Antimony, Arsenic and Thallium Bioaccumulation in Asiatic Clam (Corbicula fluminea) Transplanted along the Manadas Creek, Laredo, Texas

Manadas Creek is an urban tributary of the Rio Grande that flows past a decommissioned antimony smelter and processing plant. This antimony plant is associated with heavy metal contamination in the creek and still poses a threat to the surrounding aquatic environment. Corbicula fluminea was used to determine bioaccumulation from the water column and sediments in Manadas Creek. The metals arsenic (As), antimony (Sb) and thallium (Tl) were analyzed in the water, sediments, gills, mantle, foot, digestive (DI) tract, gonads and shell of clams being monitored at eight sites between March and August 2013. Sediment, water, and dissected Corbicula fluminea samples from different sites in the Creek were acid-digested and analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy. High levels of antimony (25.88 ug/L;75.96 mg/kg) and arsenic (8.26 ug/L;6.41 mg/kg) in the water and sediments were observed at the site downstream from the smelter. There were no detectable concentrations of arsenic, antimony, or thallium in the shell of C. fluminea. Arsenic and antimony were detected in the tissues of C. fluminea but thallium was not detected. Based on the results, the organotropism for arsenic is DI tract > gills > gonads > foot > mantle > shell and the organotropism for antimony is gills > DI tract > gonads > mantle > foot > shell. This study shows that the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) is a useful bio-monitor to provide data on the status of metal pollution in Manadas Creek, Laredo, Texas.

湖南省大通湖河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)现存量及其时空分布

大通湖是湖南省最大的养殖湖泊.随着河蚬经济价值的提升,大通湖河蚬Corbicula fluminea(Müller,1774)的开发强度逐年增加.为实现河蚬资源的合理开发,本研究在对大通湖河蚬形态特征、现存量及其时空分布调查分析基础上,重点探讨了养殖和软体动物捕捞对其资源的影响.结果显示,壳长大于6 mm河蚬的平均湿重(BW)、壳长(SL)、壳高(SH)和壳宽(SW)分别为1.41±0.03 g、14.82±0.09 mm、13.73±0.09 mm和9.72±0.06 mm,平均相对高度、圆度和凸度分别为0.930±0.001、0.660±0.001和0.710±0.001.河蚬壳长、壳高、壳宽与湿重的关系分别为:lg BW=-3.45+3.00 lg SL、lg BW=-3.23+2.89 lg SH、lg BW=-2.87+2.97 lg SW,表明河蚬为等速生长.2010 2011年,大通湖河蚬平均密度和生物量均较2009年显著增加.2009年,河蚬主要分布于中北部的蜜蜂夹湖区域,2010年开始,几乎遍布整个大通湖,但整体上呈现由东北向西南逐渐递减的趋势,密度和生物量高值均出现在大通湖中部,蜜蜂夹湖、大西湖与尼古湖交界区域.推测养殖过程中物化产品投入的增加是导致大通湖河蚬现存量快速增加的主要原因之一,软体动物捕捞加速了河蚬分布区域的扩展.据此提出了大通湖河蚬合理开发和有效保护的建议.

太湖河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)对富营养水体水质的改善作用

河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)为太湖优势大型底栖动物,通过受控实验研究其对富营养水体的水质改善效果.根据太湖河蚬的自然丰度设置4组密度处理,分别为无河蚬对照组、低密度河蚬组(生物量为130 g/m2)、中密度河蚬组(260 g/m2)和高密度河蚬组(520 g/m2).结果表明:河蚬滤食显著降低悬浮物浓度与叶绿素a含量,低、中、高密度河蚬组水体悬浮物浓度较对照组分别降低了20.85%、34.90%和53.79%,叶绿素a浓度分别降低了23.29%、48.32%和71.17%;放置河蚬还降低了水体TN、TP浓度,但是中密度河蚬组与高密度河蚬组没有显著差异.分析认为,河蚬通过滤食作用降低水体浊度、改善光照条件,有利于底栖藻类的生长及沉水植物的恢复,对富营养水体的生态修复具有重要意义;就太湖而言,河蚬对水质的改善效果可能受沉积物再悬浮造成的营养盐释放等因素的制约.

