Experimental Study on the Resistance and Splash Performances of Water Collecting Devices for Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers

In recent years,water collecting systems,with the associated advantages of energy saving and noise reduction,have become the foundation for the development of a scheme to optimize the structure of cooling towers.To explore the feasibility of this approach for mechanical draft cooling towers,a small-scale experimental device has been built to study the resistance and splash performances of three U-type water collecting devices(WCDs)for different water flow rates and wind speeds.The experimental results show that within the considered ranges of wind speed and water flow rate,the pressure drop of the different WCDs can vary significantly.The resistance and local splash performances can also be remarkably different.Some recommendations about the most suitable system are provided.Moreover,a regression analysis of the experimental data is conducted,and the resulting fitting formulas for resistance and splash performance of WCD are reported.

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE ADVERSE EFFECT OF WIND ON THE HEAT TRANSFER PERFORMANCE OF TWO NATURAL DRAFT COOLING TOWERS IN TANDEM ARRANGEMENT

This article reports the findings on the adverse effect of the crosswind on the performance of natural draft cooling towers through numerical computation with the k-epsilon eddy-viscosity turbulence model. It is observed here that the cause of the adverse effect of the crosswind on the cooling towers call be attributed to the around flow effect which destroys the radial inflow into the cooling towers when the wind is absent. Hence, a significant deterioration in the heat transfer from the heat exchangers at lateral sides occurs.

Spray Effect on the Thermal Performances of a Dry Cooling Tower

Pre-cooling the inlet air of a dry cooling tower by means of a spray can improve the tower performance during periods of high temperature.To study the spray effect on the thermal performance of natural draft dry cooling towers(NDDCTs),in this study 3-D numerical simulations of such a process have been conducted using Fluent 16.2(a two-way coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian approach).The considered NDDCT is 120 m high and only half system is simulated due to its structural symmetry.Three different spray strategies have been investigated at a typical crosswind speed of 4 m/s,which is the most frequent wind speed.The results have shown that:(1)The three implemented spray strategies can improve the thermal performance of the studied NDDCT with a vary-ing degree of success.In one case,the heat rejection rate can be increased by 35.2%,and the tower outlet water temperature can be decreased by 2.1℃ when compared with the no spray case;(2)To improve the thermal per-formance of the NDDCT using a small amount of water,the design of the spray pre-cooling system must include more nozzles on the windward and fewer or even no nozzles on the leeward sides of the NDDCT.

STUDY ON THE AIRFLOW RESISTANCE IN NATURAL DRAFT COOLING TOWERS

A new approach for improving the calculation of the airflow resistance coefficient of natural draft cooling towers from the inlet to throat (4) has been presented in this paper. The suggested equations areWhere. ζ1 is the coefficient of the airflow resistance with no consideration of waterdrop in rain zone, ζ2 is the coefficient of the airflow resistance due to falling of waterdrop in rain zone, s is the rate of the inlet area to the area at elevation of the packing, q is the water loading, V0 air velocity at the packing section.

Full scale experimental study of a small natural draft dry cooling tower for concentrating solar thermal power plant

Concentrating solar thermal power system can provide low carbon,renewable energy resources in countries or regions with strong solar irradiation.For this kind of power plant which is likely to be located in the arid area,natural draft dry cooling tower is a promising choice.To develop the experimental studies on small cooling tower,a 20 m high natural draft dry cooling tower with fully instrumented measurement system was established by the Queensland Geothermal Energy Centre of Excellence.The performance of this cooling tower was measured with the constant heat input of 600 kW and 840 kW and with ambient temperature ranging from 20 ℃ to 32 ℃.The cooling tower numerical model was refined and validated with the experimental data.The model of 1 MW concentrating solar thermal supercritical CO2 power cycle was developed and integrated with the cooling tower model.The influences of changing ambient temperature and the performance of the cooling tower on efficiency of the power system were simulated.The differences of the mechanism of the ambient temperature effect on Rankine cycle and supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle were analysed and discussed.

Analysis of Natural Draft Cooling Tower Aerodynamics Calculation Method

Different aerodynamics calculation methods for three designed cooling towers are compared. Verifications are made by using the field test data of the three operating cooling towers. It is proposed that the wind effects on water temperature after cooled by tower shall be considered in the cooling tower design; the Hamon calculation method is one of the feasible method; the method of adding the resistance coefficients of various parts of cooling tower should not be used.

