Effects of Planting Density and Row Spacing on Grass Yield of Forage Sweet Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor [L.]Moench)

[Objective] The aim was to explore high-yielding cultivation techniques for forage sweet sorghum. [Method[ The effects of planting density and row spacing on plant productivity and grass yield of forage sweet sorghum （Sorghum bicolor （L.） Moench） were compared using split-plot design and LSD method of IBMSPSSStatis- ticsv22. [Result]The planting density and row spacing had important influence on the plant productivity and yield of forage sweet sorghum. The optimum planting density- row spacing combination for plant productivity of forage sweet sorghum was A1B,, i. e., planting density of 75 000 plants/hm2 and row spacing of 40 cm, and the opti- mum combination for yield of forage sweet sorghum was A2B,, i.e., planting density of 225 000 plants/hm2 and row spacing of 40 cm. [Conclusion] This study will pro- vide theoretical basis and technical support for the production practice of forage sweet sorghum.

Effects of Mixture Sowing on Forage Yield and Interspecific Competition of Alfalfa and Orchard Grass

[ Objective] To explore the mixture sowing effects and optimal mixture ratio of alfalfa and orchard grass. [ Method] The alfalfa and orchard grass were sowed at different ratios （1 ： 0, 3： 1, 1 ： 1, 1 ： 3 and 0：1 ）. They were grouped and named as CK1, A1, A2, A3 and CK2., respectively. The forage yield, relative yield total （RYT） and the competition rate （CR） of alfalfa and orchard grass in each group were determined, respectively. [ Result] In the A3 treatment group, the total forage yield was the highest （4 827.67 kg/hm2） and significantly different from that of other treatment groups （ P 〈 0.01 ）. In every treatment group, the RYT was higher than 1, and the alfalfa was more competitive than the orchard grass in the mixed-seeding pasture. [ Conclusion] Our studies may provide a basis for the establishment of high yield and high quality artificial mixture pasture.

The Effect of Organo-Mineral Fertilizer Applications on the Yield of Winter Wheat, Spring Barley, Forage Maize and Grass Cut for Silage

Biosolids were applied with urea to produce a granulated organo-mineral fertiliser (OMF) for application by farm fertiliser equipment to a range of agricultural crops. The recommended rates of nitrogen, phosphate and potash were calculated for the test crops using “The Fertiliser Manual”, which assesses the nutrient requirement based on previous cropping, rainfall and soil index. The OMF produced similar crop yields compared to ammonium nitrate fertiliser when applied as a top-dressing to winter wheat, forage maize and grass cut for silage in the cropping years 2010 to 2014. In 2012 the grain yield of spring barley top-dressed with OMF was significantly lower than the conventional fertiliser treatment, due to dry conditions following application. For this reason it is recommended that OMF is incorporated into the seedbed for spring sown crops and The Safe Sludge Matrix guidelines followed. The experimental work presented shows that OMF can be used in sustainable crop production systems as a source of nitrogen and phosphorus for a range of agricultural crops.

Early Forage Biomass and Sward Structures of Native Warm-Season Grasses Established at Different Seedling Densities

Effects of transplanted seedling density and species on sward structure of native warm-season grass (NWSG) stands were compared in a randomized complete block design. About 6-week-old NWSG (big bluestem (BB, Andropogon gerardii Vitman), eastern gamagrass (GG, Tripsacum dactyloides L.), indiangrass [IG, Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash] and switchgrass (SG, Panicum virgatum) seedlings were transplanted in 45-cm wide rows on clean-tilled seedbeds. Within-row spacing was 30, 25, or, 20 cm giving 10, 12, and 15 plants m-2 as low, medium, and high seedling density, respectively. During establishment, the stands were allowed uninterrupted first year growth without fertilizers or irrigation but when necessary, tall-growing broadleaf weeds were mechanically removed. In the following spring, all dead standing biomass was mowed down to allow emerging tillers access to sunlight. During the second year after planting, early-spring basal diameters, row-length intercepted by the NWSG crowns, mid-summer sward heights, and percentage bare ground were determined. From the second June after planting, and for two consecutive years, plots were harvested twice year-1 to assess forage biomass. Data showed that, unlike species, seedling density had no effect on the assessed parameters. Cumulative forage biomass, in kg DM ha-1, was the least for GG (4901) at low and the most (18,245) for SG at high seedling density during the second year. Corresponding values for the third year were 4500 and 7799 kg DM ha-1. Basal diameters ranged from 18 cm (BB) to 24 cm (IG) while percent row intercepts were from 6 (GG) to 46 (IG) with sward heights measuring 41 cm (IG) to 54 cm (GG). In each stand, percent ground cover by the NWSGs, and at every seedling density, averaged 60.5. Transplanting at ≥10 plant m-2 resulted in harvest-ready stands by the second year of establishment. And while close spacing favored the NWSGs against weeds, data showed that an initial plant density of >10 plants m-2 may not result in increased forage production worthy the additional establishment cost. Data on response to fertility management and forage quality attributes are necessary for more reliable practical recommendations.

