The Russian-Chinese cooperation conducted on sea basin conducted in the 21st century is aimed at limiting the US ability to control global transport routes,especially energy transport carriers.The community of interes...The Russian-Chinese cooperation conducted on sea basin conducted in the 21st century is aimed at limiting the US ability to control global transport routes,especially energy transport carriers.The community of interests outlined in this way allows for undertaking a number of political and economic initiatives and the use of demonstration of strength in regions where the national interests of both countries are located.Its scope is limited by existing divergences,which particularly concern the European policy of both countries.Chinese plans to build the One Belt One Road transport system are violating the status quo in Eurasia in favour of Beijing.While under the Asian policy both countries have managed to reach a compromise regarding the way of economic activity and the formula for building this merger,the scale of divergence of interests in Europe limits the possibility of reaching a similar agreement.Russia’s goal is primarily to limit the US’s ability to control northern shipping routes,followed by maintaining political and economic influence in Europe in the context of China’s increasing activity and the gradual decrease in the demand for energy resources.For China,the goal is to make the most effective use of the transport system to Europe,ultimately based on the One Belt One Road project.Therefore,the only common strategic goals of both countries in relation to Europe are striving to transfer the burden of US maritime activity from Asian reservoirs to the waters of the Artic and North Atlantic the seas surrounding Europe.However,the Chinese from this group exclude the Baltic Sea,which is to be an area of political stability.However,in the assumptions of Russian policy,the Baltic is to be a substitute region for conducting Arctic rivalry.The existing discrepancies mean that the scope of European cooperation of both countries is limited and will focus on limiting the American dominance on maritime shipping routes and economic undertakings enabling the realization of the interests of both countries.展开更多
Over the past decade Sino-Russian cooperation in the Arctic has emerged as one of the major topics of the Russia-China negotiations on how to expand their comprehensive strategic partnership and to bring it to a new l...Over the past decade Sino-Russian cooperation in the Arctic has emerged as one of the major topics of the Russia-China negotiations on how to expand their comprehensive strategic partnership and to bring it to a new level. China considers the Arctic region important for its economic interests and desires to be included in the development of the region and its economic potential. For Russia, the Arctic is a future strategic resource base that would replace the old depleting fields and assure Russia’s status as a major worldwide energy supplier. Despite many joint statements on deepening of the Sino-Russian cooperation in the development of the Arctic energy resources, the concrete results of these ambitious plans are few. Some joint projects were dropped, as China and Russia could not agree on the conditions of the deal, others are progressing very slowly and have an uncertain future. In 2017, China has expanded its "Belt and Road Initiative"(BRI) to the Arctic thus elevating the Sino-Russian cooperation in the Artcic to a higher level. How did the relationship between Russia and China evolve in the Arctic and how do Russia and China view and respond to the new Arctic dimension of the BRI? What factors limit the strategic rapprochement between China and Russia in the Arctic?展开更多
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO)was formed in 2001 after breakdown of the socialist system and the Soviet Union as a new form of cooperation between former socialist countries in Eurasian region.Mongolia joi...The Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO)was formed in 2001 after breakdown of the socialist system and the Soviet Union as a new form of cooperation between former socialist countries in Eurasian region.Mongolia joined the SCO in 2005 with an observer member status.Since 2007,Presidents of Mongolia began to participate every year to the Summit of the heads of SCO member states.By the initiative of Mongolian President,in 2014 the tripartite format of the meetings of the leaders of three countries:Russia,China,and Mongolia were established.In June 2016,during the third meeting of the leaders of Russia,China,and Mongolia in Tashkent(Uzbekistan),“The Russia-China-Mongolia Economic Corridor Program”document was signed.This program is aiming to develop the infrastructure of three countries,ensuring the competitiveness of products on the world market,and strengthening the Eurasian integration.The content of this program is combining the main ideas of Chinese“Belt-Road”megaproject,Russian initiative for developing of Eurasian economic integration and Mongolian“Steppe Road”project.The main goal of the“Steppe Road”initiative is to involve Mongolia to become the transit territory for transportation of natural gas,oil,and other products between Russia and China.In conclusion,the author gives some comments regarding the issue of full membership status of Mongolia to the international organization—SCO.展开更多