A decoupled method to identify affecting mechanism of crosswind on performance of a natural draft dry cooling tower

The natural draft dry cooling tower(NDDCT)has been increasingly used for cooling in power generation in arid area.As crosswind affects the performance of a NDDCT in a complicated way,and the basic affecting mechanism is unclear,attempts have been made to improve the performance of a NDDCT based on limited experiences.This paper introduces a decoupled method to study the complicated crosswind effects on the inlet and outlet of a NDDCT separately by computational fluid dynamics(CFD)modeling and hot state experiments.Accordingly,the basic affecting mechanism of crosswind on the NDDCT performance is identified.Crosswind changes the inlet flow field of a NDDCT and induces mainstream vortices inside the tower,so as to degrade the ventilation.Besides,low crosswind deflects the upward plume at the outlet to further degrade the ventilation,while high crosswind induces the low pressure area at the outlet to reduce the ventilation degradation.

A Novel Approach for Energy Efficiency Prediction of Various Natural Draft Wet Cooling Towers Using ANN

Cooling tower is crucial equipment in the cool-end system of power plant and the natural draft counter-flow wet cooling tower(NDWCT)gets wide application.The artificial neural network(ANN)technique is becoming an effective method for the thermal performance investigation of cooling towers.However,the neural network research on the energy efficiency performance of NDWCTs is not sufficient.In this paper,a novel approach was proposed to predict energy efficiency of various NDWCTs by using Back Propagation(BP)neural network:Firstly,based on 638 sets of field test data within 36 diverse NDWCTs in power plant,a three-layer BP neural network model with structure of 8-14-2 was developed.Then the cooling number and evaporation loss of water of different NDWCTs were predicted adopting the BP model.The results show that the established BP neural network has preferable prediction accuracy for the heat and mass transfer performance of NDWCT with various scales.The predicted cooling number and evaporative loss proportion of the testing cooling towers are in good agreement with experimental values with the mean relative error in the range of 2.11%–4.45%and 1.04%–4.52%,respectively.Furthermore,the energy efficiency of different NDWCTs can also be predicted by the proposed BP model with consideration of evaporation loss of water in cooling tower.At last,a novel method for energy efficiency prediction of various NDWCTs using the developed ANN model was proposed.The energy efficiency index(EEI)of different NDWCTs can be achieved readily without measuring the temperature as well as velocity of the outlet air.

Three-dimensional Numerical Study on Thermal Performance of a Super Large Natural Draft Cooling Tower of 220m Height

Based on the heat and mass transfer theory and the characteristics of general-purpose software FLUENT, a three-dimensional numerical simulation platform, composed of lots of user defined functions(UDF), has been developed to simulate the thermal performance of natural draft wet cooling towers(NDWCTs). After validation, this platform is used to analyse thermal performances of a 220m high super large cooling tower designed for inland nuclear plant under different operational conditions. Variations of outlet temperature of the cooling tower caused by changes of water flow rates, inlet water temperatures are investigated. Effects of optimization through non-uniform water distributions on outlet water temperature are discussed, and the influences on the flow field inside the cooling tower are analyzed in detail. It is found that the outlet water temperature will increase as the water flow rate increases, but the air flow rate will decrease. The outlet water temperature will decrease 0.095K and 0.205K, respectively, if two non-uniform water distribution approaches are applied.

厂区布置对钢塔自然通风空冷凝汽器性能的影响

利用计算传热学(NHT)软件FLUENT,在自然通风状态下,对2×350MW机组钢结构外覆铝板冷却塔及直接空冷凝汽器(DACC)的流动和换热性能进行了数值模拟、分析和研究。确定了考核工况,不同环境风向下,周边建筑物对DACC和钢塔性能的影响。结果表明,两机一塔水平矩形布置方式下,平行于A列的来风对钢塔通风和DACC换热有负面影响。不考虑风向频率时,各风向下周边建筑物对DACC总体换热影响约为2.4%。在电厂总平面布置时,应尽量使厂区主导风向避开不利风向,汽机房空冷塔间距还需综合其它因素确定。

