Unveiling the emerging role of curcumin to alleviate ochratoxin A-induced muscle toxicity in grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella):in vitro and in vivo studies

Background Ochratoxin A(OTA),a globally abundant and extremely hazardous pollutant,is a significant source of contamination in aquafeeds and is responsible for severe food pollution.The developmental toxicity of OTA and the potential relieving strategy of natural products remain unclear.This study screened the substance curcumin(Cur),which had the best effect in alleviating OTA inhibition of myoblast proliferation,from 96 natural products and investigated its effect and mechanism in reducing OTA myotoxicity in vivo and in vitro.Methods A total of 720 healthy juvenile grass carp,with an initial average body weight of 11.06±0.05 g,were randomly assigned into 4 groups:the control group(without OTA and Cur),1.2 mg/kg OTA group,400 mg/kg Cur group,and 1.2 mg/kg OTA+400 mg/kg Cur group.Each treatment consisted of 3 replicates(180 fish)for 60 d.Results Firstly,we cultured,purified,and identified myoblasts using the tissue block culture method.Through preliminary screening and re-screening of 96 substances,we examined cell proliferation-related indicators such as cell viability and ultimately found that Cur had the best effect.Secondly,Cur could alleviate OTA-inhibited myoblast differentiation and myofibrillar development-related proteins(Myo G and MYHC)in vivo and in vitro and improve the growth performance of grass carp.Then,Cur could also promote the expression of OTA-inhibited protein synthesis-related proteins(S6K1 and TOR),which was related to the activation of the AKT/TOR signaling pathway.Finally,Cur could downregulate the expression of OTA-enhanced protein degradation-related genes(murf1,foxo3a,and ub),which was related to the inhibition of the Fox O3a signaling pathway.Conclusions In summary,our data demonstrated the effectiveness of Cur in alleviating OTA myotoxicity in vivo and in vitro.This study confirms the rapidity,feasibility,and effectiveness of establishing a natural product screening method targeting myoblasts to alleviate fungal toxin toxicity.

Reproductive height determines the loss of clonal grasses with nitrogen enrichment in a temperate grassland

Tall clonal grasses commonly display competitive advantages with nitrogen(N)enrichment.However,it is currently unknown whether the height is derived from the vegetative or reproductive module.Moreover,it is unclear whether the height of the vegetative or reproductive system regulates the probability of extinction and colonization,and determines species diversity.In this study,the impacts on clonal grasses were studied in a field experiment employing two frequencies(twice a year vs.monthly)crossing with nine N addition rates in a temperate grassland,China.We found that the N addition decreased species frequency and increased extinction probability,but did not change the species colonization probability.A low frequency of N addition decreased species frequency and colonization probability,but increased extinction probability.Moreover,we found that species reproductive height was the best index to predict the extinction probability of clonal grasses in N-enriched conditions.The low frequency of N addition may overestimate the negative effect from N deposition on clonal grass diversity,suggesting that a higher frequency of N addition is more suitable in assessing the ecological effects of N deposition.Overall,this study illustrates that reproductive height was associated with the clonal species extinction probability under N-enriched environment.

Anti-infective immune functions of type Ⅳ interferon in grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella):A novel antibacterial and antiviral interferon in lower vertebrates

Type Ⅳ interferon(IFN-υ)is a recently discovered cytokine crucial for host defense against viral infections.However,the role and mechanisms of IFN-υin bacterial infections remain unexplored.This study investigated the antibacterial and antiviral functions and mechanisms of grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)IFN-υ(CiIFN-υ)both in vivo and in vitro.The CiIFN-υgene was first identified and characterized in grass carp.Subsequently,the immune expression of CiIFN-υsignificantly increased following bacterial challenge,indicating its response to bacterial infections.The eukaryotic recombinant expression plasmid of CiIFN-υwas then constructed and transfected into fathead minnow(FHM)cells.Supernatants were collected and incubated with four bacterial strains,followed by plate spreading and colony counting.Results indicated that CiIFN-υexhibited more potent antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria compared to gram-positive bacteria and aggregated gram-negative bacteria but not gram-positive bacteria.In vivo experiments further confirmed the antibacterial function,showing high survival rates,low tissue edema and damage,reduced tissue bacterial load,and elevated proinflammatory response at the early stages of bacterial infection.In addition,the antiviral function of CiIFN-υwas confirmed through in vitro and in vivo experiments,including crystal violet staining,survival rates,tissue viral burden,and reverse transcription-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR).This study highlights the antibacterial function and preliminary mechanism of IFN-υ,demonstrating that IFN-υpossesses dual functions against bacterial and viral infections.