The United States,Russia and China are militarily and economically among the most powerful countries in the post-Cold War period,and the interactions between the three powers heavily influence the international system...The United States,Russia and China are militarily and economically among the most powerful countries in the post-Cold War period,and the interactions between the three powers heavily influence the international system.However,different conclusions about this question are generally made by researchers through qualitative analysis,and it is necessary to objectively and quantitatively investigate their interactions.Monthly-aggregated event data from the Global Data on Events,Location and Tone(GDELT)to measure cooperative and conflictual interactions between the three powers,and the complementary cumulative distribution function(CCDF)and the vector autoregression(VAR)method are utilized to investigate their interactions in two periods:January,1991 to September,2001,and October,2001 to December,2016.The results of frequencies and strengths analysis showed that:the frequencies and strengths of USA-China interactions slightly exceeded those of USA-Russia interactions and became the dominant interactions in the second period.Although that cooperation prevailed in the three dyads in two periods,the conflictual interactions between the USA and Russia tended to be more intense in the second period,mainly related to the strategic contradiction between the USA and Russia,especially in Georgia,Ukraine and Syria.The results of CCDF indicated that similar probabilities in the cooperative behaviors between the three dyads,but the differences in the probabilities of conflictual behaviors in the USA-Russia dyad showed complicated characteristic,and those between Russia and China indicated that Russia had been consistently giving China a hard time in both periods when dealing with conflict.The USA was always an essential factor in affecting the interactions between Russia and China in both periods,but China’s behavior only played a limited role in influencing the interactions between the USA-Russia dyad.Our study provides quantitative insight into the direct cooperative and conflictual interactions between the three dyads since the end of the Cold War and helps to understand their interactions better.展开更多
The shortfall of timber resource in China constantly keeps about 150 million m3, which mainly relies on import to fill in the gap. However, Russia, the key timber supply state of China, has encouraged the development ...The shortfall of timber resource in China constantly keeps about 150 million m3, which mainly relies on import to fill in the gap. However, Russia, the key timber supply state of China, has encouraged the development of its national intensive timber processing and therefore the Russian Far East Region started to gradually restrict log export. To this end, this paper analyzes the situation of forest industry and timber production in Russian Far East and discusses the current status and existing problems in timber trade between Russian Far East and China. At the end, the paper presents policy recommendation for future timber trade between Russian Far East and China and views their forestry cooperation prospect.展开更多
文摘The Russian-Chinese cooperation conducted on sea basin conducted in the 21st century is aimed at limiting the US ability to control global transport routes,especially energy transport carriers.The community of interests outlined in this way allows for undertaking a number of political and economic initiatives and the use of demonstration of strength in regions where the national interests of both countries are located.Its scope is limited by existing divergences,which particularly concern the European policy of both countries.Chinese plans to build the One Belt One Road transport system are violating the status quo in Eurasia in favour of Beijing.While under the Asian policy both countries have managed to reach a compromise regarding the way of economic activity and the formula for building this merger,the scale of divergence of interests in Europe limits the possibility of reaching a similar agreement.Russia’s goal is primarily to limit the US’s ability to control northern shipping routes,followed by maintaining political and economic influence in Europe in the context of China’s increasing activity and the gradual decrease in the demand for energy resources.For China,the goal is to make the most effective use of the transport system to Europe,ultimately based on the One Belt One Road project.Therefore,the only common strategic goals of both countries in relation to Europe are striving to transfer the burden of US maritime activity from Asian reservoirs to the waters of the Artic and North Atlantic the seas surrounding Europe.However,the Chinese from this group exclude the Baltic Sea,which is to be an area of political stability.However,in the assumptions of Russian policy,the Baltic is to be a substitute region for conducting Arctic rivalry.The existing discrepancies mean that the scope of European cooperation of both countries is limited and will focus on limiting the American dominance on maritime shipping routes and economic undertakings enabling the realization of the interests of both countries.
