Connotation and strategic role of in-situ conversion processing of shale oil underground in the onshore China

In-situ conversion processing (ICP) of shale oil underground at the depth ranging from 300 m to 3 000 m is a physical and chemical process caused by using horizontal drilling and electric heating technology, which converts heavy oil, bitumen and various organic matter into light oil and gas in a large scale, which can be called"underground refinery". ICP has several advantages as in CO2capture, recoverable resource potential and the quality of hydrocarbon output. Based on the geothermal evolution mechanism of organic materials established by Tissot et al., this study reveals that in the nonmarine organic-rich shale sequence, the amount of liquid hydrocarbon maintaining in the shale is as high as 25%in the liquid hydrocarbon window stage (R o less than 1.0%), and the unconverted organic materials (low mature-immature organic materials) in the shale interval can reach 40%to 100%. The conditions of organic-rich shale suitable for underground in-situ conversion of shale oil should be satisfied in the following aspects, TOC higher than 6%, R o ranging between 0.5%and 1%, concentrated thickness of organic-rich shale greater than 15 meters, burial depth less than 3 000 m, covering area bigger than 50 km2, good sealing condition in both up-and down-contacting sequences and water content smaller than 5%, etc. The shale oil resource in China’s onshore region is huge. It is estimated with this paper that the technical recoverable resource reaches 70-90 billion tons of oil and 60-65 trillion cubic meters of gas. The ICP of shale oil underground is believed to be a fairway to find big oil in the source kitchen in the near future. And it is also believed to be a milestone to keep China long-term stability of oil and gas sufficient supply by putting ICP of shale oil underground into real practice in the future.

Application of open-pit and underground mining technology for residual coal of end slopes

Given the conditions of residual coal from the boundary of a flat dipping open-pit mine,which uses strip areas mining and inner dumping with slope-covering,we propose an open-pit and underground integrated mining technology for residual coal of end slopes.In the proposal a conveyance road and ventilation conveyance near the slope are built,corresponding to the pit mining area and the surface coal mine dump,as well as an interval haulage tunnel and air-inlet tunnel.The outcome shows that such mining method may reduce the effect to slope stability from underground mining,it does not affect the dumping advance and has a high recovery rate of residual coal resources.The working face is timbered by single hydraulic props,transported by a scraper conveyor and supported by coal walls.This method of mining is one of layered top coal caving,with high resource recovery,low production cost where positive economic benefit can be realized.

Study on the Law of the Movement and Damage to Slope with the Combination of Underground Mining and Open-Pit Mining

Under circumstances in which both underground mining and open-pit mining are employed, the mining effects of two approaches will be superposed and the mining slope will receive several induced stress fields, which makes the sliding mechanism and deformation law of slope rock mass more complicated. This paper, targeting at the east slope of Antaibao Mine with the joint employment of underground mining and open-pit mining, aims to study the moving law of the slope rock mass and the damage mechanism to the overburden of the goaf by numerical simulation. It is supposed that models of possible damage to the slope could be explored for guidance to safety-production of the mine.

Thermo-chemical conversion of coal samples under high temperature

Exhaustion of profitable coal resources makes for need of innovation including underground coal gasification(UCG).One of the most important problems of UCG is evaluation of the combustion area in underground coal seams.Physicochemical parameters of coal,in a whole,and coal mineral substance are changed under heating and combusting.Thermo-chemical conversion of coal mineral components has an effect on magnetic characteristics of coal seam and can be used for real-time control of combusting area.To this guessing check laboratory experiments have been made as an activity of the Far Eastern Federal University.Our investigation based on a theoretical analysis and laboratory simulation tests.Typical results of the laboratory experiments are presented below.Under heating coal thermo-chemical magnetization is forming.Coal's magnetic parameters varieties from anti-ferromagnetiсto ferromagnetic.Anti-ferromagnetic pyrite and siderite presented into coal mass is transformed into magnetic hematite and magnetite under heating.Therefore,geomagnetic is expected to be a useful geophysical tool to for evaluation of combustion volume and its migration for underground coal gasification.