Application and Adaptability of Ornamental Grasses in Road Flower Borders in Hefei, Anhui Province

In-depth research was conducted on the types,seasonal patterns,spatial levels,overwintering,summering,drought resistance,and disease and pest resistance of ornamental grasses in the road flower borders of Hefei,Anhui Province.Through field investigations,a total of 36 ornamental grasses were identified,with Liliaceae having the most species and the Lamiaceae the least.The results show that there are more warm season ornamental grasses,of 23 species;Acorus gramineus and Melinis minutiflora have poor overwintering ability;Arrhenatherum elatius,Festuca glauca,and Stipa tenuissima have poor summer tolerance;most ornamental grasses have strong drought resistance and resistance to pests and diseases.The comprehensive investigation shows that ornamental grasses have good application prospects and adaptability in the road flower borders in Hefei city.

Effect of Using Israel Napier Grass in Feed Ration on Growth Performance of Local Chicken of Cambodia

This study investigated the effect of Israel grass in feed formulation on growth performance of local chicken.The study was conducted from October 2023 until January 2024 in Kampong Chheutel Institute of Technology.The CRD(Completely Randomized Design)was used with 4 treatments and 4 replications.The local chicks were purchased from local famer at 1 day old and kept in whole pen by feeding commercial feed.At 21 days old the total 320 chicks were allocated into experimental treatments.The 4 feed formulas based on the level of Israel grass added such as 0,5%,7%and 9%,were called T1(control),T2,T3 and T4 respectively.The result showed that body weight gain,feed intake,ADG(Average Daily Gain)and FCR(Feed Conversion Ratio)in all treatments were not significantly different(p>0.05).However,there was strong correlation between living weight with carcass of al treatments,but no difference among carcass percentage of local chicken for all different diet in this study.In conclusion,the Israel grass did not affect growth performance of local chickens and can be used to replace some expensive feed ingredient,such as rice bran.

Camalote Grass (Paspalum fasciculatum Willd) as a Sustainable Raw Material for the Production of Lignocellulosic Ethanol

The current trend of replacing a percentage of gasoline with ethanol has promoted the development of new processes for its production from lignocellulosic biomass. This work reports the production of ethanol from the Camalote grass (Paspalum fasciculatum Willd). The lignocellulosic biomass was subjected to acid hydrolysis at 125C and 15 psi with H2SO4 concentrations at 5%, 10%, and 20%, obtaining an average of reducing sugars (pentoses and hexoses) from the hydrolyzed juice with 12.3%, 10%, and 17% Brix, respectively. The sugars were fermented using yeast of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 30C for 48 hours. Finally, the ethanol was distilled at 78C, and the average yields were obtained through analysis of variance with a 95% confidence level. The values indicate that there is a significant difference (p > 0.05), the Tukey study shows that all the % v/v averages are different from each other. For H2SO4 concentration at 5% (10.33 ± 2), H2SO4 at 10% (9.33 ± 1.8), and H2SO4 at 20% (6.33 ± 2). The acidity analysis for the ethanol obtained from each treatment gave a value of 1.8 mg/L of acetic acid in all cases.

Effects of Using Softwood Pellet Biochar Prepared at Different Temperatures with Grass Chippings on Retention of Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils

Heavy metals have been viewed as hazardous environmental pollutants, and anthropogenic activities due to their high toxicity and persistent nature in the environment. Anthropogenic activities such as artisanal mining, industrial activities, improper usage of fertilizers and pesticides, and indiscriminate open waste disposal bring about an increase in the presence of heavy metals in the environment. In the Keffi Metropolis, different elements lead to land contamination which debilitates soil quality, plant survival, human well-being, and the environment as a result of extensive dispersion or quantity of heavy metals in the soil and water. In recent years, biochar has emerged as a promising soil amendment for mitigating heavy metal pollution due to its unique physicochemical properties. This paper provides the effects of softwood pellet biochar on the retention of heavy metals in contaminated soils. A microcosm experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of biochar on the retention of heavy metals in contaminated soils. This research aimed to give an overview of the effects of softwood biochar at different temperatures (550˚C and 700˚C) on the retention of heavy metals and metalloids released from the soil during water inundation. The results show that the addition of organic matter (grass chippings) minimizes heavy metal mobilization. Also, biochar at high temperatures is more effective than those at low temperatures. The expected outcome of the research analysis includes providing insights into the role of biochar in retaining heavy metal contamination and further understanding the use of biochar as a sorbent for the management of contaminated soil.

