息数据管理制度,系统构建生物资源数据分类、汇交、共享、研究、利用、跨境传输、惠益分享等关键制度;(3)加快建成开放、安全、共享、互惠的全球性生物资源数据生产和存储基础设施,加强生物资源数据国际合作;(4)充分发挥诸如中国生物多样性保护国家委员会等跨部门协调机制作用,持续加强我国参与DSI相关国际论坛讨论的协同增效。