锦屏复杂地下洞室施工通风智能调控研究

锦屏大设施具有多洞室、多工作面,通风网络复杂等特点,为确保洞室空气质量并解决施工期通风高能耗问题,通过优化隧道需风量计算方法,确定风压阻力损失,进行施工通风计算。根据风机布设位置,划分供排风区域,明确了风机控制区域;基于各区域风量、风压,得出了风机运行功率计算式并细分风机档位,形成了地下洞室施工期风机变频调节策略;通过布设空气质量监测设备,建立了软件平台,可视化远程控制地下洞室空气质量,自动监测、处理数据指导变频器控制风机变频,并利用污染物浓度监测数据验证了变频通风有效性。研究结果表明:1)风机运行频率可随洞室内污染物浓度及时变化;2)通风智能调控可有效降低污染物浓度;3)通风智能调控可降低施工通风能耗,实现施工期智能化通风。

Effect of slope angle on fractured rock masses under combined influence of variable rainfall infiltration and excavation unloading

Intense precipitation infiltration and intricate excavation processes are crucial factors that impact the stability and security of towering and steep rock slopes within mining sites.The primary aim of this research was to investigate the progression of cumulative failure within a cracked rock formation,considering the combined effects of precipitation and excavation activities.The study was conducted in the Huangniuqian eastern mining area of the Dexing Copper Mine in Jiangxi Province,China.An engineering geological investigation was conducted,a physical model experiment was performed,numerical calculations and theoretical analysis were conducted using the matrix discrete element method(Mat-DEM),and the deformation characteristics and the effect of the slope angle of a fractured rock mass under different scenarios were examined.The failure and instability mechanisms of the fractured rock mass under three slope angle models were analyzed.The experimental results indicate that as the slope angle increases,the combined effect of rainfall infiltration and excavation unloading is reduced.A novel approach to simulating unsaturated seepage in a rock mass,based on the van Genuchten model(VGM),has been developed.Compared to the vertical displacement observed in a similar physical experiment,the average relative errors associated with the slope angles of 45,50,and 55were 2.094%,1.916%,and 2.328%,respectively.Accordingly,the combined effect of rainfall and excavation was determined using the proposed method.Moreover,the accuracy of the numerical simulation was validated.The findings contribute to the seepage field in a meaningful way,offering insight that can inform and enhance existing methods and theories for research on the underlying mechanism of ultra-high and steep rock slope instability,which can inform the development of more effective risk management strategies.

正交转换通道暗挖隧道群快速施工技术研究

地铁区间共建段道岔区正交转换通道隧道群正交隧道断面多、断面大、隧道之间小净距岩柱薄,地铁隧道埋深一般较浅,地表建筑密集,合理的施工工法能提高施工效率确保施工安全。依托重庆轨道交通10号线兰南区间大里程区间共建段道岔区正交转换通道隧道群施工,进行了隧道群施工工法的优化研究。工程实践表明:隧道群施工需提前做好各作业面施工顺序及施工方法研究,科学合理的施工顺序及施工方法能在确保施工安全的前提下提高施工效率;大断面双侧壁导坑核心土不同拆除工法对施工安全及施工效率影响较大;隧道群小净距采用合理的开挖顺序及开挖方式、优化支护措施能保证施工安全。

铁多金属矿露天转地下开采隔离矿柱参数优化

矿体埋藏从浅部延伸至深部的资源,上部常采用露天开采方式,但随着浅部资源的逐渐耗竭,深部转向地下开采成为了必然趋势。在露天转地下开采过程中,存在一些挑战,其中之一就是如何优化隔离矿柱的设计,以确保上、下部开采安全、露天与地下开采的接续性和最大程度地提高资源回收率。本文旨在研究露天转地下开采中,隔离矿柱优化方法和技术,为类似矿山安全、平稳实现露天转地下生产提供参考。

突出煤层群井上下联合抽采防突模式与关键技术

我国煤层具有地应力大、渗透率低、瓦斯压力大、瓦斯含量高等特点,煤与瓦斯突出灾害严重。因此,需采取有效瓦斯治理措施,而单一井上瓦斯抽采技术容易出现抽采盲区,导致抽采效果不佳;单一井下瓦斯抽采技术工程量大、周期长,难以在短时间实现煤层消突。通过将井上与井下瓦斯抽采技术相互联合,实现井上下联合防突,是保障煤炭安全开采的关键技术之一。而在煤层群矿井中,需针对煤层间距离的远近采用不同的井上下联合防突模式,实现煤层群快速消突。对此,基于井上与井下联合抽采瓦斯技术优势,阐明了井上下联合防突“时空转换-优势互利”的内涵。井上地面井长时间、广覆盖抽采瓦斯实现煤层降突,换取井下作业空间,实现“时间换空间”;井下钻孔在井下作业空间内,精准抽采目标区域瓦斯实现目标区域快速消突,缩短目标区域消突时间,实现“空间换时间”,提升煤层瓦斯治理效果。针对近距离煤层群层间采动影响大等特点,提出了近距离煤层群“孔群覆盖-协同抽采”井上下联合防突典型模式,实现了瓦斯突出治理的超前规划、提前施工、整体消突。针对远距离煤层群采动卸压范围小等特点,提出了远距离煤层群“强化增透-递进抽采”井上下联合防突典型模式,实现了瓦斯突出治理的强化卸压、递进消突。自主研发了近远距离煤层群井上下联合防突关键技术,并以沙曲一矿与朱集西矿作为近远距离煤层群矿井典型案例进行应用效果分析。应用效果表明:在近距离煤层群沙曲一矿中释放抽采达标煤量约80万t,高效抽采瓦斯量约420万m^(3)。远距离煤层群朱集西矿中井下钻孔工程量减少约60%,抽采达标时间缩短约40%。

