Bargaining strategy of oil companies in international oil and gas development Projects-Based on a bilateral bargaining model

Bargaining between the host country and oil companies is very common to international oil and gas development projects.The existence of information asymmetry gives the host country an endogenous bargaining advantage.Foreign oil companies might change their unfavorable negotiating position by changing the order of bidding and adjusting bidding strategies.This paper introduces both factors into a bilateral bargaining model to study the impact of information asymmetry and bidding order on the strategy and equilibrium returns of oil companies.According to the ownership of the right to bid first,two scenarios are designed for the model to compare the equilibrium returns of the host country and oil companies.The results show that:1)There is a first-mover advantage in the process of bilateral bidding,so oil companies better bid first;2)The information asymmetry will lead to a higher nominal income ratio of oil companies and a lower nominal income ratio of the host country,but it doesn’t affect the total income ratio at all.

A cooperative control strategy of resistance spot welding process by combining the constant current control with the DRC method

The modeling control method based on the dynamic resistance characteristics of good nuggets, that is the DRC method, is an improvement on the dynamic resistance threshold method for the quality control of resistance spot welding. But there is still a control blind area in the initial four cycles. For this reason, the quality of every weld nugget could not be fully ensured. Thus a new fuzzy cooperative control method is put forward. It uses a multi-information time-control mechanism by combining the constant current control technology with the DRC method in a relay way. This whole-process control strategy has led to a good control effect and produced the dual-identical results in the weld nugget quality and the welding time.

Study and application of reinforcement learning based on DAI in cooperative strategy of robot soccer

A dynamic cooperation model of multi-agent is established by combining reinforcement learning with distributed artificial intelligence(DAI),in which the concept of individual optimization loses its meaning because of the dependence of repayment on each agent itself and the choice of other agents.Utilizing the idea of DAI,the intellectual unit of each robot and the change of task and environment,each agent can make decisions independently and finish various complicated tasks by communication and reciprocation between each other.The method is superior to other reinforcement learning methods commonly used in the multi-agent system.It can improve the convergence velocity of reinforcement learning,decrease requirements of computer memory,and enhance the capability of computing and logical ratiocinating for agent.The result of a simulated robot soccer match proves that the proposed cooperative strategy is valid.

CREATION OF OPTIMAL MOVEMENT STRATEGY OF PLURAL MOVING OB-JECTS BY GA

The topographic information of a closed world is expressed as a graph. The plural mov- ingobjects which go and back in it according to a single moving strategy are supposed.The moving strategy is expressed by numerical values as a decision table. Coding is performed with this table as chromosomes, and this is optimized by using genetic algorithm. These environments were realized on a computer, and the simulation was carried out. As the result, the learning of the method to act so that moving objects do not obstruct mutually was recognized, and it was confirmed that these methods are effective for optimizing moving strategy.

Using Cooperative Learning Strategy to Teach Speaking among Chinese College EFL Students

Chinese English speaking class faces lots of problems,such as lack of motivation,the big class size,the gap between stu⁃dents from urban and rural areas,etc.In order to solve these problems,the cooperative learning strategy is introduced and analyzed in this article.This article defines the cooperative learning strategy and then introduces the benefits of it and at last suggests how to using it in English teaching,especially in speaking.

日本卫生发展援助及其对中国卫生合作的启示

目的梳理日本卫生发展援助现状及策略,探讨其对中国参与国际卫生合作的启示。方法使用PEST分析法,从政治(political)、经济(economic)、社会(social)和技术(technological)四方面分析日本卫生发展援助的外部环境,用近年日本卫生发展援助的统计数据分析日本卫生发展援助的特点,包括援助规模、途径、地区和领域。结果日本卫生发展援助具有有利的社会环境。2012—2016年日本卫生发展援助总额占官方发展援助总额的8.59%,卫生发展援助资金主要由多边机构提供,越南、印度等是援助资金的最大流入国,援助集中解决卫生政策、初级卫生保健等卫生问题。结论建议中国参与国际卫生合作时首先明确自身优势,注重打造国家品牌,通过双边卫生合作助力提升中国多边卫生议题的设置能力,进而提高中国全球卫生治理水平。

Cooperative extended rough attribute reduction algorithm based on improved PSO

Particle swarm optimization （PSO） is a new heuristic algorithm which has been applied to many optimization problems successfully. Attribute reduction is a key studying point of the rough set theory, and it has been proven that computing minimal reduc- tion of decision tables is a non-derterministic polynomial （NP）-hard problem. A new cooperative extended attribute reduction algorithm named Co-PSAR based on improved PSO is proposed, in which the cooperative evolutionary strategy with suitable fitness func- tions is involved to learn a good hypothesis for accelerating the optimization of searching minimal attribute reduction. Experiments on Benchmark functions and University of California, Irvine （UCI） data sets, compared with other algorithms, verify the superiority of the Co-PSAR algorithm in terms of the convergence speed, efficiency and accuracy for the attribute reduction.

