The Ising spin–orbit coupling could give rise to the spin-triplet Cooper pairs and equal-spin Andreev reflection(AR)in Ising superconductors.Here we theoretically study the valley-dependent equal-spin AR in a ferroma...The Ising spin–orbit coupling could give rise to the spin-triplet Cooper pairs and equal-spin Andreev reflection(AR)in Ising superconductors.Here we theoretically study the valley-dependent equal-spin AR in a ferromagnet/Ising superconductor junction with a circularly polarized light applied to the ferromagnet.Because of the spin-triplet Cooper pairs and the optical irradiation,eight kinds of AR processes appear in the junction,including equal-spin AR and normal AR,the strengths and properties of which strongly depend on the valley degree of freedom.The AR probabilities for the incident electron from the two valleys exhibit certain symmetry with respect to the magnetization angle and the effective energy of light.The equal-spin AR and normal AR present different features and resonant behaviors near the superconducting gap edges.Due to equal-spin-triplet Cooper pairs,not only charge supercurrent but also spin supercurrent can transport in the Ising superconductors.The differential spin conductance for electron injecting from the two valleys can be controlled by the circularly polarized light.展开更多
We propose that the exotic meson tetraquark u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũintroduced in previous papers, may be a pseudo-Goldstone boson having a tetrahedron geometry and symmetry. The transition ...We propose that the exotic meson tetraquark u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũintroduced in previous papers, may be a pseudo-Goldstone boson having a tetrahedron geometry and symmetry. The transition from the neutral pion superposition of two free mesons, d<sub>d</sub>~</sup> and uũ, to the tetrahedron geometry with optional two chiral states may be the symmetry breaking of the QCD ground state. The u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũtetrahedron mass may be calculated by measuring the β decay rate variability. We assume that electrons and positrons are composite particle exotic tetraquarks, dũd<sub>d</sub>~</sup> for the electrons and u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>d<sub>d</sub>~</sup> for the positrons and confined by the strong force. We propose that the QCD tetrahedrons play a central role in electron pairing mechanism in both chemical bond forming and superconductor Cooper pairs. We propose a hypothesis where the QCD ground state tetrahedrons play a central role in low energy physics where quark exchange reactions between particles and the QCD tetrahedrons via gluon junctions transfer all the forces. The QCD ground state u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũtetrahedrons hypothesis provides a symmetry breaking and a mass gap may be created by the ground state QCD tetrahedrons Bose-Einstein condensate.展开更多
A quantum statistical theory of the superconductivity in MgB<sub>2</sub> is developed regarding it as a member of the graphite intercalation compound. The superconducting temperature T<sub>c</sub&...A quantum statistical theory of the superconductivity in MgB<sub>2</sub> is developed regarding it as a member of the graphite intercalation compound. The superconducting temperature T<sub>c</sub> for MgB<sub>2</sub>, C<sub>8</sub>K ≡ KC<sub>8</sub>, CaC<sub>6</sub>, are 39 K, 0.6 K, 11.5 K, respectively. The differences arise from the lattice structures. In the plane perpendicular to the c-axis, B’s form a honeycomb lattice with the nearest neighbour distance while Mg’s form a base-hexagonal lattice with the nearest neighbour distance above and below the B-plane distanced by . The more compact B-plane becomes superconducting due to the electron-phonon attraction. Starting with the generalized Bardeen- Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) Hamiltonian and solving the generalized Cooper equation, we obtain a linear dispersion relation for moving Cooper pairs. The superconducting temperature T<sub>c</sub> identified as the Bose-Einstein condensation temperature of the Cooper pairs in two dimensions is given by , where is the Cooper pair density, the Boltzmann constant. The lattices of KC<sub>8</sub> and CaC<sub>6</sub> are clearly specified.展开更多
The space-time ladder theory reveals that the formation of electronic tornadoes,or the formation of electronic dissipative structures,to be precise,the enhancement of electronic Energy Qi field is the basis of superco...The space-time ladder theory reveals that the formation of electronic tornadoes,or the formation of electronic dissipative structures,to be precise,the enhancement of electronic Energy Qi field is the basis of superconductivity.The surrounding area of the electronic tornado is expanding,which is the basis of the Meissner effect,and the center is contracting,which is the basis of the pinning force.When the attractive force of the Energy Qi field is greater than the Coulomb repulsive force,the electrons form a Cooper pair and release dark energy into virtual space-time.When the dark energy increases to a certain extent,the virtual space-time frees the Cooper pair and forms an electron-virtual space-time wave,which fluctuates freely in the superconducting material,which is the basis for the superconducting resistance to be zero.This is similar to the principle of a hot air balloon.The virtual space-time is hot air and the electron pair is a hot air balloon device.Conductor electrons are free and easy to emit dark energy,resulting in insufficient dark energy,and it is not easy to form electron-pair virtual space-time waves,so the superconducting critical temperature is very low.This is because the emission coefficient of the conductor is too high.Insulator electrons are not easy to emit dark energy and easily form electron-pair virtual space-time waves.Therefore,the superconducting critical temperature is slightly higher because of the low emission coefficient of the insulator.The solution of the Qi-space-time wave equation,that is,the coherence coefficient,is an important factor in superconductivity.In addition,the conditions under which tornadoes form are also an important basis for superconductivity.Finally,it is emphasized that the coherence coefficient and prevention of dark energy emission are the two most important elements for preparing superconducting materials.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11974153,12374034 and 11921005)the Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology(Grant No.2021ZD0302403)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB28000000)。
文摘The Ising spin–orbit coupling could give rise to the spin-triplet Cooper pairs and equal-spin Andreev reflection(AR)in Ising superconductors.Here we theoretically study the valley-dependent equal-spin AR in a ferromagnet/Ising superconductor junction with a circularly polarized light applied to the ferromagnet.Because of the spin-triplet Cooper pairs and the optical irradiation,eight kinds of AR processes appear in the junction,including equal-spin AR and normal AR,the strengths and properties of which strongly depend on the valley degree of freedom.The AR probabilities for the incident electron from the two valleys exhibit certain symmetry with respect to the magnetization angle and the effective energy of light.The equal-spin AR and normal AR present different features and resonant behaviors near the superconducting gap edges.Due to equal-spin-triplet Cooper pairs,not only charge supercurrent but also spin supercurrent can transport in the Ising superconductors.The differential spin conductance for electron injecting from the two valleys can be controlled by the circularly polarized light.
