Abstract In many animal species, males direct more intense courtship towards females they have not previously encountered, than towards females with which they have previously mated. To test the factors responsible fo...Abstract In many animal species, males direct more intense courtship towards females they have not previously encountered, than towards females with which they have previously mated. To test the factors responsible for this ＂Coolidge Effect＂, we need studies on a wide range of taxa - including those with mating systems in which we would not expect （based on current theory） that such an effect would be evident. The Coolidge Effect has been documented in several lizard species, but has not been looked for （and would not be expected） in snakes. We conducted experimental trials with red-sided garter snakes Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis at a communal den in Manitoba, to see whether previous exposure to a female （either courting, or courting plus mating） modified male mate choice or courtship intensity. In keeping with prediction from theory （but contrary to an early anecdotal report）, male garter snakes did not modify their courtship behaviour based upon their familiarity （or lack thereof） with a specific female. At least in large courting aggregations, male snakes may maximize their fitness by basing mate-choice upon immediate attributes of the female （body size, condition, mated status） and the intensity of competition （numbers and sizes of rival males） rather than information derived from previous sexual encounters .展开更多
Objective:To assess the fruit of Feijoa sellowiana Berg var.coolidge and gorgiona,cultured in Sicily,for its gastroprotective effect,in association with performing phytochemical evaluation.Methods:The gastroprotective...Objective:To assess the fruit of Feijoa sellowiana Berg var.coolidge and gorgiona,cultured in Sicily,for its gastroprotective effect,in association with performing phytochemical evaluation.Methods:The gastroprotective effect was investigated on ethanol-induced ulcers in rats,with sucralfate as reference drug.Samples of gastric mucosae,stained by periodic acid-Shiff and haematoxylin/eosin,were observed by light microscopy.Results:By means of HPLC,vitamin E complex and polyphenol compounds were determined.identified,while δ was only in var.coolidge.In whole fruit of two varieties,catechin,eriodictyol,eriocitrin,pyrocatechol,quercetin,rutin,ellagic,gallic and syringic acid were determined.The fruit showed gastroprotective effect(ulcer index:var.coolidge=1.07,var.gorgiona=1.02).The efficacy was comparable to that of sucralfate(ulcer index 1.10).Histological examination confirmed the inhibition of ulcerogenic activity of the ethanol.Conclusions:In pulp and peel samples of both varieties of fruit α,β and γ tocopherols were and show beneficial effects on various diseases,particularly those caused by oxidative processes resulting in cell damage.The amount of polyphenols and vitamin E complex confirms the nutritional value of this fruit,grown in pedoclimatic condition very different from the origin area.Active principles of Feijoa sellowiana can play an important role in human diet and show beneficial effects on various diseases,particularly those caused by oxidative processes resulting in cell damage.The amount of polyphenols and vitamin E complex confirms the nutritional value of this fruit,grown in pedoclimatic condition very different from the origin area.展开更多
基金We thank A1 and Gerry Johnson for assistance, and the Manitoba Dept. of Natural Resources （especially Dave Roberts） for permits. Financial support was provided by the Australian Research Council and the Austra- lian Academy of Science （to RS）, and by the National Science Foundation （IBN-9357245） and the Whitehall Foundation （W95-04） to RTM. Research was conducted under the author- ity of Oregon State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Protocol No. LAR-1848B. All research was conducted in accord with the US Public Health Service ＇Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals＇ and the National Institutes of Health ＇Guide to the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals＇.
文摘Abstract In many animal species, males direct more intense courtship towards females they have not previously encountered, than towards females with which they have previously mated. To test the factors responsible for this ＂Coolidge Effect＂, we need studies on a wide range of taxa - including those with mating systems in which we would not expect （based on current theory） that such an effect would be evident. The Coolidge Effect has been documented in several lizard species, but has not been looked for （and would not be expected） in snakes. We conducted experimental trials with red-sided garter snakes Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis at a communal den in Manitoba, to see whether previous exposure to a female （either courting, or courting plus mating） modified male mate choice or courtship intensity. In keeping with prediction from theory （but contrary to an early anecdotal report）, male garter snakes did not modify their courtship behaviour based upon their familiarity （or lack thereof） with a specific female. At least in large courting aggregations, male snakes may maximize their fitness by basing mate-choice upon immediate attributes of the female （body size, condition, mated status） and the intensity of competition （numbers and sizes of rival males） rather than information derived from previous sexual encounters .
基金Supported by Sicily Region-Department of Agriculture and Forestry-Department-structural measures.IX-Service-Development Services(D.D.S.n°2051).
文摘Objective:To assess the fruit of Feijoa sellowiana Berg var.coolidge and gorgiona,cultured in Sicily,for its gastroprotective effect,in association with performing phytochemical evaluation.Methods:The gastroprotective effect was investigated on ethanol-induced ulcers in rats,with sucralfate as reference drug.Samples of gastric mucosae,stained by periodic acid-Shiff and haematoxylin/eosin,were observed by light microscopy.Results:By means of HPLC,vitamin E complex and polyphenol compounds were determined.identified,while δ was only in var.coolidge.In whole fruit of two varieties,catechin,eriodictyol,eriocitrin,pyrocatechol,quercetin,rutin,ellagic,gallic and syringic acid were determined.The fruit showed gastroprotective effect(ulcer index:var.coolidge=1.07,var.gorgiona=1.02).The efficacy was comparable to that of sucralfate(ulcer index 1.10).Histological examination confirmed the inhibition of ulcerogenic activity of the ethanol.Conclusions:In pulp and peel samples of both varieties of fruit α,β and γ tocopherols were and show beneficial effects on various diseases,particularly those caused by oxidative processes resulting in cell damage.The amount of polyphenols and vitamin E complex confirms the nutritional value of this fruit,grown in pedoclimatic condition very different from the origin area.Active principles of Feijoa sellowiana can play an important role in human diet and show beneficial effects on various diseases,particularly those caused by oxidative processes resulting in cell damage.The amount of polyphenols and vitamin E complex confirms the nutritional value of this fruit,grown in pedoclimatic condition very different from the origin area.