Study on the Relationship of Seedling Density and Line Spacing to Leaf-stem Ratio, DW/FW Ratio and Grass Yield of Forage Sweet Sorghum

[ Objectives ] The aim was to optimize the configuration of seedling density and line spacing of forage sweet sorghum （ Sorghum blcolor （ L. ） Moench） and explore its high-yield cultivation techniques. [ Methods] Effects of such two influencing factors as line spacing and seedling density on the leaf-stem ratio, DW/FW ratio and grass yield of forage sweet sorghum were analyzed by using split-plot experiment design experiment method and LSD method of IBM. SPSS. Statis- tics. v22 stati, stics software. [ Results ~ Seedling density and line spacing had no obvious effect on the leaf-stem ratio and DW/FW ratio of forage sweet sorghum but had obvious influences on the grass yield. Moreover, the optimal combination of seedling density and line spacing for high yield of forage sweet sorghum was A2 B4, that is, seedling density was 225 000 plants/hm2, and line spacing was 40 cm. [ Conclusions] The results provided a theoretical basis and technical support for high-yield cultivation techniques of forage sweet sorghum.

Effects of inclusion of purple prairie clover (Dalea purpurea Vent.)with native coolseason grasses on in vitro fermentation and in situ digestibility of mixed forages

Background:Incorporation of legume species into native North American pastures is considered an effective method to increase native pasture productivity and improve the nutritive value of forage.This study evaluated the effects of inclusion of purple prairie clover(PPC,Dalea purpurea Vent.),a native legume forage,with native coolseason grasses on the in vitro fermentation and in situ digestibility of mixed forages.Methods:Whole plant PPC and mixtures of cool-season grasses were harvested when the PPC reached the vegetative(VEG),full flower(FL)and seedpod(SP)stages,and were combined in ratios(DM basis)of 0:100,25:75,50:50,75:25 and 100:0 at each maturity.In vitro ruminal incubations using these mixtures were conducted for 48 h to determine gas production(GP),in vitro DM disappearance(IVDMD),total volatile fatty acids(VFA)and ammonia-N production.Mixtures of forages harvested when the PPC reached the FL stage and 50:50 mixture of forages harvested at VEG,FL and SP stages were incubated in the rumen of three heifers for 0,2,6,12,24,48,72 and 96 h to determine in situ degradabilities of DM,neutral detergent fibre(aNDF)and crude protein(CP).Results:Contents of aNDF and ADF increased(P<0.01),while CP decreased(P<0.001)as PPC matured.Concentrations of extractable condensed tannins in PPC ranked as FL>VEG>SP(P<0.05).Regardless of PPC proportions in the mixture,GP decreased(P<0.05)with increasing PPC maturity.Increasing PPC proportions linearly increased(P<0.001)GP,IVDMD and total VFA at VEG,but linearly decreased(P<0.001)them at SP.Irrespective of PPC maturity,ammonia-N production linearly increased(P<0.01)with increasing proportions of PPC and the concentration was higher(P<0.05)at VEG than at FL and SP stages.Increasing proportion of PPC at either maturity linearly increased(P<0.001)molar percentage of acetate(A)and branched-chain VFA,but linearly decreased(P<0.001)molar percentage of propionate(P),resulting in a linearly increase(P<0.001)in the A:P ratio.Increasing FL PPC in the mixture linearly and quadratically(P<0.01)increased a(soluble fraction),but linearly and quadratically decreased(P<0.01)b(potentially degradable fraction)for DM and aNDF,resulting in linear(P<0.05)and quadratic(P<0.01)increases in DM and aNDF maximum potential degradabilities(a+b).Effective degradabilities of DM and aNDF were also linearly and quadratically increased(P<0.05),and CP was quadratically increased(P<0.05)with increasing FL PPC,with the greatest effective degradability being observed with ratios between 50:50 and 75:25.Ruminal maximum potential degradabilities of DM and aNDF decreased(P<0.001)as the forage matured.Effective degradability of DM ranked as VEG>FL>SP(P<0.001),whereas the effective degradability of aNDF was similar between VEG and FL and both were greater(P<0.01)than SP.Conclusions:Inclusion of vegetative PPC in a mixed forage diet resulted in the greatest digestibility and incorporation of PPC before seedpod stage with native grasses had a positive effect on ruminal fermentation.Effects of PPC on ruminal digestion depend on both the stage of maturity and its proportion in mixed legume-grass pastures.Pastures containing 50%of PPC in full flower stage would likely provide the greatest quality diet to grazing ruminants subject to potential animal selectivity.