文摘We propose that the exotic meson tetraquark u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũintroduced in previous papers, may be a pseudo-Goldstone boson having a tetrahedron geometry and symmetry. The transition from the neutral pion superposition of two free mesons, d<sub>d</sub>~</sup> and uũ, to the tetrahedron geometry with optional two chiral states may be the symmetry breaking of the QCD ground state. The u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũtetrahedron mass may be calculated by measuring the β decay rate variability. We assume that electrons and positrons are composite particle exotic tetraquarks, dũd<sub>d</sub>~</sup> for the electrons and u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>d<sub>d</sub>~</sup> for the positrons and confined by the strong force. We propose that the QCD tetrahedrons play a central role in electron pairing mechanism in both chemical bond forming and superconductor Cooper pairs. We propose a hypothesis where the QCD ground state tetrahedrons play a central role in low energy physics where quark exchange reactions between particles and the QCD tetrahedrons via gluon junctions transfer all the forces. The QCD ground state u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũtetrahedrons hypothesis provides a symmetry breaking and a mass gap may be created by the ground state QCD tetrahedrons Bose-Einstein condensate.
文摘A quantum statistical theory of the superconductivity in MgB<sub>2</sub> is developed regarding it as a member of the graphite intercalation compound. The superconducting temperature T<sub>c</sub> for MgB<sub>2</sub>, C<sub>8</sub>K ≡ KC<sub>8</sub>, CaC<sub>6</sub>, are 39 K, 0.6 K, 11.5 K, respectively. The differences arise from the lattice structures. In the plane perpendicular to the c-axis, B’s form a honeycomb lattice with the nearest neighbour distance while Mg’s form a base-hexagonal lattice with the nearest neighbour distance above and below the B-plane distanced by . The more compact B-plane becomes superconducting due to the electron-phonon attraction. Starting with the generalized Bardeen- Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) Hamiltonian and solving the generalized Cooper equation, we obtain a linear dispersion relation for moving Cooper pairs. The superconducting temperature T<sub>c</sub> identified as the Bose-Einstein condensation temperature of the Cooper pairs in two dimensions is given by , where is the Cooper pair density, the Boltzmann constant. The lattices of KC<sub>8</sub> and CaC<sub>6</sub> are clearly specified.
文摘The space-time ladder theory reveals that the formation of electronic tornadoes,or the formation of electronic dissipative structures,to be precise,the enhancement of electronic Energy Qi field is the basis of superconductivity.The surrounding area of the electronic tornado is expanding,which is the basis of the Meissner effect,and the center is contracting,which is the basis of the pinning force.When the attractive force of the Energy Qi field is greater than the Coulomb repulsive force,the electrons form a Cooper pair and release dark energy into virtual space-time.When the dark energy increases to a certain extent,the virtual space-time frees the Cooper pair and forms an electron-virtual space-time wave,which fluctuates freely in the superconducting material,which is the basis for the superconducting resistance to be zero.This is similar to the principle of a hot air balloon.The virtual space-time is hot air and the electron pair is a hot air balloon device.Conductor electrons are free and easy to emit dark energy,resulting in insufficient dark energy,and it is not easy to form electron-pair virtual space-time waves,so the superconducting critical temperature is very low.This is because the emission coefficient of the conductor is too high.Insulator electrons are not easy to emit dark energy and easily form electron-pair virtual space-time waves.Therefore,the superconducting critical temperature is slightly higher because of the low emission coefficient of the insulator.The solution of the Qi-space-time wave equation,that is,the coherence coefficient,is an important factor in superconductivity.In addition,the conditions under which tornadoes form are also an important basis for superconductivity.Finally,it is emphasized that the coherence coefficient and prevention of dark energy emission are the two most important elements for preparing superconducting materials.