Experimental study on instability mechanism and critical intensity of rainfall of high-steep rock slopes under unsaturated conditions

Two critical factors,namely intense precipitation and intricate excavation,can trigger rock mass disasters in mining operations.In this study,an indoor rainfall system was developed to precisely regulate the flow and intensity of precipitation.A large-scale model experiment was conducted on a self-designed physical simulation experiment platform to investigate the failure and instability of high-steep rock slopes under unsaturated conditions.The real-time reproduction of the progressive failure process in high-steep rock slopes enabled the determination of the critical rainfall intensity and revealed the mechanism underlying slope instability.Experiment results indicated that rainfall may be the primary factor contributing to rock mass instability,while continuous pillar mining exacerbates the extent of rock mass failure.The critical failure stage of high-steep rock slopes occurs at a rainfall intensity of 40 mm/h,whereas a rainfall exceeding 50 mm can induce critical instability and precipitation reaching up to 60 mm will result in slope failure.The improved region growing segmentation method(IRGSM)was subsequently employed for image recognition of rock mass deformation in underground mines.Herein an error comparison with the simple linear iterative cluster(SLIC)superpixel method and the original region growing segmentation method(ORGSM)showed that the average identification error in the X and Y directions by the method was reduced significantly(1.82%and 1.80%in IRGSM;4.70%and 6.26%in SLIC;9.45%and 12.40%in ORGSM).Ultimately,the relationship between rainfall intensity and failure probability was analyzed using the Monte Carlo method.Moreover,the stability assessment criteria of rock slope under unsaturated condition were quantitatively and accurately evaluated.

油藏型储气库与天然气驱油协同建设实验——以葡北油田三间房组油藏为例

关于协同型储气库库容预测、协同阶段向储气库阶段转换时机的研究鲜有。通过岩心驱替实验和覆压孔渗实验,研究长期水驱和多轮次气驱对储气库库容的影响;利用葡北油田全直径岩心,开展采油扩大库容与协同型储气库运行全过程实验,分析定压生产和定时生产2种开发模式下多轮次气驱对库容、达容时间、工作气量占比、采收率等的影响。结果表明,长期水驱及多轮次气驱均能改善储集层物性,是储气库库容增大的因素之一;随着注采轮次的增加,2种开发模式下的库容增量逐轮次降低,工作气量占比逐轮次增加;储气库分别在定压生产注采第6轮次和定时生产注采第10轮次后接近达容,采收率基本不再增加;定压生产比定时生产采收率提高0.31%。

基于ArcGIS Engine的城市地下管网数据转换处理方法

为满足智慧管网系统的数据存储、管理和可视化的要求,通常需要将常用的CAD管网数据格式转换为更加符合智慧管网系统需求的GIS数据格式。因此,提出一种基于ArcGIS Engine的城市地下管网数据转换处理方法,实现地下管网数据的拓扑关系构建、属性信息关联和流向计算等自动处理,利用海口市地下管网数据进行综合验证,说明该方法可有效提高地下管网数据转换、运维和管理效率。

广州市排水管网数据处理与入库方法探讨

随着城市智慧管网的发展,对地下管线数据的质量要求也不断提高。为协同地下管线数据接入城市智慧管网平台、加强数据的管理与数据质量的控制,本文结合广州市排水管网修补测项目,探讨地下管线平台数据处理与入库方法,以减少数据整理过程的重复投入,从源头上控制了数据的质量。通过从不同角度分析数据和检查数据,为指导工程建设提供可行的解决方案。