Decoding the Genetic Blueprint of Grass Skyscrapers

In the lush forests of Asia,towering bamboos stand tall,defying the folk expectations for grassy plants.These woody giants,some reaching the staggering height of nearly 40 meters,are the world’s largest members of the grass family.

Mannan oligosaccharides alleviate oxidative injury in the head kidney and spleen in grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)via the Nrf2 signaling pathway after Aeromonas hydrophila infection

Background Mannan oligosaccharides(MOS)are recommended as aquaculture additives owing to their excellent antioxidant properties.In the present study,we examined the effects of dietary MOS on the head kidney and spleen of grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)with Aeromonas hydrophila infection.Methods A total of 540 grass carp were used for the study.They were administered six gradient dosages of the MOS diet(0,200,400,600,800,and 1,000 mg/kg)for 60 d.Subsequently,we performed a 14-day Aeromonas hydrophila challenge experiment.The antioxidant capacity of the head kidney and spleen were examined using spectrophotometry,DNA fragmentation,qRT-PCR,and Western blotting.Results After infection with Aeromonas hydrophila,400-600 mg/kg MOS supplementation decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species,protein carbonyl,and malonaldehyde and increased the levels of anti-superoxide anion,antihydroxyl radical,and glutathione in the head kidney and spleen of grass carp.The activities of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase,manganese superoxide dismutase,catalase,glutathione S-transferase,glutathione reductase,and glutathione peroxidase were also enhanced by supplementation with 400-600 mg/kg MOS.Furthermore,the expression of most antioxidant enzymes and their corresponding genes increased significantly with supplementation of 200-800 mg/kg MOS.mRNA and protein levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 also increased following supplementation with 400-600 mg/kg MOS.In addition,supplementation with 400-600 mg/kg MOS reduced excessive apoptosis by inhibiting the death receptor pathway and mitochondrial pathway processes.Conclusions Based on the quadratic regression analysis of the above biomarkers(reactive oxygen species,malondialdehyde,and protein carbonyl)of oxidative damage in the head kidney and spleen of on-growing grass carp,the recommended MOS supplementation is 575.21,557.58,531.86,597.35,570.16,and 553.80 mg/kg,respectively.Collectively,MOS supplementation could alleviate oxidative injury in the head kidney and spleen of grass carp infected with Aeromonas hydrophila.

Dietary protein levels changed the hardness of muscle by acting on muscle fiber growth and the metabolism of collagen in sub-adult grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Background:Nutrient regulation has been proven to be an effective way to improve the flesh quality in fish.As a necessary nutrient for fish growth,protein accounts for the highest proportion in the fish diet and is expensive.Although our team found that the effect of protein on the muscle hardness of grass carp was probably related to an increased collagen content,the mechanism for this effect has not been deeply explored.Moreover,few studies have explored the protein requirements of sub-adult grass crap(Ctenopharyngodon idella).Therefore,the effects of different dietary protein levels on the growth performance,nutritional value,muscle hardness,muscle fiber growth,collagen metabolism and related molecule expression in grass carp were investigated.Methods:A total of 450 healthy grass carp(721.16±1.98 g)were selected and assigned randomly to six experimen-tal groups with three replicates each(n=25/replicate),and were fed six diets with 15.91%,19.39%,22.10%,25.59%,28.53%and 31.42%protein for 60 d.Results:Appropriate levels of dietary protein increased the feed intake,percentage weight gain,specific growth rate,body composition,unsaturated fatty acid content in muscle,partial free amino acid content in muscle,and muscle hardness of grass carp.These protein levels also increased the muscle fiber density,the frequency of new muscle fibers,the contents of collagen and IGF-1,and the enzyme activities of prolyl 4-hydroxylases and lysyloxidase,and decreased the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2.At the molecular level,the optimal dietary protein increased col-lagen type Iα1(Colα1),Colα2,PI3K,Akt,S6K1,La ribonucleoprotein domain family member 6a(LARP6a),TGF-β1,Smad2,Smad4,Smad3,tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2,MyoD,Myf5,MyoG and MyHC relative mRNA levels.The levels of the myostatin-1 and myostatin-2 genes were downregulated,and the protein expression levels of p-Smad2,Smad2,Smad4,p-Akt,Akt,LARP6 and Smad3 were increased.Conclusions:The appropriate levels of dietary protein promoted the growth of sub-adult grass carp and improved muscle hardness by promoting the growth of muscle fibers,improving collagen synthesis and depressing collagen degradation.In addition,the dietary protein requirements of sub-adult grass carp were 26.21%and 24.85%according to the quadratic regression analysis of growth performance(SGR)and the muscle hardness(collagen content),respectively.