Chemical Screening of <i>Urochloa humidicola</i>: Methods for Characterizing Secondary Metabolites and Allelopathic Activity on Forage Legumes

The aim of this study was to identify the main classes of secondary metabolites present in the root and shoot crude extracts and fractions from the forage grass Urochloa humidicola (Rendle) Morrone & Zuloaga and to evaluate the allelopathic effect of these metabolites on forage legumes for intercropping. Phytochemical prospecting analyses, 1H NMR and capillary electrophoresis were performed on extracts of U. humidicola. Allelopathic activity was evaluated in germination of Stylosanthes, Macrotyloma axillare and Lactuca sativa L. (standard) in the presence of crude extracts, isolated saponins, flavonoids and trans-cinnamic acid. The metabolite classes present in the extracts could be determined by the combined use of the tested analytical techniques, but their use alone was usually not sufficient to chemically characterize the species. Capillary electrophoresis was effective in detecting phenolic compounds. Macrotyloma axillare was tolerant to crude extracts of U. humidicola. Saponins and trans-cinnamic acid, but not the flavonoids, reduced germination of the target plants.

Tolerance of Grasses to Heavy Metals and Microbial Functional Diversity in Soils Contaminated with Copper Mine Tailings

Copper （Cu） mine tailings, because of their high content of heavy metals, are usually hostile to plant colonization. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the tolerance of four forage grasses to heavy metals in Cu mine tailings and to examine the variation in the microbial functional diversity of soils from the tailing sites in southern China. All the four grass species survived on Cu mine tailings and Cu mine tailing-soil mixture. However, on pure mine tailings, the growth was minimal, whereas the growth was maximum for the control without mine tailings. The tolerance of grasses to heavy metals followed the sequence： Paspalum notatum 〉 Festuea arundinaeea 〉 Lolium perenne 〉 Cynodon daetylon. The planting of forage grasses enhanced the soil microbial biomass. The Biolog data indicated that the soil microbial metabolic profile values （average well color development, community richness, and Shannon index） of the four forage grasses also followed the sequence： P. notatum 〉 F. arundinaeea 〉 L. perenne 〉 C. daetylon. Thus, P. notatum, under the experimental conditions of this study, may be considered as the preferred plant species for revegetation of Cu mine tailing areas.

Foraging behavior of the Greater White-fronted Goose(Anser albifrons) wintering at Shengjin Lake: diet shifts and habitat use

