Military-civilian cooperative emergency response to infectious disease prevention and control in China

In recent years, the incidence of severe infectious diseases has increased, and the number of emerging infectious diseases continues to increase. The Chinese government and military forces have paid a great deal of attention to infectious disease prevention and control, and using military-civilian cooperation, they have successfully prevented numerous severe epidemic situations, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS), influenza A(H1N1), avian influenza H5N1 and H7N9, and Ebola hemorrhagic fever, while actively maintained public health, economic development, and national construction. This paper focuses on the mechanisms of the military-cooperative emergency response to infectious diseases–the joint working mechanism, the information-sharing mechanism, the research collaboration mechanism, and the joint disposal mechanism–and presents a sorted summary of the practices and experiences of cooperative emergency responses to infectious diseases. In the future, the Chinese military and the civilian sector will further strengthen the cooperative joint command system and emergency rescue force and will reinforce their collaborative information-sharing platform and technical equipment system to further improve military-civilian collaborative emergency infectious diseases disposal, advance the level of infectious disease prevention and control, and maintain public health.

No-cooperative games for multiple emergency locations in resource scheduling

When an emergency happens, the scheduling of relief resources to multiple emergency locations is a realistic and intricate problem, especially when the available resources are limited. A non-cooperative games model and an algorithm for scheduling of relief resources are presented. In the model, the players correspond to the multiple emergency locations, strategies correspond to all resources scheduling and the payoff of each emergency location corresponds to the reciprocal of its scheduling cost. Thus, the optimal results are determined by the Nash equilibrium point of this game. Then the iterative algorithm is introduced to seek the Nash equilibrium point. Simulation and analysis are given to demonstrate the feasibility and availability of the model.

Lessons for Epidemic Emergency Policy: A Scoping Review of Ebola and COVID-19 Pandemics in Africa

Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreaks in Central and West Africa 2013-2020 were the deadliest, most intense and most widely spread. On top of this, the novel Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has given us all a new experience. It is imperative to draw lessons to prepare for future disease outbreaks. This was a scoping review, a method that allows the assessment of emerging evidence. The objectives of the review were to 1) describe the manifestation of the epidemics;2) elaborate on the social and economic effects;3) characterize the responses;and 4) draw lessons. The findings show that Ebola risk is permanent and even increasing. The next COVID-19 epidemic is around the corner. For Africa, the situation has been made worse by poverty and fragility of institutions. Africa’s incapacity to manufacture its own vaccines, medicines, diagnostics and protective wear has been detrimental in the management of epidemics. The need for personal and home hygiene has been emphatically brought to attention. The trust in the government and other agencies is the cornerstone in the management of emergencies. The use of armed soldiers should be discouraged, for they scare people from seeking help. It is much better to use trusted local leaders instead of strangers during pandemic emergencies. Understanding the local politics without getting involved in them is essential. It is critical to understand community and individual perception of the risk of the disease in question. Often neglected is the psycho-social aspect, which should be planned early. The science of response measures ought to be explained simply and transparently, as part of risk communication. Emergency funds should be raised, and made easy and quick to disburse. Mechanisms of sharing health technologies and knowledge need to be devised under the UN. People centeredness ought to guide the conduct of trans-border movements and all transactions during pandemics.

A Game-Theoretic Approach to Safe Crowd Evacuation in Emergencies

Obstacle removal in crowd evacuation is critical to safety and the evacuation system efficiency. Recently, manyresearchers proposed game theoreticmodels to avoid and remove obstacles for crowd evacuation. Game theoreticalmodels aim to study and analyze the strategic behaviors of individuals within a crowd and their interactionsduring the evacuation. Game theoretical models have some limitations in the context of crowd evacuation. Thesemodels consider a group of individuals as homogeneous objects with the same goals, involve complex mathematicalformulation, and cannot model real-world scenarios such as panic, environmental information, crowds that movedynamically, etc. The proposed work presents a game theoretic model integrating an agent-based model to removethe obstacles from exits. The proposed model considered the parameters named: (1) obstacle size, length, andwidth, (2) removal time, (3) evacuation time, (4) crowd density, (5) obstacle identification, and (6) route selection.The proposed work conducts various experiments considering different conditions, such as obstacle types, obstacleremoval, and several obstacles. Evaluation results show the proposed model’s effectiveness compared with existingliterature in reducing the overall evacuation time, cell selection, and obstacle removal. The study is potentially usefulfor public safety situations such as emergency evacuations during disasters and calamities.

