Modeling Operational Parameters of a Reactive Electro-Dialysis Cell for Electro-Refining Anodic Scrap Copper

This work will create an electro-dialysis cell model that has the purpose of refining anodic scrap copper—an element that currently must be returned to the copper conversion process. The cell modeling is based on Ohm’s Law, while the resulting copper deposit morphology is studied through the thickness of the layer deposited on the surface and the electric current lines traced from the anode to the cathode. The use of the model demonstrated that it is possible to effectively predict the specific energy consumption required for the refinement of the anodic scrap copper, and the morphology of the cathode obtained, with a margin of error of 9%.

Application of rare-earth element Y in refining impure copper

The effects of rare-earth element Y in refining impure copper were investigated in this paper. The composition, microstructures, and corrosion resistance properties of impure copper before and after refinement with Y were investigated using direct-reading spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and potentiodynamic polariza- tion measurements. The results show that the concentrations of impurities S, As, Sb, Bi, A1, Cd, and Se are remarkably decreased. Adding an appropriate amount of Y refines the microstructure and enhances the corrosion resistance properties of impure copper in HC1 solution via a purification effect. The formation enthalpies of compounds formed between Y and various impurity elements were calculated on the basis of Miedema＇s theory. The thermodynamic mechanisms of the refinement of impure copper by Y were also discussed.

Study of ultrahigh-purity copper billets refined by vacuum melting and directional solidification

The purpose of this paper is to study large-sized copper billets refined with 5N ultrahigh purity after vacuum melting and directional solidifi-cation （VMDS）. The precise impurity analysis of copper billets was carried out with a glow discharge mass spectrometer （GDMS）. The re-sults demonstrate that the total concentration of twenty-two impurities is decreased by 63.1wt.%-66.5 wt.%. Ag, P, S, Na, Mg, Se, Zn, In and Bi are easy to be removed due to lgPimp - lgPCu 1.5, and they can be removed effectively under the vacuum condition of 1650-1700 K for 30 min. The electrical conductivity of 5N copper is higher than that of the raw material as the impurity concentrations decrease. The segrega-tion effect in directional solidification can be remarkable when the equilibrium distribution coefficient （k0） value is less than 0.65 due to the strong affinity of Cu for some metallic and non-metallic impurities.

锡精炼过程加硫除铜试验

针对锡精炼过程加硫除铜工艺,系统考察加硫量、加热温度和不同形态硫磺对锡铜分离的影响。研究结果表明,片状硫磺加硫量1∶1.2、加热温度300℃时,锡铜分离效果达到最佳,残余锡中的铜含量降低到了0.007%,锡铜分离率和锡直收率分别达到了99.18%、99.52%。该工艺可以有效除去粗锡中的杂质铜,具有操作简单、成本低及效率高的优点。

废杂铜熔炼粗铜的电解精炼技术研究进展

铜作为重要的有色金属,支撑着我国的现代化建设。作为全世界精铜需求最大的国家,我国铜矿产资源却远远不能满足自身的生产需求,还需大量依靠进口铜矿产资源。此外,在现代化工业发展的今天,矿铜冶炼工艺也面临着环境污染等问题。因此,急需完成废杂铜等二次铜资源的再生利用研究。据报道,现在再生铜的产量已达到334万t左右。废杂铜熔炼产物粗铜的电解精炼在一定程度上缓解了目前我国面临的资源供需矛盾,也可有效解决废杂铜资源堆积的问题,对铜冶炼双碳战略具有重要的研究意义和价值。

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定真空精炼镁合金物料中铁、铜、镍

真空精炼是目前镁金属提纯的重要工艺,工艺原料及真空精炼提纯镁金属过程残留物中Fe、Cu、Ni含量的准确测定对工艺参数的优化及调整具有重要的指导作用。传统测定方法中以邻二氮杂菲分光光度法、新亚铜灵分光光度法、丁二酮肟分光光度法测定三种元素含量,结果准确,但操作繁琐,周期较长,难以满足工业生产中高效、快速测定的需要,且方法中所需的有机萃取剂对环境污染较大。选择电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定真空蒸馏精炼镁合金物料中Fe、Cu、Ni,系统探究溶解酸、溶解温度、溶解时间对物料溶解和测定的影响,选择盐酸(1+1)和过氧化氢溶解体系,200℃加热条件下反应20 min为最佳消解镁合金原料条件;选择王水溶解体系,200℃加热条件下反应25 min为真空精炼残留物最佳溶解条件。并探讨ICP-AES测定过程中各元素的检出限和测定下限以及共存元素的干扰情况,建立了ICP-AES法测定真空精炼提纯镁合金物料的方法。测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)为Fe 5.9%~11.5%、Cu 2.6%~11.8%、Ni 3.4%~11.5%,各元素加标回收率为Fe 96.4%~102%、Cu 101%~108%、Ni 103%~105%;按照建立的方法测定镁合金原料、真空精炼残留物中的铁、铜、镍,并与国家标准方法测定结果进行对比,结果相一致。实现了ICP-AES法快速、准确测定真空蒸馏精炼镁合金物料中铁、铜、镍含量,对及时、高效、准确评估真空精炼提纯镁工艺及产品具有重要意义。