Background: The habitat use and foraging behaviors of waterbirds are closely related to the distribution and abundance of their food resources. Reductions in food supply can cause waterbirds to shift their habitats and adjust their foraging behaviors to meet their nutritional requirements and increase fitness. Seasonal withdraw of the water levels in the river-connected lakes in the middle and lower Yangtze River floodplain provides abundant food resources for the wintering Greater White-fronted Goose(Anser albifrons). Sedge(Carex) meadows are critical foraging habitats for herbivorous waterbirds in the hydro-fluctuation belt, which changes with hydrological conditions and climate. This study aimed to examine the behavioral responses of the Greater White-fronted Goose to temporal-spatial changes of food availability in the Sedge meadows.Methods: Fields surveys were carried out at Shengjin Lake from November 2017 to April 2018. According to the phenology of Shengjin Lake, we divided the wintering season into three periods. The food density, minimum temperature, food items, grass height, and number of foraging geese were surveyed, and samples of the foraging behavior were collected. We analyzed the relationship of the foraging behavior and habitat use relative to the food resources, using correlation and linear regression analyses.Results: Along with the temporal-spatial variation and exploitation of food resources, the food abundance and items varied widely among the foraging sites. Over the whole wintering period, the foraging habitat with the highest utilization rate was the meadows, followed by the paddy fields, and then mudflats. Furthermore, the utilization of the meadows showed a bimodal distribution trend, while the paddy fields showed a unimodal trend, and a decreasing trend was seen in the mudflats over the whole wintering period. The results of the generalized linear model showed that the foraging rate was related to the food density and grass height, with a linearly increasing trend during the winter.Conclusions: With the change of food resources in the three habitats, the habitats used by the Greater White-fronted Geese shifted from meadows in the hydro-fluctuation belt to the paddy fields, and then back to the meadows. The time budget for foraging activities increased correspondingly, and there was an increase in the foraging rate to compensate for food shortages.

Yield and Quality Response of Ryegrass, Egyptian Clover and Their Mixtures to Different Sources of Fertilizers

Two field experiments were conducted during two successive winter seasons of 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 to investigate the potentialities of mixing Egyptian clover with ryegrass under bio, organic and mineral fertilization treatments and their combination to increase forage yield and quality grown under sandy soil conditions. The experiment included the combination of five mixing ratios (Egyptian clover alone, ryegrass alone, 75% Egyptian clover: 25% ryegrass, 50% Egyptian clover: 50% ryegrass and 25% Egyptian clover: 75% ryegrass) and eight fertilizer sources, which include control, organic fertilization, bio fertilization, chemical fertilizer, organic + bio fertilizer, organic + chemical fertilizer, bio + chemical fertilizer and combination of organic and chemical and bio fertilizers. The obtained results indicate the superiority of 75% E. clover: 25% ryegrass mixture fertilizedby Bio + O + N in fresh and dry forage production. On the other hand, it reported the lowest dry weight of weeds g/m2. Chemical analysis of forage plants showed that the mixture of ?75% E. clover: 25% ryegrass surpassed that of other treatments yield for crude protein, ether extract and ash. The results also revealed that the highest record of DCP, crude fiber and TDNY was obtained by forage mixture of 75% E. clover: 25% ryegrass fertilized with Bio + O + N. Such higher yield of these characters hassecured a balanced ratio which is really needed for ruminants ration.

Planting Performance of Several Elephant Grass Species in Northern Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

This study aimed to screen suitable species of Pennisetum purpureum for planting in northern Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. During 2012-2014, a comparative field trial was carried out in Lingyun County of Baise City in northern Guangxi to compare plant height, yield, stem-leaf ratio and nutrient composition am-ong Pennisetum purpureum Schumab cv. Purple, P. purpureum Schum cv. Guimin and P. purpureum Rich ＆#215; P. americana King grass cv. Reyan No.4. The results in-dicated that average annual fresh yield of P. purpureum Schumab cv. Purple reached 141.4 t/hm2, which was 2.3 t/hm^2 higher than that of P. purpureum_Rich×P. americana_King grass cv. Reyan No.4; both average annual fresh yield of these two species was lower than that of P. purpureum Schum cv. Guimin. Stem-leaf ratio of P. purpureum Schumab cv. Purple was the lowest （1.17）, which was 17.8% lower compared with P. purpureum Schum cv. Guimin, with significant differences （P〈0.05）, indicating that P. purpureum Schumab cv. Purple had more leaves. Crude protein content of P. purpureum_Schumab cv. Purple was slightly lower than that of P. purpureum Rich×P. americana_King grass cv. Reyan No.4, while P. purpureum Schumab cv. Purple was superior to P. purpureum Schum cv. Guimin and P. pur-pureum Rich ×P. americana_King grass cv. Reyan No.4 in other indicators. Specifi-cal y, P. purpureum Schumab cv. Purple contained 26.6% of dry matter, 39.1% of nitrogen-free extract and 2.9% of crude fat.