Analysis of the Effect of Humanistic Care in the Process of Pre-Hospital Emergency Care

Objective:To explore the effectiveness of humanistic care in pre-hospital emergency care.Methods:From April 2020 to January 2021,80 pre-hospital emergency patients were studied.The patients were randomly divided into two groups:a control group(n=40),which received conventional care,and an experimental group(n=40),which received humanistic care.The effects of nursing care and psychological state were compared between the two groups.Results:The experimental group showed better nursing outcomes and a more positive psychological state compared to the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Humanistic care in pre-hospital emergency settings is more effective in reducing patients’anxiety and depression,enhancing the operational abilities and service attitudes of nursing staff,and increasing the emergency success rate.

Current pre-hospital traumatic brain injury management in China

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury(TBI) is associated with most trauma-related deaths. Secondary brain injury is the leading cause of in-hospital deaths after traumatic brain injury. By early prevention and slowing of the initial pathophysiological mechanism of secondary brain injury, prehospital service can signifi cantly reduce case-fatality rates of TBI. In China, the incidence of TBI is increasing and the proportion of severe TBI is much higher than that in other countries. The objective of this paper is to review the pre-hospital management of TBI in China.DATA SOURCES: A literature search was conducted in January 2014 using the China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI). Articles on the assessment and treatment of TBI in pre-hospital settings practiced by Chinese doctors were identified. The information on the assessment and treatment of hypoxemia, hypotension, and brain herniation was extracted from the identifi ed articles.RESULTS: Of the 471 articles identified, 65 met the selection criteria. The existing literature indicated that current practices of pre-hospital TBI management in China were sub-optimal and varied considerably across different regions.CONCLUSION: Since pre-hospital care is the weakest part of Chinese emergency care, appropriate training programs on pre-hospital TBI management are urgently needed in China.

Overview of the Shenzhen Emergency Medical Service Call Pattern

BACKGROUND:In Shenzhen,the Emergency Medical Service(EMS) system has been in service since 1997.This study aims to examine the operation of Shenzhen 120 EMS center and to identify the reasons of calling EMS.METHODS:In this retrospective quantitative descriptive study,the data from the Shenzhen 120 EMS registry in 2011 were analyzed.RESULTS:Shenzhen 120 EMS center is a communication command center.When the number of 120 are dialed,it is forwarded to the closest appropriate hospital for ambulance dispatch.In2011,the Shenzhen 120 EMS center received 153 160 ambulance calls,with an average of 420 calls per day.Calling emergency services was mainly due to traffic accidents.Trauma and other acute diseases constituted a majority of ambulance transports.The adult patients aged 15-60 years are the principal users of EMS.There are no recognized 'paramedic' doctors and nurses.The pre-hospital emergency service is under the operation of emergency departments of hospitals.Shenzhen at present does not have specialized pre-hospital training for doctors and nurses in posttrauma management.Moreover,specialized pre-hospital training,financial support,and public health education on proper use of EMS should be emphasized.CONCLUSION:The Shenzhen 120 EMS center has its own epidemiology characteristics.Traumatic injury and traffic accident are the main reasons for calling ambulance service.In-depth study emphasizing the distribution and characteristics of trauma patients is crucial to the future development of EMS.