航煤精制工艺的优化

航煤即航空煤油,又称喷气燃料,是喷气飞机发动机的专用燃料。众多的航煤生产工艺中,加氢精制是1种清洁的生产工艺,其对原料油适应性相对较强,易于操作,因此该工艺广泛应用于航煤生产。某石化公司航煤生产装置利用原有加氢反应器,将原有铜分子筛催化氧化工艺改造为加氢精制工艺,产品质量稳定产量提高,环境友好,同时解决了装置瓶颈问题。

Effects of normal stress, surface roughness, and initial grain size on the microstructure of copper subjected to platen friction sliding deformation

The effects of applied normal stress, surface roughness, and initial grain size on the microstructure of pure Cu developed during platen friction sliding deformation （PFSD） processing were investigated. In each case, the deformation microstructure was characterized and the hardness of the treated surface layer was measured to evaluate its strength. The results indicated that the thickness of the deformed layer and the hardness at any depth increased with increasing normal stress. A smaller steel platen surface roughness resulted in less microstruc- tural refinement, whereas the microstructural refinement was enhanced by decreasing the surface roughness of the Cu sample. In the case of a very large initial grain size （d 〉 10 mm）, a sharper transition from fine-grain microstructure to undeformed material was obtained in the treated surface layer after PFSD processing.

Improvements in the microstructure and fatigue behavior of pure copper using equal channel angular extrusion

In this study, annealed pure copper was extruded using equal channel angular extrusion （ECAE） for a maximum of eight passes. The fatigue resistance of extruded specimens was evaluated for different passes and applied stresses using fatigue tests, fractography, and metallography. The mechanical properties of the extruded material were obtained at a tensile test velocity of 0.5 mm/min. It was found that the maximum increase in strength occurred after the 2nd pass. The total increase in ultimate strength after eight passes was 94%. The results of fatigue tests indicated that a significant improvement in fatigue life occurred after the 2nd pass. In subsequent passes, the fatigue life con-tinued to improve but at a considerably lower rate. The improved fatigue life was dependent on the number of passes and applied stresses. For low stresses （or high-cycle fatigue）, a maximum increase in fatigue resistance of approximately 500%was observed for the extruded material after eight passes, whereas a maximum fatigue resistance of 5000%was obtained for high-applied stresses （or low-cycle fatigue）. Optical microscopic examinations revealed grain refinements in the range of 32 to 4 μm. A maximum increase in impact energy absorption of 100%was achieved after eight passes. Consistent results were obtained from fractography and metallography examinations of the ex-truded material during fatigue tests.

Recovering Scrap Anode Copper Using Reactive Electrodialysis

Despite functioning without major operational problems—copper electro-refining does not allow complete use of copper anodes, peaking at 85% of the copper anode in weight. Consequently, the remaining 15% of scrap copper must be recirculated into the copper smelting. The use of reactive electrodyalysis is a system capable of continuously electro-refining scrap, by using a stainless steel basket and a cationic exchanging membrane in order to increase production of copper cathodes at the same percentage;it currently today returns to the copper smelter. In terms of specific energy consumption, this process would use between 3 and 4 times the value of normal electro-refining.