苜蓿混播方式及比例对混播草地生产力和稳定性的影响

为了探究适合科尔沁沙地的禾豆混播模式,将紫花苜蓿按8个水平(占单播量的5%,10%,15%,20%,25%,30%,35%,40%,B_(1)~B_(8))和2种方式(间行A_(1)和交叉A_(2))混播到2月龄的无芒雀麦草地,分析混播方式与混播比例对禾豆混播草地生产力和群落稳定性的影响。结果表明:混播方式对第3茬无芒雀麦产量影响显著,A_(2)处理显著高于A_(1)(P<0.05)。A_(1)处理1~3茬及全年苜蓿产量均高于A_(2),其中第3茬及全年苜蓿产量差异显著(P<0.05)。禾豆总产量除2茬A_(1)显著高于A_(2)(P<0.05)外,其余无显著差异。A_(2)处理2、3茬无芒雀麦相对密度(RD)和3茬相对产量(RY)显著高于A_(1)。苜蓿混播方式对各茬苜蓿RD和RY没有显著影响,而对全年苜蓿RY影响显著,A_(1)显著高于A_(2)(P<0.05)。A_(1)处理2茬及全年相对产量总和(RYT)显著大于A_(2)(P<0.05)。随着苜蓿混播比例增加,全年苜蓿产量、禾豆产量和RYT呈增长趋势,而无芒雀麦产量、无芒雀麦和苜蓿RD、RY均呈下降趋势。不同苜蓿混播比例下各茬无芒雀麦RY均小于1,而苜蓿RY均大于1。混播处理全年RYT均大于1,混播20%~40%苜蓿第3茬RYT>1。模糊综合评价结果表明A_(2)B_4组合最优,其次是A_(2)B_(3)组合。综合考虑牧草产量和群落稳定性,在固定播量的2月龄无芒雀麦草地上交叉混播15%~20%苜蓿较适宜。

草产品加工及利用的生物学基础及研究进展

优质饲草是现代草食畜牧业健康、高质量发展的重要基础保障,也是维持优质、安全畜产品持续稳定生产的重要前提。草产品的精细加工、稳定贮存和高效利用是“饲草”向“畜产品”转化的关键步骤。通过系统解析饲草本底的生物学特性,贮存过程中微生物的组成、演替与代谢规律,功能微生物组调控牧草营养转化路径与利用机制,以及“微生物—发酵饲草料—草食家畜—畜产品”全生物链提质增效与安全调控机理,对于提升草产品品质与安全性、提高饲草利用率与转化率,推动我国饲草产业和草食畜牧业高质量发展,实现草食畜牧业提质增效等方面具有重要意义。