Feasibility study of emergency intervention for vascular injury outside the hospital

Background: Minimally invasive surgery in the field of traumatic vascular injury diagnosis and treatment has achieved good results. This study was designed to determine whether pre-hospital emergency intervention is feasible for vascular injury in a field intervention cabin under the condition of war or a disaster site.Methods: Different types of animal experiments of vascular injury intervention were performed in a field intervention cabin. Treatment capacity was evaluated by data collection, including duration of surgery, clinical evaluation, image clarity, and equipment handling. Environmental adaptability and mobility were evaluated by maneuverability and long-distance mobility.Results: A total of 56 surgeries(7 types) were performed in the field intervention cabin. Digital subtraction angiography(DSA) had good imaging performance. A total of 4800 km of long-distance mobility was performed, and all the equipment operated normally without any equipment failure. We participated in the medical service maneuver twice. The cabin unfolded and worked properly. There was no equipment damage during the medical service maneuver.Conclusion: Use of a field intervention cabin under the conditions of war or disaster is feasible for pre-hospital emergency intervention of vascular injury.

DC Emergency Power Control Strategy for AC/DC Multi-Channel Interconnected System

Inter-regional transmission line fault often results in power flow transferring, tie-line overloading and system islanding. Traditional control methods such asgenerator tripping and load shedding are costly, and also have undesirable impacts on theloadside. In this paper, a new emergency power control strategy is proposed for multi-channel interconnected system by using the overload capacity of non-fault DC lines. First of all, the capacity of emergency power control can be acquired by critical transmission power of a certain tie-line for stability. Secondly, the shortest electric distance can be calculated by Dijkstra algorithm, and then the priority of emergency control of the DC lines can be obtained by the entropy weight method. When the inter-regional transmission power decreases and the effect of single DC line emergency control is poor, the multi-channel cooperative emergency control strategy is proposed to ensure the system stability. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the method proposed.

Conflict and Emergency Management in a Post-Liberal World

The world is steadily moving to the post-liberal order with the urgent need of novel organizational and security approaches,also new levels of international cooperation,in order to support its stability and prosperity.The developed high-level Spatial Grasp Technology(SGT)and its Spatial Grasp Language(SGL)are briefed which may be particularly useful for solving numerous conflicts and crises problems emerging in different areas during this transitional period,in both local and global scale.SGT employs unlimited spatial scenario mobility and parallel holistic matching of distributed systems,with numerous communicating SGL interpreters potentially installed worldwide.Basic network creation and management operations are described in SGL which may operate on top of existing communication systems or serve individually as high level network protocols in case of non-local crises and disasters.Different operations on social networks are presented in SGL including finding strongest and weakest components with resultant changing of network topologies,also determining distances between different communities for preventing and predicting social conflicts.Fully distributed analysis,and tracing and simulation of multiple mobile objects in distributed spaces with complex routes are shown in SGL related to cruise missiles,defence objects and debris in outer space,as well as massively moving refugees through international borders.The proposed technology had trial implementations and applications in different countries,and its latest version can be readily installed by agreement on any platforms needed.

新工科背景下产教融合课程建设探索与实践--以高分子材料基础(双语)课程为例

产教融合课程的建设是本科院校培养应用型人才的关键。该文以高分子材料基础(双语)课程为例,分析新工科背景下材料类专业的课程所面临的一些问题,以及教学模式和方法有待完善和改进的地方。也研究产教融合课程从目标制定到教学实施等课程改革具体内容,探索产教融合课程模式的构建,包括确立教学目标、定制课程内容、确定教学模式、融入课程思政、改进考核体系和建设师资队伍,从而提高课程质量,培养出材料领域所需要的高素质应用型人才。

考虑移动式储能的综合能源系统冰灾后抢修与调度协同优化

冰灾易造成大规模停电事故,此时综合能源系统中的热电耦合设备可协调电出力和热出力,降低损失。根据典型的气象数据模拟冰灾故障场景,建立除冰抢修、综合能源系统与移动式储能系统双层协同优化调度模型,以减少冰灾带来的不利影响。上层优化模型为保障综合能源系统的电网快速恢复供电的除冰抢修调度模型,下层优化模型为综合能源系统与移动式储能系统调度模型,上层的各故障线路除冰抢修进度与下层的各节点实时切负荷情况相互传递、交互优化,保障在短时间内抢修更多的故障线路的同时恢复更多的用电负荷,并充分利用热电联产机组灵活的热电比以优化综合能源系统调度,有效减少系统整体经济损失。另外,下层优化模型依据故障后综合能源系统的切负荷情况调度移动式储能系统,进一步减少系统切负荷损失,同时可提高综合能源系统韧性。通过算例仿真验证所提方法的有效性。