页岩油地下原位转化的内涵与战略地位

页岩油地下原位转化是利用水平井电加热轻质化技术,将埋深300～3 000 m页岩中的重质油、沥青和各类有机物大规模转化为轻质油和天然气的物理化学过程,可称为"地下炼厂",在清洁开采、总量规模与产出物品质等方面具有明显优势。以有机质生排烃机理为基础,研究认为陆相中低成熟度(R_o值小于1.0%)富有机质页岩中,滞留液态烃占总生油量最大比例约25%、未转化有机质达40%～100%。适合地下原位转化的富有机质页岩需具备以下条件:页岩集中段TOC值大于6%,且越高越好;R_o值为0.5%～1.0%;厚度大于15 m;埋深小于3 000 m、面积大于50 km^2;页岩段顶底板封闭性好;地层含水率小于5%等。中国页岩油原位转化潜力巨大,技术可采资源量石油约(700～900)×10~8 t,天然气约(60～65)×10^(12) m^3。页岩油地下原位转化是新时期"进源找油"勘探的重大接替领域,如能实现商业突破,对中国石油工业的长期稳定乃至跨越式发展都具有里程碑意义。

基于Revit的BIM技术在地下结构设计中的应用研究

分析了BIM技术应用于地下结构设计的局限性,即BIM核心软件缺乏岩土结构族及相应的材质属性,且不能与具有地下结构分析功能的软件很好地对接。为此,在BIM核心建模软件Revit中创建了岩土结构族和相应的岩土材质,结合某地铁车站实例建立了包含地层岩土体的部分主体结构模型,利用CAD软件作为中转,成功将Revit三维模型导入ANSYS中,并通过Revit API创建插件提取BIM模型信息导入ANSYS中,进行了地层中地下结构受力变形的计算分析,初步实现了BIM技术在地下结构设计中的应用,为进一步研究奠定了良好的基础。

地下车库与人防医疗救护工程平战功能转换设计

为了解决医院平时停车又兼顾人防工程规划的落实,采用"地下车库与人防医疗救护工程平战功能转换设计"的方法。其特点在于转换设计复杂,转换工作量较大,受临战转换时限的约束。分析了其转换设计的特点,提出了相应的设计思路和期望构图,并在工程实际中得到应用。从工程设计实践看,二者之间的转换设计有一定的难度,需要平战统一协调,反复优化,尽量减少战时转换工作量,在明确转换施工队伍、预先做好施工组织设计和储备好构件材料的情况下,可以保证在转换时限内完成转换工作。

固体氧化物燃料电池技术在油气工业中的应用及发展前景

固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)技术具有化学能与电能高效互换的优势。国外SOFC技术基本成熟,处于商业化早期阶段,已证实了技术可行性,但对我国实施技术封锁。我国SOFC技术处于示范阶段,可借鉴国外发展经验,由国家层面凝聚全国优势力量,统一部署和实施,进行持续10~20年的技术攻关;长寿命的单电池和电堆开发是实现SOFC技术应用的基础,10~30kW的电堆模组是开发兆瓦级系统的关键;同时,应重视电堆衰减机理研究,将开发长期、稳定运行的单电堆作为SOFC技术研究的首要任务。SOFC技术整体的发展趋势是长寿命、低成本、中低温,固定式SOFC发电系统、金属支撑型SOFC、质子传导型SOFC等是技术发展的重要方向。在全球碳中和目标与氢能产业驱动下,SOEC技术的发展势头有望超过SOFC。油气工业发展SOFC技术具有气源基础好、应用场景多等优势,并可拓展天然气终端业务,实现天然气和复杂天然气的高效利用。发展SOFC技术与煤炭地下气化、页岩油地下原位转化等战略性业务相匹配,SOFC逆向电解可与油气现有业务相融合,油气公司应联合优势单位加大技术攻关力度。

矿井自动排水与变频调速

根据煤矿井下水泵的工作特点,从水泵特性、井下水泵出水口压力、井下水泵设备容量、井下水泵起动特性和排水可靠性等几个角度阐述了把变频调速技术应用于井下自动化排水系统的局限性,总结了在矿井自动化排水设计中应用变频调速时的条件,为合理确定矿井自动化排水的设计方案提供了理论依据。

地下汽车库通风排烟系统的节能设计

分析了变频技术对风机调节的影响 ,指出地下汽车库通风排烟系统采用定风量设计不利于系统节能 ,该系统宜采用变风量设计 。

露天转地下过渡层开采及处理方案研究

对露天转地下开采中的过渡层以上露天坑积水问题、露天部分的生产与过渡层处理之间的关系、过渡层本体的地压与监控、过渡层以下首层开采的生产安全、地下开采引起的露天边坡失稳、过渡层开采及处理形成覆盖岩层问题等开展深入研究。通过资料收集、物理力学试验、检测与监控、数值分析与计算、工业实验及论证等项科研工作的开展,最终制定出科学合理的解决方案。实现了真正意义上的露天转地下开采。