机力通风冷却塔风机自寻优群控方法研究

机力通风冷却塔以占地面积小的显著优点,在中小型基建工程中得到广泛应用。为提升中小型基建工程外冷系统的节能性和可靠性、改进传统多风机控制方法,创新性地提出了一种基于累计运行时间的机力通风冷却塔风机自寻优群控方法。将多风机整体化控制改进为顺序化联动控制,可有效降低风机启动门槛出力、消除整体化控制固有缺陷,满足非线性、时变性、大滞后系统控制的节能、可靠需求。经工程验证:该方法是一种契合纯变频电机配置冷却塔系统的多风机控制方法。该方法风机出力柔和、控制线性度好、系统易镇定、稳态偏差小;能够通过累计运行时间参数比对,实现风机自动交互运行,运行可靠性高。该方法的提出与实际应用可对配置机力通风冷却塔的中小型基建工程的安全节能运行提供借鉴。

大型冷凝式消雾节水冷却塔性能试验研究

为研究获得菱形模块消雾节水冷却塔的消雾节水和节能特性,对某设计循环水量为5000 m^(3)/h的菱形消雾节水冷却塔的消雾性能、节水性能和节能性能进行了试验研究。建立了冷却塔消雾节水节能性能评价模型,通过现场试验获得冷却塔消雾节水和节能特性参数及其变化规律。结果表明:消雾节水冷却塔设计出塔空气相对湿度为85%,实测出塔相对湿度为82.28%,消雾指数为1.03,符合“零雾型”消雾冷却塔的要求。经菱形消雾冷凝模块换热后的冷凝水量为14.19 m^(3)/h,冷却塔节水率为25.3%,冷凝节水效果好。单塔年总节能收益约40万元,整体年节能收益达240万元,菱形消雾节水冷却塔具有良好的经济效益及环保效益。

低风阻流线型导风板对自然通风湿式冷却塔的性能影响

为改善冷却塔雨区流场结构,进一步增大通风量,在已有平板型导风板基础上,提出一种布置在雨区的低风阻流线型导风板。设计工况下,以常规冷却塔和在各高度布置平板型导风板的改造塔为参考对象,分析5种不同布置高度(1/6、1/3、1/2、2/3、5/6进风高度)下低风阻流线型导风板对整塔通风量、塔内流场结构和温度分布等参数的影响。结果表明:随着导风板布置高度的升高,塔内各区域的空气分配发生了变化,对内区填料换热产生了明显影响,使整塔冷却性能呈现出先提升后下降的趋势;在进风口高度2/3处布置流线型导风板时,通风量增量与填料区底部平均温度减量达到最优值,冷却塔性能改善效果最佳,此时相较于常规冷却塔,循环水温降相对增长2.65%,通风量相对增长2.78%。此外,相较于最佳布置高度的平板型导风板,采用低风阻流线型导风板改造后循环水温降相对增长1.2%。

基于外部冷却模块和内部凝雾模块的高位收水机械通风冷却塔性能对比研究

为了控制雾羽和节约水资源,搭建了高位收水机械通风冷却塔热态实验系统,分别对外部冷却模块(干湿联合冷却塔)和内部凝雾模块(凝雾式冷却塔)的消雾、节水及热力性能进行对比分析,研究了环境温度、循环水进水温度及循环水量对冷却塔性能的影响。结果表明:干湿联合冷却塔和凝雾式冷却塔均具有消雾和节水能力,但实现二者的消雾和节水是以降低冷却塔冷却性能为代价的;与原塔相比,干湿联合冷却塔和凝雾式冷却塔的循环水温降约降低了1.5 K;干湿联合冷却塔和凝雾式冷却塔的消雾和节水性能受运行参数的影响很大,且凝雾式冷却塔的节水量和节水率高于干湿联合冷却塔。

冷却塔定向拆除时剩余支柱的轴力计算方法

为了使冷却塔的定向拆除更加安全可控,对冷却塔保留柱轴向力的计算方法展开研究。根据力的相似关系给出支柱轴向力与其Z向力之间的关系式,基于平截面假定推导保留柱Z向力的计算公式;利用有限元研究环梁和支柱的弹性模量、支柱高度、保留柱数量以及相邻柱柱顶所对应的圆心角5种参数对保留柱Z向力的影响;根据有限元的结果对保留柱Z向力的计算公式进行修正,并研究修正后公式的适用性。结果表明:爆破后的冷却塔在所有保留柱上并不满足平截面假定;在实际工程范围内,上述5种参数不影响保留柱Z向力的分布规律为Z向力沿着y轴方向上的分布形态始终“两端受压,中间受拉”,且保留柱中的最大压力始终出现在第n排保留柱上,最大拉力始终出现在第(n-4)排保留柱上;当爆破圆心角为200°~240°时,修正后计算值的相对误差在21%以内,且该公式在不同冷却塔上具有良好的适用性。保留柱轴向力的计算公式从力学角度为冷却塔的拆除提供了理论支撑,增加了拆除工作的安全性。