新兴技术合作创新网络形成影响因素研究--基于虚拟现实技术的专利数据

新兴技术具有复杂性与不确定性特征,通过建立合作关系,成为创新主体获取跨领域知识资源,实现技术知识重组与转化的关键。本文通过收集虚拟现实技术专利数据,构建新兴技术合作创新网络,分析其网络演化特征,运用随机指数图模型,从网络结构特征与创新主体知识属性,探究网络不同阶段的形成机制。结果表明:网络结构特征中的择优性与传递性,促进了网络形成。在知识属性中,知识多样性对网络形成具有持续促进作用;知识邻近性从促进网络形成进而演变为阻碍网络形成;知识组合潜力与知识组合机会,在网络后续的发展中起着促进作用。

跨省横向府际应急协同机制的实践样态及制度保障

突破省域边界的突发事件具有复杂性、不确定性与突发性,灾害后果严重。实践中,各省级政府通过签订应急协同协议、新设应急协同组织、开展联席会议与会商应对跨省突发事件,形成了多元化的应急协同机制,契合中国特色应急管理制度的改革方向。但是,相关机制不仅面临合法性质疑,还存在效力薄弱、协同动力不足和未突破区域壁垒的弊病,需要完善相关合法性保障与实效保障。协同机制具备实质合宪性,《中华人民共和国地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府组织法》赋予其组织法依据,一些仅供协调而未涉及职权调整的协同机制不违反职权法定原则与组织法定原则,具备合法性。然而,应对跨省突发事件需要整合各省政府部门职权以形成区域性应急行政权,该权力源自政府的行政授权,可由《中华人民共和国突发事件应对法》完善相关法律依据。协同机制的实效保障需要多路并进:在协同协议层面,应当进一步提升协议的法律效力与可操作性;在协同组织层面,需要健全应急协同组织及其内部结构;在协同信息层面,完善应急协同信息平台建设有助于收集、共享常态化信息与突发事件预警和处置信息;在协同动力层面,可以通过夯实协同观念基础与信任基础、增加协同净收益和加强中央政府的高位推动增强协同动力。

“一带一路”倡议背景下构建国际化急诊医学教育策略

目的探索“一带一路”倡议背景下,针对MBBS(Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery,MBBS)留学生“急诊医学”课程的教学改革策略与实施成效。方法本研究采用文献综述和教育研究成果分析的方法,审视当前急诊医学教学面临的主要挑战,包括语言障碍、教学方法不足等问题。根据安徽医科大学的具体情况和国际学生的特定需求,提出了一系列创新的改革措施。结果研究揭示了当前急诊医学教学存在的问题,特别是在语言沟通和教学方法方面的挑战。还提出了包括现代技术应用、互动式教学方法推广等一系列具体且具有针对性的改革措施,旨在提高教学效率和培养学生的实际操作能力。结论本次教学改革的实施有效完善了课程设置和教学资源,创新了教学方法,为MBBS留学生提供了更高质量的国际化急诊医学教育体验。促进了医学教育领域的国际合作与交流,为“一带一路”共建国家构建健康共同体提供了有力支持。

欧盟出口管制回顾与展望

欧盟出口管制的实施关系各国的共同安全及经济利益,一直以来备受各界关注。随着大国博弈的加剧和俄乌危机的持续,欧盟出口管制面临着外部环境巨变以及框架机制待完善的双重挑战。欧盟亟待协调国别管制与联盟管制的关系,完善新兴技术的管制清单,在国际上争取更加统一和强大的欧盟声音。欧盟重塑出口管制将影响中欧的经贸合作以及技术合作,我国政府和企业应坚持以积极合作对抗“脱钩”,以自主创新抵制“断链”,充分挖掘国内大市场的潜力,在双循环新发展格局中,积极参与国际分工秩序,维护我国经济安全利益。