微量稀土La对无氧铜带材高温烧结后组织及性能的影响

无氧铜带材作为制备均热板壳体的首选材料,虽具有优良的导热性能,但热稳定性较差,如何提升其高温组织稳定性成为当前的研究热点。本文利用原位高温金相、EBSD、TEM等方法研究了La对无氧铜高温烧结后组织及性能的影响。结果表明:添加适量La可显著细化高温烧结态的晶粒尺寸;其中,当La含量为64×10-6时,细化效果最佳,平均晶粒尺寸为60.8μm,而无稀土La时为505.3μm;加入La后显著弱化了烧结态铜基体中Cube织构组分,形成强度较均匀的Cube织构、Y型织构和{110}〈223〉织构组分;此外,La在无氧铜基体中形成球状第二相粒子钉扎在晶界处,吸附铜中O、P等杂质元素,起到净化基体的效果。La添加量为64×10-6时,高温烧结态无氧铜带材抗拉强度和导电率分别提高25.9%和3.2%。

碲化铜渣中碲的湿法冶金提取

以碲化铜渣为原料,采用酸性氧化浸出、碱性浸出、除杂、氧化沉碲和溶解还原的湿法工艺回收碲化铜渣中的碲。结果表明:酸性氧化浸出过程,在NaClO3加入量35 g/L、H2SO4浓度70 g/L、液固比(体积质量比)10?1、温度为70℃的优化工艺条件下,可实现Cu、Te的有效分离;采用NaOH溶液浸出酸浸渣,以Na2S作为沉淀剂净化碱浸液,然后采用H2O2氧化沉淀碱浸液中的Te(Ⅳ),并采用HCl-SO2溶解还原高碲酸钠获得高纯度碲粉,碲粉经熔铸后得到符合YS/T 222—2010中Te 9999标准的碲锭产品。工业实践表明,该工艺可有效实现碲化铜渣中碲资源的高效回收,碲的回收率达95%。

高铅粗铜火法精炼脱铅技术探讨

针对PS转炉吹炼所产粗铜铅含量高、杂质复杂的问题,采用金相显微镜和扫描电子显微镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)分析手段分析铅在粗铜中的赋存状态,在此基础上,采用火法精炼技术脱除高铅粗铜中的铅,对比分析了碱性脱杂剂(含钠钙的高活性碳酸盐)和酸性脱杂剂(含二氧化硅和5%的硼酸钠)对精炼铜品质和铅、砷、锑、铋等杂质脱除的影响。结果表明:PS转炉吹炼所产粗铜中的铅主要以砷锑酸铅(Pb_(3)[(As,Sb)O_(4)]_(2))形式存在,As与Sb以类质同象相互取代;采用碱性脱杂剂脱铅时的杂质脱除率明显高于采用酸性脱杂剂的,所得精炼铜的杂质含量低;添加粗铜质量0.7%的碱性脱杂剂,在1210~1230℃、空气流量1.33~1.80 L/min的条件搅动熔体14 min,即可将粗铜中的铅从0.089%降到0.014%,铅、砷、锑、铋杂质的脱除率可分别达到83.93%、96.17%、96.64%、92.80%。研究结果可为粗铜精炼提供参考。

提高阳极炉工序铜直收率措施及应用实践

为提高阳极炉铜直收率,结合实际生产情况,在分析流程元素铜走向的基础上,分析阳极炉粗铜精炼工序铜直收率低的影响因素,针对影响铜直收率的主要因素提出相应的措施,并将措施应用于生产实践,检验措施的有效性。结果表明,阳极炉粗铜精炼过程中,元素铜的损失主要发生在扒渣及出铜过程,阳极炉渣量和中间流程物料产出量是影响阳极炉直收率的主要影响因素。回转式阳极炉传统渐进式摇炉出铜存在出铜口与溜槽高度差较大,易造成熔体喷溅,造成金属铜的损失。通过转炉-阳极炉协同控制,可减少粗铜带渣量,减少阳极炉渣量。采用滑动出铜方式,可实现一次性摇炉至极限位置出铜,从而避免熔体喷溅,降低铜出口金属铜的损失。使用刚玉尖晶石和防渗剂等制备阳极炉溜槽耐火材料,将溜槽设计成锁扣方式连接,可避免浇筑缝隙损坏造成的渗铜,提高阳极炉溜槽的使用寿命,减少铜金属损失,提升阳极炉铜直收率。工业生产实践表明,阳极炉直收率可从92%提升至95.5%,经济效益显著。

Effect of cerium on microstructure,texture and properties of ultrahigh-purity copper

The effects of Ce addition(310 ppm and 1500 ppm)on the microstructure,texture and properties of ultrahigh-purity copper(99.99999%)were systematically studied using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD)analyses,combined with the microhardness and conductivity tests.Regarding the microstructure of the as-cast and as-extruded samples,the addition of Ce refines the grain size of the ultrahigh-purity copper and the refinement effect of 310Ce alloy is greater than that of 1500Ce alloy.This is due to the stronger compone nt supercooling and the accele rated recrystallization caused by lower Ce co ntent.In addition,Ce can react with Cu to form the Cu-Ce eutectic phases,which are deformable during the hot deformation.Furthermore,the added Ce can weaken the texture,showing a variation of brass recrystallization(BR),rotated cube,copper and S texture components,which depends on the recrystallization,the particle stimulated nucleation(PSN)as well as the stacking fault energy(SFE).Most remarkably,the introduction of Ce enhances the hardness of the ultrahigh-purity copper without obviously reducing its conductivity.The major{111}orientations and the stress distributions are responsible for such a superior conductivity of the Ce-containing alloys.