Implications of vitamin D for flesh quality of grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella):antioxidant ability,nutritional value,sensory quality,and myofiber characteristics

Background Muscle represents a unique and complex system with many components and comprises the major edible part of animals.Vitamin D is a critical nutrient for animals and is known to enhance calcium absorption and immune response.In recent years,dietary vitamin D supplementation in livestock has received increased attention due to biological responses including improving shear force in mammalian meat.However,the vitamin D acquisition and myofiber development processes in fish differ from those in mammals,and the effect of vitamin D on fish flesh quality is poorly understood.Here,the influence of dietary vitamin D on fillet quality,antioxidant ability,and myofiber development was examined in grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella).Methods A total of 540 healthy grass carp,with an initial average body weight of 257.24±0.63 g,were allotted in 6 experimental groups with 3 replicates each,and respectively fed corresponding diets with 15.2,364.3,782.5,1,167.9,1,573.8,and 1,980.1 IU/kg vitamin D for 70 d.Results Supplementation with 1,167.9 IU/kg vitamin D significantly improved nutritional value and sensory quality of fillets,enhancing crude protein,free amino acid,lipid,and collagen contents;maintaining an ideal pH;and reduc-ing lactate content,shear force,and cooking loss relative to respective values in the control(15.2 IU/kg)group.Average myofiber diameter and the frequency of myofibers>50μm in diameter increased under supplementation with 782.5–1,167.9 IU/kg vitamin D.Levels of oxidative damage biomarkers decreased,and the expression of antioxi-dant enzymes and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling molecules was upregulated in the 1,167.9 IU/kg vitamin D treatment compared to respective values in the control group.Furthermore,vitamin D supplementation activated cell differentiation by enhancing the expression of myogenic regulatory factors and myocyte enhancer factors compared to that in the control group.In addition,supplementation with 1,167.9 IU/kg vitamin D improved protein deposition associated with protein synthesis molecule(target of rapamycin)signaling and vitamin D receptor paralogs,along with inhibition of protein degradation(forkhead box protein 1)signaling.Conclusions Overall,the results demonstrated that vitamin D strengthened antioxidant ability and myofiber devel-opment,thereby enhancing nutritional value and sensory quality of fish flesh.These findings suggest that dietary vitamin D supplementation is conducive to the production of nutrient-rich,high quality aquaculture products.

Sporting Usefulness Potential of Nine Local Taxa of Grasses for Lawns in the Agro-Ecological Zone with Bimodal Rainfall in Cameroon

The Cameroonian flora has a very high biodiversity that remains largely unexplored. It contains many grasses that can be used for sports lawns, but are currently underutilized. In order to contribute to the improvement of the quality of sports lawns, nine local grass taxa from the agro-ecological zone with bimodal rainfall in Cameroon were evaluated for their potential for sporting use in natural lawns. The method of the Study and Control Group for Varieties and Seeds was used to evaluate the sports lawn characteristics of the taxa. The resistance to trampling and pulling, the density of the lawn, and the aesthetic appearance, which are factors in calculating the sports index, were monitored at two sites, including the experimental space at the University of Yaounde 1 in the Center region and Kagnol 2 in the East region, from January 2017 to January 2020. The monthly lawn characteristic data allowed for the differentiation between the means and the determination of the sports index of the taxa compared to commercialized lawn varieties. The sports index of the evaluated taxa varied: Cynodon dactylon (6.989), Eleusine indica (6.338), Sporobolus natalensis (6.301), Cynodon cf Cynodon dactylon (6.257), Eragrostis tremula (5.939), Sporobolus pyramidalis (5.583), Agrostis rupestris (5.335), Axonopus compressus (4.991), and Digitaria sp. (4.544). These results show that these grass taxa have potential for sporting use in lawn mixtures at different levels of sports disciplines.

The Destruction of Diasporic White Individuals’Sense of Identity in The Grass is Singing

The importance of diaspora identity has grown in recent years as the world becomes more interconnected and diaspora individuals are increasingly involved in matters among different ethnics.The Grass is Singing by Doris Lessing is considered one of the most outstanding works of literature after World War II.Interest in ethnic identity has been heightened.The book is recognized as an introspective reflection of the spiritual crisis suffered by diaspora people and societal crises of the time.The thesis will examine the oppression imposed by dominant white group by exploring the transformation of diasporic white individuals’identity.