文摘Over the past decade Sino-Russian cooperation in the Arctic has emerged as one of the major topics of the Russia-China negotiations on how to expand their comprehensive strategic partnership and to bring it to a new level. China considers the Arctic region important for its economic interests and desires to be included in the development of the region and its economic potential. For Russia, the Arctic is a future strategic resource base that would replace the old depleting fields and assure Russia’s status as a major worldwide energy supplier. Despite many joint statements on deepening of the Sino-Russian cooperation in the development of the Arctic energy resources, the concrete results of these ambitious plans are few. Some joint projects were dropped, as China and Russia could not agree on the conditions of the deal, others are progressing very slowly and have an uncertain future. In 2017, China has expanded its "Belt and Road Initiative"(BRI) to the Arctic thus elevating the Sino-Russian cooperation in the Artcic to a higher level. How did the relationship between Russia and China evolve in the Arctic and how do Russia and China view and respond to the new Arctic dimension of the BRI? What factors limit the strategic rapprochement between China and Russia in the Arctic?
文摘The Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO)was formed in 2001 after breakdown of the socialist system and the Soviet Union as a new form of cooperation between former socialist countries in Eurasian region.Mongolia joined the SCO in 2005 with an observer member status.Since 2007,Presidents of Mongolia began to participate every year to the Summit of the heads of SCO member states.By the initiative of Mongolian President,in 2014 the tripartite format of the meetings of the leaders of three countries:Russia,China,and Mongolia were established.In June 2016,during the third meeting of the leaders of Russia,China,and Mongolia in Tashkent(Uzbekistan),“The Russia-China-Mongolia Economic Corridor Program”document was signed.This program is aiming to develop the infrastructure of three countries,ensuring the competitiveness of products on the world market,and strengthening the Eurasian integration.The content of this program is combining the main ideas of Chinese“Belt-Road”megaproject,Russian initiative for developing of Eurasian economic integration and Mongolian“Steppe Road”project.The main goal of the“Steppe Road”initiative is to involve Mongolia to become the transit territory for transportation of natural gas,oil,and other products between Russia and China.In conclusion,the author gives some comments regarding the issue of full membership status of Mongolia to the international organization—SCO.
基金The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program,No.2019QZKK0608Talent Start Project of Beijing Normal University。
文摘The United States,Russia and China are militarily and economically among the most powerful countries in the post-Cold War period,and the interactions between the three powers heavily influence the international system.However,different conclusions about this question are generally made by researchers through qualitative analysis,and it is necessary to objectively and quantitatively investigate their interactions.Monthly-aggregated event data from the Global Data on Events,Location and Tone(GDELT)to measure cooperative and conflictual interactions between the three powers,and the complementary cumulative distribution function(CCDF)and the vector autoregression(VAR)method are utilized to investigate their interactions in two periods:January,1991 to September,2001,and October,2001 to December,2016.The results of frequencies and strengths analysis showed that:the frequencies and strengths of USA-China interactions slightly exceeded those of USA-Russia interactions and became the dominant interactions in the second period.Although that cooperation prevailed in the three dyads in two periods,the conflictual interactions between the USA and Russia tended to be more intense in the second period,mainly related to the strategic contradiction between the USA and Russia,especially in Georgia,Ukraine and Syria.The results of CCDF indicated that similar probabilities in the cooperative behaviors between the three dyads,but the differences in the probabilities of conflictual behaviors in the USA-Russia dyad showed complicated characteristic,and those between Russia and China indicated that Russia had been consistently giving China a hard time in both periods when dealing with conflict.The USA was always an essential factor in affecting the interactions between Russia and China in both periods,but China’s behavior only played a limited role in influencing the interactions between the USA-Russia dyad.Our study provides quantitative insight into the direct cooperative and conflictual interactions between the three dyads since the end of the Cold War and helps to understand their interactions better.
基金Supported by National Key Basic Research Plan of China (Grant No.2005CB724801)
文摘The shortfall of timber resource in China constantly keeps about 150 million m3, which mainly relies on import to fill in the gap. However, Russia, the key timber supply state of China, has encouraged the development of its national intensive timber processing and therefore the Russian Far East Region started to gradually restrict log export. To this end, this paper analyzes the situation of forest industry and timber production in Russian Far East and discusses the current status and existing problems in timber trade between Russian Far East and China. At the end, the paper presents policy recommendation for future timber trade between Russian Far East and China and views their forestry cooperation prospect.