基于线粒体COI序列的洪泽湖河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)遗传多样性和种群结构分析

为研究洪泽湖河蚬种群遗传多样性及其遗传结构,采用线粒体细胞色素氧化酶Ⅰ基因(COI)作为分子标记,采用PCR扩增洪泽湖4个河蚬群体(顾勒河GLH、临淮LH、蒋坝JB和高良涧GLJ)的COI基因片段并进行了序列测定和分析。结果表明,614bp长度的核苷酸片段中,碱基A+T的平均含量为65.0%,明显高于G+C的含量(35.0%)。共检测到73个多态位点,多态位点比例为11.9%,77个个体中共获22个单倍型(Gen Bank登录号:KM659000—KM659021),其中包括3个共享单倍型,4个群体的平均单倍型多样性指数h为0.889,平均核苷酸多样性指数π为0.04499,平均核苷酸差异数K为27.622,其中蒋坝群体的遗传多样性最高,顾勒河群体的遗传多样性最低。22个单倍型间的Kimura 2-paramter遗传距离为0.002–0.100,平均遗传距离为0.0514。NJ法构建的分子系统树显示22个单倍型聚为2个分支。4个群体间的遗传距离达0.03729—0.04969,基于群体间遗传距离构建的NJ系统树中,高良涧群体和顾勒河群体聚为一支,蒋坝群体和临淮群体聚集为一支。AMOVA分析表明,洪泽湖河蚬四群体间总遗传分化系数Fst为0.06325(P>0.05),93.67%遗传变异存在于群体内部,6.33%变异存在于群体间。中性检验结果和歧点分布图显示,洪泽湖河蚬种群大小保持稳定,未经历明显的种群扩张。

温度对河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)氮、磷排泄影响的初步研究

在不同温度下,对太湖河蚬进行了室内短期氮、磷释放模拟实验.结果表明,温度对河蚬（Corbicula fluminea）不同形态氮、磷的排泄都有重要的影响.总磷（TP）、总氮（TN）、总溶解性氮（TDN）、总溶解性磷（TDP）和正磷酸盐（PO4^3--P）排泄率随温度的升高都显著升高,而亚硝态氮（NO2^--N）排泄率先升高后下降.铵态氮（NH4^＋-N）排泄率在5和15℃间变化不显著,温度对硝态氮（NO3^--N）排泄率有影响但不显著.同时实验发现河蚬为排氨动物,NH4^＋-N排泄占TN排泄的50.78％～ 100％,TDN排泄占TN排泄的89.14％～ 100％,而NO3^--N、NO2^--N虽都有检出,但所占比例相对较小.在河蚬磷排泄中,TDP占TP比例范围为83.01％～ 100％,PO4^3--P在36.60％～ 96.59％之间,且所占比例都有随温度升高而增加的趋势.同时对排泄率与干重和温度之间的关系进行了回归分析,发现不同氮、磷排泄率（NO3^--N和NO2^--N除外）与温度和干重的关系均符合方程R（X） =aW^b·e^cT＋d,决定系数R^2都在0.967以上.

洪泽湖河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)2种表型群体的遗传变异分析

采用形态学分析(壳长、壳宽和壳高)和分子标记技术(细胞色素氧化酶I基因,COI)对洪泽湖河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)黄色和黑色2个群体的形态和遗传多样性特征进行研究。形态参数统计分析结果显示,2个群体的形态特征之间有显著性差异。经PCR扩增和序列测定,获得614 bp COI基因序列,2个群体的COI基因序列的碱基组成高度一致,均表现出A+T的含量(64.8%)明显高于G+C的含量(35.2%)。28个黑色个体发现7种单倍型,单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分别为0.794和0.04274;30个黄色个体发现5种单倍型,单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分别为0.607和0.02825。单倍型之间的遗传距离在0.002-0.091之间,其NJ和MP系统发生树表明,COI基因单倍型聚为2个明显分支。分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果显示,F_(st)=0.21736(P<0.01),21.74%的变异来自群体间,78.26%的变异来自群体内,2个群体之间有显著的遗传分化。研究表明,应将洪泽湖河蚬黑色和黄色群体分别作为独立单元进行管理和保护。

大通湖河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)干重的换算方法

为建立简单易行的河蚬干重换算方法,对大通湖河蚬的3个形态参数（壳长、壳宽、壳高）和带壳干、湿重与去壳干重和无灰干重的关系进行了研究。结果显示：河蚬的去壳干重或无灰干重与3个形态参数的回归关系可用y=axb表示,其中,壳宽对无灰干重的预测值与实测值间百分误差率较低（PE=24.6%）,而壳宽对去壳干重及壳长和壳高对干重的PE范围为29.7%～40.5%;带壳湿重对去壳干重和无灰干重的换算效果均好于其他参数（PE分别为22.8%和21.7%）。综合分析,大通湖河蚬干重可首选带壳湿重通过方程y=ax直接换算获得。

Transverse Variation of Food Compositions of <i>Corbicula bivalves</i>in a Tidal River with Series of Groins