饲草附生乳酸菌对碳源的选择性

【目的】探究饲草源乳酸菌对碳源的选择性,为不同草种筛选适宜的青贮菌种。【方法】选取饲草中分离获得的16株代表性乳酸菌作为研究对象,在MRS液体培养基中以葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖、木糖、棉籽糖以及5种糖混合为碳源,进行不同菌株发酵培养。每株乳酸菌设3个重复,每个糖处理设空白对照(不接菌)。采用高效液相色谱仪测定各处理发酵24 h后液体培养基中剩余碳源含量和乳酸产量。【结果】(1)蔗糖是大部分菌株发酵首选碳源,在棉籽糖、葡萄糖、果糖和木糖的选择上不同菌株差异较大,发酵乳杆菌(Lactobacillus fermentum,LbFWM)首选棉籽糖和木糖,假肠膜明串珠菌(Leuconostioc pseudomesenteroides,LeP-IR)首选木糖。(2)罗伊氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri,LbR-EG)和柠檬明串珠菌(Leuconostoc citreum,LeC-IR)对蔗糖,LbF-WM和LbR-EG对果糖,LbF-WM、LbR-EG和LeP-IR对棉籽糖的利用率均达100%,屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium,EF-KG)、短乳杆菌(Lactobacillus brevis,LbB-KG)、戊糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus pentosus,LbPe-EG)、乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis,LcL-SC)对葡萄糖的利用率高于其他碳源。(3)灰黄色肠球菌(Enterococcus durans,EG-IR)利用葡萄糖和混合糖,LbPe-EG利用果糖,肠膜明串珠菌(Leuconostoc mesenteroides,LeM-IR)利用棉籽糖和混合糖,LbPe-EG利用蔗糖,LbF-WM利用木糖,格氏乳球菌(Lactococcus garvieae,LcG-IR)利用混合糖发酵乳酸产量最高。(4)耐久肠球菌(Enterococcus durans,ED-IR)利用葡萄糖,植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum,LbPl-IR)、LbPe-EG利用果糖,LbPl-IR和LeM-IR利用棉籽糖,LbPe-EG、LbPl-IR和ED-IR利用蔗糖,LeP-IR利用木糖,LcG-IR和EG-IR利用混合糖产乳酸效率较高。LbPl-IR在5种单糖中产酸效率均达80%以上。【结论】不同菌株对同一碳源的利用率、产酸量和产酸效率均不同;同一株菌株对不同碳源的利用率、产酸量和产酸效率也不相同。其中,蔗糖为大部分菌株的首选碳源,蔗糖和葡萄糖的利用率和产乳酸量较高,葡萄糖的产酸效率较高;青贮调制时,可针对饲草中分布乳酸菌种类选择最适碳源。

拉萨河谷喷灌双季饲草作物系数与土壤蒸发研究

【目的】探究作物指标与作物系数、土壤蒸发之间的关系,为提高拉萨河谷喷灌蒸散发计算精度,制定适时适量的双季饲草灌溉制度提供理论支撑。【方法】通过微型蒸渗仪实测蒸散量与PM法计算参考作物的比值实测作物系数对PM法修正的单作物系数进行评价,分析误差水平及原因;基于自制株间土壤蒸发仪,获得株间土壤蒸发(E)与蒸散量(ET)的分摊比例(E/ET),建立实测Kc及E/ET与LAI、SPAD之间的关系。【结果】采用FAO-56推荐单作物系数修正法,对拉萨河谷小黑麦、燕麦单作物系数进行修正,小黑麦和燕麦初始生长期、生长中期和生长后期的作物系数分别为0.45和0.94,1.22和1.16,0.49和0.31。小黑麦全生育期土壤蒸发占蒸散量的44.8%,苗期-越冬期、越冬-返青期、返青-拔节期、拔节-抽穗期、抽穗-刈割期土壤蒸发占蒸散量比例分别为93.4%、94.8%、61.8%、22.2%和13.8%;燕麦苗期-分蘖期、分蘖-拔节期、拔节-抽穗期、抽穗-刈割期土壤蒸发占蒸散量比例分别为98.9%、79.1%、31.7%和16.8%。土壤蒸发在双季饲草种植过程中占蒸散量比例超过44%,减少土壤蒸发以提高水分利用效率的潜力较大。【结论】双季饲草实测作物系数、土壤蒸发占蒸散量比例与叶面积指数、叶绿素显著相关且呈线性或非线性函数关系。在单作物系数法基础上增加作物指标可以修正双季饲草蒸散的计算精度,通过构建数学模型使作物指标能直接模拟该地区作物土壤蒸发、间接模拟蒸散发全过程。

牧草太空育种的研究现状与展望

【目的】牧草太空育种是近三十年来新兴的一种育种技术,具有变异多、变幅大、稳定快等特点,可缩短牧草育种周期。本文综述了太空育种的研究现状,分析总结了太空育种的原理、方法及可能存在的问题,以期为今后牧草太空育种提供更多参考和启发。【方法】通过Web of Science、Google Scholar、中国知网、百度学术等网站查阅了大量太空育种尤其是牧草太空育种的相关文献,并对文献资料进行收集、分析和整理。【结果】太空环境诱变是当今牧草育种重要发展方向之一,通过总结太空诱变技术在牧草育种中的应用,分析了牧草太空育种中面临的问题和挑战,展望了采用太空环境诱变创制牧草新品种的前景。【结论】太空环境诱变能诱发牧草基因组中的突变,增加其遗传多样性,从而创造出具有新特性的植物品种,对牧草类作物进行种质资源的创制具有重大意义,同时也为快速培育优良牧草新品种及特异种质资源开辟了一条新途径。太空育种技术为牧草育种开辟了新的可能性,有望成为未来太空农业的重要组成部分。