高位收水冷却塔噪声预测方法优化及噪声治理措施探讨

对湖北省某660 MW燃煤发电厂高位收水冷却塔进行了现场测试,根据测试结果对高位收水冷却塔噪声预测模型进行了优化和验证,并对高位收水冷却塔的噪声治理措施进行了探讨。结果表明,采用发声部位水平面声源优化模型计算得到的高位收水冷却塔噪声衰减规律与实测结果更加接近;虽然高位收水冷却塔附近地面噪声源强实测声级较常规冷却塔低约8 dB(A),但总体声功率级的改善效果并不能达到8 dB(A)的水平;同时,由于高位收水冷却塔声源位置较高,对围墙外某些特殊点位,高位收水冷却塔的噪声影响可能反而会略高于常规冷却塔;消声导流片及吸隔声屏障在应用于高位收水冷却塔降噪时需根据声源实际情况进行模型验证优化,而声源降噪措施可从改善水滴对收水斜板的冲击以及收水斜板本身振动噪声方面进一步研究。

双层布置间冷散热器数值试验研究

利用ANSYSFluent软件,在自然通风状态下,对我国首创并实施的双层布置间冷散热器的流动和换热性能进行了数值模拟、分析和研究。环境风速不大于4.5m/s时,下层各冷却柱的通风量和换热量均高于相应上层冷却柱。当环境风速为10m/s~20m/s时,间冷塔迎风面,下层冷却柱的通风量和换热量均低于上层;在间冷塔两侧及下风侧,下层冷却柱的通风量和换热量则高于上层。随着环境风速的增大,上层冷却柱将首先出现热空气流出间冷塔和“穿堂风”的现象。不同环境风速下,下层冷却柱的总通风量和总换热量均高于上层,二者总通风量相差1.29%~10.18%,总换热量相差1.11%~9.23%。

Experimental Study of Effects of Cross Wind on Flow in Natural-draft Dry-cooling Towers

The effects of cross wind on the flow field in natural draft dry cooling towers are studied experimentally in a wind tunnel using similarity principles. Particular attention is focused on the flow fields inside the tower. The study illustrates the influence of wind on the cooling tower performance and proposes a number of techniques for improving tower performance with a cross wind

机械通风高位收水冷却塔三维热力特性数值研究

高位收水是降低湿式冷却塔能耗的有效途径,但其目前主要应用于自然通风冷却塔。鉴于此,构建机械通风高位收水冷却塔三维数值计算模型,探究无风和侧风工况下,高位收水对机械通风冷却塔热力性能的影响规律。结果表明,机械通风高位收水冷却塔配风区气流存在横向旋涡,且其受环境侧风的影响;在横向旋涡和塔体结构的共同作用下,不同位置的通风量和散热量存在明显差异,且填料区循环水温降占比和气流压降占比分别达到90.5%和51.0%;环境侧风会引起整塔通风量和循环水温降的差异性变化,当环境风速从0m/s增加到10m/s时,0°和90°风向的侧风分别会使出塔水温降低1.47℃和升高2.38℃,而其他风向对出塔水温的影响不超过0.66℃。

新型鼓风式机械通风冷却塔进风口阻力优化

鼓风式机械通风冷却塔常应用于核电厂重要厂用水系统,为了提高其安全性,提出了一种新型鼓风式冷却塔,但由于结构复杂,其阻力特性不同于常规的鼓风式机械通风冷却塔。针对新型鼓风式机械通风冷却塔的阻力问题,通过三维模型研究了塔内阻力构成,进而确定进风口的优化方案。结果表明,初始方案冷却塔的各部分阻力中,从进风口防飞射物的过滤网至风机外罩入口的阻力最大(约占32.7%)。优化方案在满足防飞射物入侵的前提下,通过调节进风口相关尺寸,使塔入口至网面的阻力系数占比降低了4.8%,网面至风机入口的阻力系数占比降低了1.8%。