This study was conducted to clarify the food compositions of Corbicula bivalves (C. japonica and leana) in tidal rivers with varied landscapes. In order to grasp their trophic structures, we measured the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of the collected samples such as the bivalves with varied growth stages and the suspended particulate organic matters (SPOMs) with varied landscapes as their food sources, and then analyzed their relationships with IsoSource mixing model software. The stable isotope ratio measurements clarified that there was a large difference in the ranges of C. japonica and leana in spite of the same sampling locations, and the IsoSource analysis could quantitatively describe their food compositions. According to the results, it could be clarified that the variations in food compositions were dependent not only on the species difference but also on their growth stages. Furthermore, it might suggest that their diet preferences affected the spatial distributions of these Corbicula bivalves in this location.

Genetic Variability and Reproduction Structure of <i>Corbicula japonica</i>in Major Fishing Brackish Lakes in Japan

Corbicula japonica is the best-known bivalve inhabiting widely in brackish estuaries and lakes in Japan. Although this species has been most commercially important species of inland fisheries in Japan, the gradual decline in its production over 40 years caused not only economic problems in fishery industry but also ecological disturbances in biodiversity conservation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproduction structure of C. japonica populations in major fishing brackish lakes based on the genetic diversity inferred by mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis of the cytochrome oxidase c subunit I gene. Of a total of 188 C. japonica individuals collected in Lakes Shinji, Jusan, Ogawara and Abashiri, 25 haplotypes were obtained, and only the haplotype HT01 was apparent with relatively high abundance in all lakes. Minimum spanning network analysis of haplotypes showed different population structures between Lake Shinji and Lakes Jusan, Ogawara and Abashiri. In addition, pairwise population genetic distance FST and ΦST values were significantly higher in Lake Shinji than Lakes Jusan, Ogawara and Abashiri. The mismatch distribution analysis showed unimodal profile for Lakes Jusan and Ogawara and bimodal profile for Lakes Shinji and Abashiri. Those results indicate a recent population expansion in all lakes, and Lakes Shinji and Abashiri and Lakes Jusan and Ogawara maintained continuous reproduction structure and suffered to rapid population growth, respectively.

河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)在生态毒理学研究中的应用与评价

河蚬是大型底栖双壳类生物,广泛分布于我国淡水水域。它具有个体小、分布广、来源方便、易于实验室驯养等特点,常被作为受试生物用于毒理学研究中,为评价污染物毒性作用提供有价值信息。从河蚬对各化学品的行为响应、耐受性以及生理生化指标响应三个方面详细阐述了其在生态毒理学中的研究现状。最后指出将河蚬应用于毒理学研究领域的过程中存在的待完善之处,并对其研究前景进行了展望。总结出其可用于中国淡水水质基准制定、化学品毒性评价以及生物监测领域,具有广阔的研究前景。

黄蚬(Corbiculaaurea Heude)的生长研究

黄蚬隶属于直瓣鳃目、蚬科、蚬属 ,是中国特有的种类。通过对黄蚬个体生长情况以及年龄、壳长、壳宽、壳高等的研究 ,为进一步确定黄蚬在蚬属中的分类位置提供依据和蚬属种类在水产养殖、医学研究及水域污染状况监测利用上提供一定资料。

镉对江蚬Corbicula fluminalis（Muller）碱性磷酸酶的影响

本文以生化的酶活性作为参数，探讨镉污染与江蚬体内碱性磷酸酶的关系，结果表明，镉对江蚬碱性磷酸酶的活性有明显的抑制作用，这种抑制作用与个体的性别、大小和致毒时间等因素有关，且抑制作用在一定范围内是可以恢复的；试验结果也表明，江蚬可作为淡水水域镉污染的监测生物，这为建立酶学检测方法提供一些参考。

Experimental research on the impact of Corbicula flumineaon DIN exchange at a tidal flat sediment-water interface

Based on a simulative experiment and a comparison analysis, the effect of bivalve Corbicula fluminea activity on sediment-water exchange of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) is studied. The areas included three intertidal flat sites of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River estuary in China. The interface exchange flux of ammonium, nitrate and nitrite in the short experiment (6 h) was 46.4-40, 74.8-929.1 and 2.5-14.6 μmol/(m2·h), respectively. It was found that the burrowing activities of C. fluminea increased NH 4+ and NO 3-release from sediments to overlying water in the short-term experiment. During long-term incubation, NH +4 and NO 3-released in turn from the sediments. At the beginning of incubation, bioturbation by C. fluminea could accelerate NH +4 release from sediments 2-17 times in different sites, resulting in stronger nitrification and increased NO 3-concentrations in the overlying water. Sediment profile analysis post-incubation shows that organic matter mineralization and sediment-water NH +4 exchange had been stimulated by C. fluminea bioturbation and bioirrigation during the experiment. Therefore, C. fluminea activities such as excretion, burrowing, irrigation and turbation can effectively alter nitrogen dynamics and accelerate and stimulate nitrogen exchange and cycling at the sediment-water interface.

