Analysis of Light Load Efficiency Characteristics of a Dual Active Bridge Converter Using Wide Band-Gap Devices

In this paper, the zero voltage switching (ZVS) region of a dual active bridge (DAB) converter with wide band-gap (WBG) power semiconductor device is analyzed. The ZVS region of a DAB converter varies depending on output power and voltage ratio. The DAB converters operate with hard switching at light loads, it is difficult to achieve high efficiency. Fortunately, WBG power semiconductor devices have excellent hard switching characteristics and can increase efficiency compared to silicon (Si) devices. In particular, WBG devices can achieve ZVS at low load currents due to their low parasitic output capacitance (Co,tr) characteristics. Therefore, in this paper, the ZVS operating resion is analyzed based on the characteristics of Si, silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN). Power semiconductor devices. WBG devices with low Co,tr operate at ZVS at lower load currents compared to Si devices. To verify this, experiments are conducted and the results are analyzed using a 3 kW DAB converter. For Si devices, ZVS is achieved above 1.4 kW. For WBG devices, ZVS is achieved at 700 W. Due to the ZVS conditions depending on the switching device, the DAB converter using Si devices achieves a power conversion efficiency of 91% at 1.1 kW output. On the other hand, in the case of WBG devices, power conversion efficiency of more than 98% is achieved under 11 kW conditions. In conclusion, it is confirmed that the WBG device operates in ZVS at a lower load compared to the Si device, which is advantageous in increasing light load efficiency.

A new high-performance AC/DC power factor correction switching converter based on one-cycle control technology and active floating-charge technology

A new family of converters,high-performance AC/DC power factor correction(PFC) switching converters with one-cycle control technology and active floating-charge technology,was derived and experimentally verified.The topology of a single-phase CCM and DCM Boost-PFC switching converter was also analyzed.Its operating prniciples and control methods were expounded.Based on these,a new type of AC/DC switching converter circuits for PFC combined with one-cycle control technology was presented herein.The proposed AC/DC switching converter significantly helps improve the converter efficiency and its power factor value.

Carrier phase shifted SPWM based on current sourced multi-modular converter for active power filter

A novel current-source active power filter (APF) based on multi-modular converter with carrier phase-shifted SPWM (CPS-SPWM) technique is proposed. With this technique, the effect of equivalent high switching frequency con-verter is obtained with low switching frequency converter. It is very promising in current-source APF that adopt super-conducting magnetic energy storage component.

Unified algorithm of single-phase active AC-DC converters and its applications

This paper discusses a novel boost single-phase active AC-DC converters, named low-end semi-controlled bridge AC-DC converter. By analysis, its topology and principle can be derived from the conventional single-phase power factor corrector （ PFC）. But it has also some differences, such as power device positions, inductor type, input voltage waveform detection and induction current detection, so its design is also different. The converter is implemented by employing two current detection approaches, i.e., current transformer detection and shunt resistor detection. Consequently, it can provide a steady DC output voltage with a low voltage ripple, approximately unitary input power factor and 2.5 kW output power. The experimental results show validity of the theoretical analysis.

DC boost converter with buck buffer

For a conventional high-power active power factor correction(APFC)boost converter,its output capacitor needs to be precharged,which means that two power switches of the main circuit and the control circuit are needed to be respectively turned on and turned off in a fixed order.After the main circuit switch is turned on,it is necessary to wait for precharging before turning on the control circuit power switch.Once an inadvertent operation is performed,an overcurrent phenomenon from the output capacitor will occur.In this study,the buck circuit is used as the pre-stage snubber circuit,which can directly supply power to the circuit without precharging the output capacitor.As a result,potential safety hazard caused by the overcurrent due to the capacitor and the charging maloperation during the start-up stage can be avoided.Theoretical analysis and simulation experiment show that the DC boost converter with buck buffer can maintain the peak value of the main circuit within the safe range when the device boot does not precharge the output capacitor,and thus the safety and stable operation of the DC boost converter are ensured.