铡切揉碎协同式牧草揉丝机设计与试验

针对现有的牧草揉丝机效率低、揉丝质量差、对高含水率牧草不适用等问题,以苜蓿为加工对象设计了一种铡切揉碎协同式牧草揉丝机。对铡切和揉碎过程进行了理论分析,并通过设计计算确定了揉丝机的总体结构和关键部件结构参数。以生产率、丝化率为性能评价指标,进行了以电机输出转速、筛孔直径、喂入量、含水率为试验因素的单因素试验;将含水率为65%的苜蓿作为加工对象,进行了以电机输出转速、筛孔直径、喂入量为试验因素的二次正交旋转组合试验。单因素试验确定了试验因素的取值范围,探究了揉丝机对不同含水率苜蓿的揉丝效果。通过Design-Expert 12.0软件对二次正交旋转组合试验的试验结果进行了响应曲面分析、回归分析及目标优化,得到了试验因素与评价指标之间的回归方程,以生产率和丝化率同时最大化为目标,对电机输出转速、筛孔直径、喂入量进行多目标寻优求解,确定最优参数组合为:电机输出转速443.77 r/min、筛孔直径14 mm、喂入量1.27 kg/s,揉丝验证试验表明,生产率为5065.98 kg/h、丝化率为94.87%;该装置揉丝效率高、质量好,而且能够揉丝高含水率牧草,满足牧草揉丝机设计要求。

酒泉市饲草产业发展现状与展望

本文指出了酒泉市饲草产业目前的发展现状和呈现出种植面积逐年增加,产业格局初步形成,市场主体发展迅速,种草收益明显提升,机械化程度逐年攀升等生产特点,分析了饲草产业发展面临的机遇和挑战,提出了今后的发展思路和具体举措。

林芝河谷区苹果园间作牧草对杂草群落组成及多样性的影响

以林芝市巴宜区苹果园杂草群落为研究对象,以清耕后自然生长植物为对照,研究了一年生箭筈豌豆(Avena sativa L.)、燕麦(Vicia sativa L.)和多年生紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)、鸭茅(Dactylis glomerata L.)牧草单播或混播对苹果园杂草群落组成和多样性的影响。结果显示:(1)调查期间共发现杂草17科31属33种,其中优势科为禾本科、豆科、蓼科和菊科,优势种为白草(Pennisetum flaccidum Griseb.)、画眉草(Eragrostis pilosa(L.)Beauv.)、小头蓼(Persicaria microcephala(D.Don)H.Gross.)、牛膝菊(Galinsoga parviflora Cav.)和蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.);(2)牧草种植可以减少果园中杂草种类,降低优势杂草重要值,改变杂草群落结构,不同类型牧草在不同种植年限对杂草群落的影响存在差异;(3)不同间作牧草模式下杂草群落物种多样性有显著差异,但整体上较对照有所降低,种植年限与种植模式对群落多样性和优势度均有显著影响;(4)间作牧草有良好的杂草抑制效果,其中禾本科牧草的杂草防控效果优于豆科牧草,混播处理的杂草防控效果优于单播处理。研究结果表明,人工牧草的选择应考虑牧草生长年限,一年生牧草在短期内杂草防控效果较好,多年生牧草适宜长期种草的果园。

牧草的重金属胁迫效应及修复机制研究进展

土壤重金属污染是造成生态环境质量下降、农作物重金属含量超标以及危害人类健康的主要因素。植物修复兼具生态和经济效益,是目前重金属治理的重要方式之一,但多数植物品种修复能力有限,不能达到良好的重金属去除效果。与之相比,牧草易栽培、生物量大、生长周期短,在重金属污染土壤治理中表现出较强的修复能力,具有良好的应用前景和开发价值。结合牧草植物修复重金属污染土壤的研究现状,系统阐述了重金属胁迫下牧草的响应特征及其对重金属的富集效果和修复机制,旨在为高效利用牧草治理重金属污染土壤提供参考。