Decentralized Cooperation Strategies in Two-Dimensional Traffic of Cellular Automata

We study the two-dimensional traffic of cellular automata using computer simulation. We propose two type of decentralized cooperation strategies, which are called stepping aside (CS-SA) and choosing alternative routes (CS-CAR) respectively. We introduce them into an existing two-dimensional cellular automata (CA) model. CS-SA is designed to prohibit a kind of ping-pong jump when two objects standing together try to move in opposite directions. CS-CAR is designed to change the solution of conflict in parallel update. CS-CAR encourages the objects involved in parallel conflicts choose their alternative routes instead of waiting. We also combine the two cooperation strategies (CS-SA-CAR) to test their combined effects. It is found that the system keeps on a partial jam phase with nonzero velocity and flow until the density reaches one. The ratios of the ping-pong jump and the waiting objects involved in conflict are decreased obviously, especially at the free phase. And the average flow is improved by the three cooperation strategies. Although the average travel time is lengthened a bit by CS-CAR, it is shorten by CS-SA and CS-SA-CAR. In addition, we discuss the advantage and applicability of decentralized cooperation modeling.

Cooperation strategies when leading firms compete with small and medium-sized enterprises in a potentially competitive market

Efficient cooperation,which has become common under rising economic globalization,is leading to new opportunities and challenges for enterprises choosing long-term competition strategies.Sharing resources with competitors is believed to weaken a firm's competitive edge.However,a potentially competitive market may change a firm's incentive to share resources strategically with rivals.Consequently,this study investigates two possible cooperation models between leading enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs)to examine the impact of sharing resources on a firm's strategy.This analysis shows that cooperation strategies benefit both the leading firm and the SME under certain conditions.Furthermore,this study demonstrates that the wholesale cooperation strategy is always more detrimental to the environment than the license cooperation strategy.Interestingly,although cooperation can help SMEs develop sustainably in most cases,industries with high resource costs may experience a situation in which SMEs benefit from competition,thus resisting cooperation and harming the leading enterprise.This study highlights the role of a potentially competitive market and provides managerial insights for stakeholders.

An optimal one-way cooperative strategy for two defenders against an attacking missile

This paper investigates a cooperative strategy for protecting an aerial target.The problem is solved as a game among four players（a target,two defenders,and a missile）.In this scenario,the target launches two defenders（defender-1 and defender-2）simultaneously,to establish a oneway cooperation system（OCS）against an attacking missile.A new optimal evasion strategy for the target is also derived.During the engagement,the target takes into account the reaction of the attacking missile,and guides defender-1 to the interception point by receiving information from defender-1.Depending on the control effort of the target,defender-2 can choose appropriate launch conditions and use very limited maneuvering capability to intercept the missile.For adversaries with first-order dynamics,simulation results show that the OCS allows two defenders to intercept the missile.During the engagement,even if one defender or communication channel is broken,the OCS still allows an interception to be made,thus increasing the target’s survivability.

Economic Dispatch of Islanded Microgrid Considering a Cooperative Strategy Between Diesel Generator and Battery Energy Storage System

For the impact of intermittent resources＇ high penetration on the economic dispatch of islanded microgrid, a new economic dispatch method is presented to minimize the overall generating cost for islanded microgrid, considering a cooperative strategy between diesel generator （hereinafter referred to as DE） and battery energy storage system （BESS）. The optimum economic operation range of DE and the optimal set-point between DE and BESS are presented in the cooperative dispatch strategy, in which BESS is used fully to enable DE in a lower cost and higher efficient way. The results are analyzed under various operation conditions and also prove the validity of the DrODosed method.

Sino-Russian Energy Cooperation and Geo-Strategic Issues

Due to the rapid growth of China’s demands for energy resources, energy security hasbecome a more and more important issue in making future energy decisions. China’senergy policy is founded on the principle of “multiple energy supplies and imports”. Itwould be one of the best solutions if China could make use of its various advantages,attentively develop its multi-energy cooperation with other countries, and seek for acooperative program that is accessible to many sides such as China, Russia, Japan andSouth Korea. Nevertheless, under current circumstances, how to realize “multiple energysupply and import” is not only a focal point for China’s energy security but also one of thetricky issues for the Chinese government. In this paper, the author has put forward someviewpoints and policy suggestions on Sino-Russian energy cooperation and other geo-economic strategic problems.

On Incentive Equlibria for Dynamic Games

The problem of incentive equilibria for dynamic games proposed in Ref.1 is considered.A sufficient condition and a necessary condition concerning the existence of incentive equilibria are proposed. As an illustrative example, the incentive equilibria for linear-quadratic games are discussed.