Single-stage active clamp power factor correction AC/DC converter

A simple single-stage AC/DC converter circuit with active clamp is presented. The operation theory and state are analyzed. The experimental results show that the voltage across main switch can be clamped to a certain value,and zero voltage switching (ZVS) can be achieved. The voltage stress and switching loss are both decreased. In range of the whole load,power factors can be always more than 97%,and the highest efficiency can reach 88%.

Model predictive control of three-level active front-end converter with low switching frequency

In medium voltage-high power(MV-HP)applications,the high switching frequency of power converter will result in unnecessary energy losses,which directly affect efficiency.To resolve this issue,a novel finite control set-model predictive control(FCS-MPC)with low switching frequency for three-level neutral point clamped-active front-end converters(NPC-AFEs)is proposed.With this approach,the prediction model of three-level NPC-AFEs is established inα-βreference frame,and the control objective of low average switching frequency is introduced into a cost function.The proposed method not only achieves the desired control performance under low switching frequency,but also performs the efficient operation for the three-level NPC-AFEs.The simulation results are provided to verify the effectiveness of proposed control scheme.

Fuzzy Logic Controlled Dual Active Bridge Series Resonant Converter for DC Smart Grid Application

Over the last few years, smart grids have become a topic of intensive research, development and deployment across the world. This is due to the fact that, through the smart grid, stable and reliable power systems can be achieved. This paper presents a fuzzy logic control for dual active bridge series resonant converters for DC smart grid application. The DC smart grid consists of wind turbine and photovoltaic generators, controllable and DC loads, and power converters. The proposed control method has been applied to the controllable load＇s and the grid side＇s dual active bridge series resonant converters for attaining control of the power system. It has been used for management of controllable load＇s state of charge, DC feeder＇s voltage stability during the loads and power variations from wind energy and photovoltaic generation and power flow management between the grid side and the DC smart grid. The effectiveness of the proposed DC smart grid operation has been verified by simulation results obtained by using MATLAB and PLECS cards.

Grid-Connected PV Solar Energy Converter with Active and Reactive Power Control

This work proposes a 12 kW three-phase grid-connected single stage PWM DC-AC converter destined to process the energy provided by a photovoltaic array composed of 57 KC200GT PV modules with high power factor for any solar radiation. The PWM inverter modeling and the control strategy, using dqO transformation, are proposed in order to also allow the system operation as an active power filter, capable to compensate harmonic components and react power generated by the non-linear loads connected to the mains grid. An input voltage clamping technique is proposed to impose the photovoltaic operation on the maximum power point. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed methodology for grid connected photovoltaic generation system.

A Flux DC Bias Suppression Scheme of Single-stage Full-bridge PFC Converters Based on Dead Zone Adjustment

由于单级桥式功率因数校正（power factor correction,PFC）AC/DC变换技术电路的特点,导致高频变压器存在偏磁现象,影响了系统正常工作。传统方式通过增加变压器气隙或使用隔直电容来防止变压器出现偏磁,但是该类方案影响了系统性能,并增加了电路的复杂程度。结合有源钳位单级PFC变换器工作特点,提出一种基于死区调节的偏磁抑制策略,通过改变系统的开关时序,能够有效抑制偏磁,具有不增加主电路复杂程度、不影响系统性能、数字控制和模拟控制都能够实现等优点。在提出抑制策略的基础上,设计实现电路,给出死区设计方法及影响规律,最后进行实验研究。理论分析及实验结果表明,该策略能够在不影响系统性能的基础上,有效抑制单级桥式PFC变换器的高频变压器偏磁。

Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control and Stability Analysis for Modular Multilevel Converters Under Weak Grid

The modular multilevel converters(MMCs) are popularly used in high-voltage direct current(HVDC) transmission systems. However, for the direct modulation based MMC, its complex internal dynamics and the interaction with the grid impedance would induce the frequency coupling effect, which may lead to instability issues, especially in the case of weak grid. To effectively suppress the sub-and super-synchronous oscillations, this paper proposes a linear active disturbance rejection control(LADRC) based MMC control strategy. The LADRC mainly consists of the linear extended state observer(LESO) and the linear state error feedback(LSEF). And it is a potential method to enhance the system stability margin, attributing to its high anti-interference capability and good tracking performance. Thereupon, the system small-signal impedance model considering frequency coupling is established. And the effect of the introduction of the LADRC on the system stability is further investigated using the Nyquist criterion. Particularly, the influences of key control parameters on the stability are discussed in detail. Meanwhile, the impact of LADRC on the transient performance is explored through closed-loop zero poles. Finally, the correctness of the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy are verified via electromagnetic simulations.