不同生态修复草种对土壤水分蒸散的影响

以紫花苜蓿、结缕草、青绿苔草和无芒雀麦为试材,通过人工草地建植对退化植被进行生态修复,实时监测植被NDVI指数、根系体积、土壤含水量及水分蒸散动态变化,研究不同草种植被覆盖效果及其对土壤蒸散特征的影响,揭示植被土壤水分吸收的主要作用机理,以期为我国北方地区适宜生态修复草种选择提供参考依据。结果表明:4种生态修复草种均可快速增加植被生物量,减少非生长季土壤水分蒸散,但生长季植被生物量增加,土壤水分吸收增强,土壤蒸散明显增加,且不同草地月蒸散量峰值排序为青绿苔草(112.65 mm)>结缕草(107.42 mm)>紫花苜蓿(98.19 mm)>无芒雀麦(86.69 mm)。另外,植被根系分布及其体积变化是土壤水分吸收的关键,根系体积越大,分布越集中,土壤水分吸收能力越强,其中,青绿苔草与结缕草土壤水分吸收的主要区域在0~20 cm土层,紫花苜蓿与无芒雀麦在20~40 cm土层。综上所述,由于生长季植被增加土壤水分蒸散,建议北方干旱缺水地区生态修复过程中尽量选择水土保持能力强但水分消耗相对较少的植物种类,就供试植物优先选择无芒雀麦,其次是紫花苜蓿。

我国草原分区-分类-分级生态修复模式研究

草原是我国重要的自然资源和生态屏障,草原生态修复是我国生态文明建设的重要内容,也是提升草原生态系统服务功能和固碳潜力的重要途径。已有大量研究针对退化草原提出了多种有效的生态恢复措施,但缺乏系统性和针对性的总结。本文在系统梳理和总结国内外草原生态修复研究的基础上,基于文献计量学的研究方法,总结了我国草原生态修复经历的三个阶段。同时,针对不同区域、不同退化/受损/破坏类型和和不同退化程度的草原,探索和提出了我国草原分区-分类-分级生态修复模式,并对我国草原生态修复的未来发展提出了相关建议,以期为我国草原生态修复和可持续管理提供科学依据和参考。

江淮地区苜蓿短期连作对后作高丹草生长及土壤微环境的影响

为了探究苜蓿连作对后作高丹草产量品质及土壤健康状况的影响,分别以撂荒地正茬种植高丹草(yr_(0))为对照、苜蓿1年龄(yr_(1))、3年龄(yr_(3))、5年龄(yr_(5))后轮作高丹草3种处理方式为研究对象,采用传统方法,试剂盒及高通量测序方法检测了轮作后高丹草的生长状况及产量差异、轮作后土壤化学性质、酶活性及微生物结构组成的变化,阐明了苜蓿短期连作对后作高丹草生长及产量的影响,从土壤微环境的角度评价了苜蓿连作对后作高丹草的影响。研究结果显示,与正茬高丹草相比(yr_(0)),苜蓿轮作高丹草促进了后茬高丹草叶片数量及产量的增加,3年龄苜蓿(yr_(3))轮作高丹草与正茬(yr_(0))高丹草相比,后作高丹草产量增加了63.23%(P<0.05),粗蛋白及中性洗涤纤维含量也相应提高;后作高丹草土壤pH值随着前作苜蓿年龄的增加持续降低,土壤有机质、全氮含量持续增加,5年龄(yr_(5))苜蓿轮作高丹草后有机质含量比正茬高丹草(yr_(0))土壤增加了78.25%、全氮含量与正茬高丹草(yr_(0))土壤相比增加了34.88%(P<0.05);蔗糖酶活性在1年龄(yr_(1))苜蓿轮茬高丹草土壤中最高,脲酶在3年龄(yr_(3))后茬土壤中活性最高;在苜蓿轮作高丹草根际土壤中门水平优势细菌群落为变形菌、拟杆菌和厚壁菌,优势真菌群落为子囊菌、担子菌和聚合菌;前茬苜蓿3年龄(yr_(3))时轮作高丹草土壤细菌丰富度及多样性指数均为最高(P<0.05);前茬苜蓿5年龄(yr_(5))时轮作高丹草土壤真菌Shannon指数最高(P<0.05);苜蓿轮作高丹草土壤中的绿弯菌、浮霉菌、放线菌随着前作苜蓿年龄的增加呈先增加随后降低的变化趋势;相关性分析表明,土壤pH、有机质含量与土壤微生物结构关系紧密,苜蓿-高丹草轮作处理下,前作苜蓿分泌物和残体降解物进入土壤生态系统,加速特异微生物区系重构,缓解了土壤酸化及调整营养物质循环,具有改良土壤的作用,能够促产增效,但是种植年限不宜过久,种植年限超过3年后,土壤中的营养成分会打破平衡。该结果为江淮地区苜蓿连作障碍的生态修复,构建饲草可持续高效生产栽培关键技术体系提供了理论依据。