从铜冶炼阳极炉精炼渣中提取铜工艺研究

采用废酸氧化浸出、CaO焙烧浸出渣、废酸氧化浸出焙砂的火法—湿法联合工艺提取铜冶炼阳极炉精炼渣中的铜。详细研究了废酸直接氧化浸出精炼渣时,浸出温度、液固比、时间、通入空气量对Cu、Fe、As等浸出率的影响,以及焙烧温度、时间、浸出渣与CaO质量比(m(slag)/m(CaO))对Cu、Fe、As等浸出率的影响。结果表明:废酸直接氧化浸出时,浸出温度90℃、液固比9 mL/g、时间4 h、每升溶液通入空气量200 mL/min条件下,Cu、Fe、As的浸出率分别为85.32%、68.41%、44.97%。浸出渣与CaO混合后,在温度800℃、时间4 h、浸出渣与CaO质量比为5.1的条件下进行焙烧,得到的焙砂经过废酸氧化浸出,精炼渣中的Cu、Fe、As的总浸出率分别达98.10%、69.60%、50.48%。

铜液温度在铜精炼工序中的影响及控制措施

铜精炼过程铜液温度是生产工艺管理的重要参数之一,其直接影响到铜精炼工序产品质量和生产成本,对提高阳极炉使用寿命也起到了关键性作用。文章结合贵冶熔炼车间阳极炉工序生产实际,分析了铜液温度对铜精炼工序的主要影响,并制定生产控制措施;使阳极铜产品质量、成本达到较好的水平。

硫化转型-定向还原法高效分离回收碲化铜渣和分银炉精炼渣中的碲

本文分别以阳极泥处理过程中产生的碲化铜渣和分银炉精炼渣为原料,采用“硫化转型-定向还原”法回收碲。结果表明:在硫化转型过程中,在60%硫化钠过量系数分别为10倍和6倍、液固比10∶1、转速400 r/min、温度分别为90℃和40℃的条件下水热反应3 h,碲化铜渣和分银炉精炼渣的碲浸出率分别为97.00%和99.75%;在定向还原过程中,在无水亚硫酸钠过量系数5倍、转速400 r/min、反应温度70℃的条件下水热反应3 h,碲化铜渣和分银炉精炼渣浸出液的碲还原率分别为99.75%和91.49%,产出碲粉的总直收率分别为96.76%和91.26%,粗碲粉的纯度均高于99%。对尾液中的硒进一步回收,此外尾液中的钠和硫在氧化后均可通过蒸发结晶以硫酸钠的形式回收。实践证明,该工艺回收碲具有适应性好、回收率高、产物纯度高、药剂成本低、工艺流程短等显著优势。

非洲铜钴矿中钴资源回收利用的发展现状

未来钴的需求量将会一直保持高速增长,但精炼钴的产能一直无法满足需求。针对非洲铜钴矿“湿法冶炼工艺为主,火法熔炼工艺为辅”的冶炼方法,从精炼钴生产中的冶炼、浸出、除杂、电解等方面,介绍了各工序的常用方法及其适用工况,并分析了中色集团在非洲地区钴资源回收的现状,探求钴铁合金分离回收钴的优化工艺,以提升铜钴矿资源开发整体盈利水平。

铜电解精炼过程中杂质物质的脱除方法研究

在铜电解的精炼以及处理过程中,会分化一些有害的杂质,如果不对其作出合理地去除或者处理,会对最终的应用效果产生极为严重的影响,甚至会危害整个电解分化系统。因此,为了提升整体的阴极铜质量,也为了避免形成较大的经济损失,本文对铜电解精炼过程中杂质物质的脱除方法作出分析与研究。进行铜电解精炼分配比确定,并建立重叠旋流电解结构,在此基础上,采用化学沉淀法实现铜电解精炼中杂质的脱除。最终的实验结果表明:铜电解离子交换脱除法得出的摩尔比相对较高,表明其对于杂质物质的脱除效果较好,具有一定的潜在应用价值。