机器学习预测有机水污染物光催化降解速率

为了预测有机污染物的光催化降解速率,探究污染物分子结构与其降解速率之间的构效关系,设计了一种基于分子指纹的机器学习模型。该模型使用81种有机污染物的523条记录作为模型数据,将污染物MACCS分子指纹与5种实验条件(辐照度、温度、催化剂用量、污染物初始浓度和pH值)作为输入特征,采用10种机器学习算法进行建模。结果显示LightGBM算法性能最佳(R~2=0.909 4)。利用沙普利加法解释(Shapley additive explanations, SHAP)框架评估了各输入特征对光催化降解速率的贡献程度,探讨了各输入特征影响光催化降解速率的具体原因。分析表明,在光催化降解中污染物本身结构特征是影响光催化降解速率的主要原因。而且结构中含有卤素原子、N原子和不饱和碳的污染物分子降解速率最快,而结构中含有醚键或羰基的污染物分子降解速率最慢。

基于回流功率优化的直流微网DC-DC变流器超螺旋滑模控制

针对直流微网系统中双有源桥直流变换器在系统发生扰动时动态特性差及在单移相调制下变换器效率不高等问题,该文在扩展移相调制下提出一种结合回流功率优化的超螺旋滑模控制策略。首先,分析双有源全桥(dual-active-bridge,DAB)变换器在扩展移相调制下两种模式的传输功率、回流功率数学模型及软开关特性,并以传输功率数学模型为基础建立DAB变换器的降阶模型。其次,以回流功率作为目标函数,以传输功率和软开关特性作为约束条件,通过Karush-Kuhn-Tucker(KKT)条件法寻找最优移相比组合;利用DAB变换器降阶模型设计超螺旋滑模控制中的等效部分,采用超螺旋算法作为切换部分,这两部分与内移相比D1共同作用生成外移相比D2,用于调节变换器的输出电压。最后进行了仿真及实验验证,实验结果表明:在负载投切、输入电压突变、参考电压改变时变换器具有良好的动态性能,同时能有效地减小回流功率。

过硫酸盐活化方法研究进展

综述了国内外过硫酸盐活化方法的研究进展,分析了物理活化方法、化学活化方法、联合活化方法产生氧化性自由基的机理,总结了不同活化方法的优缺点和常见应用场景以及利用活化的过硫酸盐降解有机污染物的研究现状。在分析总结过硫酸盐活化方法存在问题的基础上,提出过硫酸盐活化方法的进一步研究设想,以期为过硫酸盐修复实际污染土壤提供技术支撑。

基于移相控制统一模型的双有源桥DC-DC变换器基波环流优化控制策略

为充分利用双有源桥DC-DC变换器的容量,减小无功功率,提升工作效率,提出一种基于变换器移相控制统一模型的基波环流优化控制策略。通过引入基波移相比对变换器的所有移相控制方式进行统一描述,并采用傅里叶分解法建立全桥交流电压及电感电流的统一模型。该统一模型降低了多控制变量下变换器多模态分析的复杂性,适用于不同移相控制的所有工作模式,具有普适性。基于频域分析法和功率因数角,构建变换器传输功率及无功功率的统一数学模型。在此基础上,提出考虑无功基波分量的环流优化控制策略,并对传导损耗进行建模与分析。该策略简单有效,能够很好地减小变换器无功功率和改善系统效率,更有利于工程实际的应用。搭建了实验平台,对比了所提基波环流优化控制策略与传统移相控制方式下变换器的功率因数及变换效率,仿真和实验结果验证了理论分析的正确性和所提控制策略的可行性。