“一带一路”下中国与非洲国家合作的成功经验、实质内容及建构方略--以尼日利亚为例

中国和非洲国家同是有着深厚历史和文化积淀的发展中国家,也都是进入了各自国家发展的重要阶段,“一带一路”倡议给中非合作提供了新平台、带来新契机。尼日利亚是非洲第一大经济体和人口最多的国家,在非洲区域和国际事务中发挥着引领作用,中国和尼日利亚在“一带一路”框架下合作的成功经验、实质内容和建构方略对中非合作具有重要借鉴意义。当前,尼日利亚发展前景既迎来良好机遇,又面临一些重大挑战,只要能总结经验、吸取教训,那么总体上来说机遇大于挑战。因此,中国应利用“一带一路”国际合作平台,以产业链高端化、价值链现代化为主攻方向,积极对接中尼各自发展战略和重点合作领域,探索对现有合作存量的潜力挖掘和二次开发,不断充实两国战略合作伙伴关系内涵,努力为尼日利亚破解发展中面临诸多困难贡献智慧和力量,并将在此过程中积累的经验推广扩散到更多非洲国家,将实现中国与非洲各国发展战略和政策规划继续深入对接作为最高理想和最终目标。

政企联合储备视角下代储供应商间柔性合作问题研究

本研究针对灾害发生后可能出现的应急物资供给短缺问题,政企多方参与的联合储备系统可为此提供一个保护方案。现有关于政企联合储备的研究大多假设政府与单一代储供应商合作,而实际上政府可能会与多个供应商合作。且供应商间的资源互补、合作互惠也是市场常态,然而目前的研究鲜有结合这一情境进行探讨。基于此,本文以政府与两个供应商联合储备应急物资为例,分别设计了供应商间基于成本分摊与效益分成契约的两类柔性合作模式,构建了供应商不同柔性合作模式下的政企联合储备应急物资激励模型,推导出了政企最优决策策略。采用敏感性分析及数值分析方法,对比分析了回购价格及储量奖惩强度等重要参数在不同柔性合作模式下对政企决策及储备量的差异化影响,并据此得到管理启示。研究结果表明:供应商基于成本分摊与效益分成契约的柔性合作模式各有其优势及适用情境,政府应结合实际情况针对性地调整自身策略,以提升应急物资保障能力。

多主体参与下应急物资储备的三方演化博弈研究

针对医用应急物资需求的特点,从政府监管、公众监督和医药企业储备三方联动视角研究突发公共事件中的医用应急物资储备策略,构建应急物资储备三方演化博弈模型,分析演化博弈系统中各均衡点及其稳定性条件,探讨各个参与主体的策略选择的动态演化过程,并对部分参数进行数值仿真。结果表明:政府监管和公众监督存在互补关系,加入公众监督,可以更好地约束企业的行为,且适当的惩罚和奖励可以提高医药企业储备和公众监督行为的意愿。

突发性公共事件下应急物资分级协同配送研究

为了在发生突发性公共事件实现应急物资统一供应管理体系下的物资分级与协同配送,根据具体的突发状况,将应急物资的重要程度分为若干级别,按照优先调配重要物资的原则,建立了多个仓库之间物资分级协同配送的数学模型,能在整个区域内对运输车辆及各类应急物资进行整合优化。该模型以总配送时间最短为优化目标,将协同配送与时序决策结合起来,将所有车辆在各仓库与需求点之间的配送过程,看作多智能体协作的时序决策过程,降低了多智能主体多任务指派问题的计算复杂程度,使得在大规模问题的情况下,针对时序决策模型的算法依然能够适用。并且,在改进LSTM(Long Short Term Mermory)网络实现输入与输出维度可变的基础上,结合遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)的理论框架,设计了针对该问题的LSTM-GA算法,并进行了算例模拟,发现LSTM-GA算法的收敛速度与稳定性较单一算法得以提升。结果表明:LSTM-GA算法能够实现LSTM网络接收和输出信息维度的可变性,是一种研究应急物资分级协同配送的有效方法。