多功能草方格沙障自动铺设机械车

为有效提高草方格铺设的效率和质量、促进草方格铺设由机械化向自动化、智能化迈进,根据人工铺设草方格流程,以散草作为原材料,设计了一种自动进行草方格铺设的机械车,用于完成分草、送草、插草和固草动作,并在此基础上赋予机械车播种和喷洒土壤改良剂功能,解决人工铺草工序繁多的问题,将工程治沙、生物治沙和土壤改良剂使用相结合实现综合治沙。另外,进行路径优化,创新铺设模式,通过三边错位铺设模式和单边模式相结合,有效避免对已铺设草方格的破坏。为铺设散草、机械化向智能化转变提供解决思路。

枢纽型社会组织高质量参与基层治理的影响因素与实现路径

在街镇社区层面,枢纽型社会组织在党和政府与一般性社会组织间扮演着枢纽桥梁角色,为增强基层治理效能提供了动力来源与创新载体。借助于上海市25个街镇级社会组织服务中心样本,本文采用模糊集定性比较分析方法,分析了经济发展水平、政府支持力度、社会组织互动、社会关系链接、组织硬件基础和组织软件条件等组合下枢纽型社会组织高质量参与基层治理的影响因素和实现路径。研究结果显示:(1)组织硬件基础是枢纽型社会组织高质量参与基层治理的必要条件;(2)枢纽型社会组织高质量参与基层治理具有资源赋能型、社会撬动型、复合推进型、内外协同型四种“殊途同归”的实现路径。本研究丰富了社会组织理论研究,研究结论可为地方因地制宜地推进枢纽型社会组织高质量参与基层治理提供有益的借鉴。

温岭草鸡体尺和屠宰性能测定及相关性分析

温岭草鸡是浙江省优质地方品种,具有肉质好、口感佳等特点。本研究随机选择300日龄温岭草鸡公母各15只,进行体尺和屠宰性能测定并作相关性分析。结果显示,温岭草鸡胸深较大,体形紧凑,屠宰性能较好。胫围与屠宰指标相关程度高,除腹脂质量外,体尺与屠宰指标间均存在显著相关。

生草对山核桃林地土壤微生物群落结构和多样性的影响

山核桃林下设置3种人工生草(油菜、绵枣儿、野豌豆)及清耕(对照)4个处理,种植4年后,采用高通量测序技术分析各处理土壤微生物群落结构及多样性,研究不同处理微生物与环境因子关联性。结果表明:山核桃林下不同生草处理占优势地位的土壤细菌群落为酸杆菌门和变形菌门,油菜处理上层(0~10 cm)土壤较下层(20~40 cm)变形菌门的相对丰度提高71.41%;各生草处理占优势地位的真菌群落为子囊菌门、担子菌门和球囊菌门,上层(0~10 cm)土壤球囊菌门相对丰度较对照分别提高202.81%、193.90%、65.04%,各生草处理上层土壤细菌群落物种组成均匀度较高且物种丰富,油菜处理上层土壤Chao1、Shannon、Ace指数显著高于其他生草处理。土壤真菌群落的多样性指数各处理间均未达到显著性差异。树状聚类图显示,不同生草处理对土壤的细菌、真菌群落均具有显著的影响。基于门水平下土壤群落结构和环境因子的典范对应分析(CCA)可知,细菌群落结构与pH、全磷、有效磷呈极显著正相关,与有机质呈显著正相关;真菌群落结构与pH呈极显著正相关,与全磷、有效磷、过氧化氢酶呈显著正相关。这说明不同生草处理对山核桃林地土壤微生物影响较大,选择适宜的生草种类可改善土壤微生物群落结构,提高细菌群落物种组成均匀度及丰富度,其中油菜综合效果最好。