基于“仿真—半实物仿真—实物”三阶段开发流程的DAB变换器实验探索与研究

该文以双有源桥DC-DC变换器为对象,详细分析了变换器在三重移相调制下的两种数学模型,又基于这两种数学模型提出了对应的电感电流优化控制策略,搭建了包含MATLAB/Simulink仿真平台、StarSim半实物仿真平台和实物平台的三阶段实验平台,在平台中通过实验验证了优化控制策略的可行性和有效性。所设计的三阶段开发流程能够加深学生对电力电子领域相关知识的理解,逐步提升学生的理论分析能力、仿真验证能力和实践操作能力。

含模型协同补偿的微电网变换器自抗扰稳压控制

针对直流微电网中双向DC-DC变换器输出端口电压受扰不稳定的问题,提出一种含已知扰动模型描述和未知扰动二阶描述协同补偿的线性自抗扰控制策略,以减小线性扩张状态观测的观测负担、提高其观测精度,并进一步改善自抗扰控制系统的抗扰性能。通过对系统性能的理论分析,说明了该控制策略能改善电压受扰波动的原因。最后,通过仿真和实验对比说明改进型自抗扰控制系统在抗扰性、鲁棒性上均优于电压外环电流内环的PI控制以及传统自抗扰控制。

基于级联型扩张状态观测器的直流微电网低压负载接口变换器自抗扰稳压研究

直流微电网负载侧供压稳定是实现新能源电力高水平消纳的重要前提。为维持低压负载侧电压稳定,利用级联型扩张状态观测器提高扰动的估计重构精度与速度,将二阶自抗扰控制技术引入低压侧稳压控制。首先,在考虑扰动存在的低压接口变换器动态模型基础上实现对于稳压控制策略的系统设计。之后,在时域上分析级联型扩张状态观测器对于扰动重估精度的提升效果,利用线性等效框架在复频域上分析系统对于总扰动的抑制性能,以及系统模型不确定下对于动态性能的影响。此外,将Lyapunov理论运用于分析所提稳压控制策略的稳定性,表明该系统在工程上稳定。最后仿真实验验证了所提出稳压策略的正确性与有效性,且对于扰动具有较好的抑制性。

两种四环素类抗生素单一及复合污染对农田土壤理化性质和土壤酶活性的影响

多数农业用地土壤中抗生素含量在μg·kg^(-1)水平,而μg·kg^(-1)水平抗生素对土壤质量影响的研究较少,因此开展0(CK)、10、100和500μg·kg^(-1)土霉素(OTC)和四环素(TC)的单一及复合污染对土壤理化性质和酶活性的影响研究。结果表明:(1)与CK相比,两种抗生素单一处理土壤pH均显著增加,速效磷(OP)含量均显著降低,且TC处理对pH的增长率和对OP的抑制率均显著高于OTC处理,仅500μg·kg^(-1)TC处理可溶性盐显著降低;单一OTC处理OP含量显著降低,有机质(OM)含量增加,多酚氧化酶(PPO)、脲酶(URE)和蔗糖酶(SUC)活性均显著降低;单一TC处理OP、OM和有效氮(AN)含量均显著降低,PPO和SUC活性均显著下降。(2)在单一OTC处理中加入低含量TC能在一定程度上缓解OTC对土壤的毒害,以10μg·kg^(-1)TC+10μg·kg^(-1)OTC处理综合缓解效果为最佳;而加入较高含量TC则增大OTC对土壤的毒性,且毒性随着OTC含量增加呈上升趋势,以500μg·kg^(-1)TC+500μg·kg^(-1)OTC处理毒性最大;各复合处理组PPO活性均被显著抑制,仅500μg·kg^(-1)TC+OTC复合处理URE活性被显著抑制。(3)土壤理化因子与土壤酶活性密切相关,pH是抑制土壤酶活性的关键因子。综上所述,在μg·kg^(-1)含量水平,单一抗生素处理TC毒性整体高于OTC;低、高含量TC与OTC复合处理分别表现为拮抗作用和协同抑制效应。