Metabolic effects on stable carbon isotopic composition of freshwater bivalve shell Corbicula fluminea

The stable isotopic composition of the bivalve shell has been widely used to reconstruct the pa-laeo-climate and palaeo-environment. The climatic and environmental significance of carbon isotopic composition of the bivalve shell is still in dispute, and incorporation of metabolic carbon can obscure carbon isotope records of dis-solved inorganic carbon. This study deals with freshwater bivalve, Corbicula fluminea aragonite shell. The results indicated that the δ13C values of bivalve shells deposited out of equilibrium with the host water and showed an onto-genic decrease, indicating that there are metabolic effects and more metabolic carbon is incorporated into larger shells. The proportion of metabolic carbon of shells varies between 19.8% and 26.8%. However, δ13CS can still be used as qualitative indicators of δ13CDIC and environmental processes that occurred during shell growth.

河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)对氧化石墨烯和全氟辛烷磺酸类物质(PFOS)联合胁迫的生理生化响应

为了探索碳纳米材料氧化石墨烯(GO)和全氟辛烷磺酸类物质(PFOS)在淡水底栖贝类体内的联合毒性效应,以河蚬为研究对象,考察1mg/LGO和500ng/LPFOS单独及联合暴露28天后对河蚬体长、体重、滤食率、活性氧水平、抗氧化系统酶活性和丙二醛含量的影响,并采用优化的综合生物标志物响应指数(EIBR)进行整体评估。结果表明,暴露结束后,河蚬的体长和体重没有明显的变化。与空白对照组和溶剂对照组相比,GO和PFOS的单独暴露组及联合暴露组的滤食率均显著下降。在河蚬的鳃和内脏团中,GO和PFOS的胁迫都会引起抗氧化系统酶活性响应的显著变化,且两器官中变化趋势一致。EIBR结果表明,鳃和内脏团中联合暴露组的毒性比PFOS或GO单独暴露组的毒性更强。

太湖河蚬种群组成及生长特征研究

为掌握太湖河蚬种群的大小组成、年龄结构及其生长特征,在太湖设置6个采样点,通过采集太湖河蚬样品,测量河蚬的壳长、壳宽、壳高和体重,判定河蚬的年龄,建立河蚬壳长、体重的生长方程。研究结果表明:(1)河蚬壳长、壳宽、壳高及体重范围分别为5.45—40.34 mm、6.68—24.89 mm、7.15—37.41 mm、0.15-19.27 g,其均值分别为(20.17±0.60)mm、(13.57±0.33)mm、(19.13±0.53)mm和(4.09±0.32)g。(2)河蚬种群由0^(+)至4^(+)龄共5个年龄组组成,其中0^(+)至2^(+)龄的个体数量占比91.85%.3^(+)至4^(+)龄的个体数量占比8.15%。(3)河蚬的壳长与体重的关系式为W=2.0×10^(-3)L2.477(R^(2)=0.954),表明河蚬呈异速生长。(4)河蚬的壳长生长方程Lt=41.99×[1-e^(-0.27(t^(+)1.47))],体重生长方程为Wt=19.28×[1-e^(-0.27(t^(+)1.47))]^(2.477),拐点年龄为2.22龄,对应的壳长和体重分别为26.48 mm和6.16 g。基于研究结果得出,太湖河蚬种群个体的小型化、低龄化明显,资源开发利用强度偏大,需要采取措施保护太湖河蚬资源。

河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)扰动对表层沉积物中氨氧化菌群落结构和丰度的影响

为研究不同生物量河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)的生物扰动对表层沉积物中氨氧化菌群落结构和丰度的影响,本研究设计了沉积物-水微宇宙的模拟体系,通过构建克隆文库、实时荧光定量PCR(real-time qPCR)等分子生物学方法比较不同密度河蚬扰动的沉积物中氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)和氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)群落结构和丰度差异.结果表明,河蚬的生物扰动作用对表层沉积物氮素释放有明显的促进作用.氨氧化菌(AOA和AOB)amoA基因克隆文库中,AOA的amoA基因序列包含了已知的海洋和土壤环境中的两个分支,AOB的amoA基因绝大部分序列都属于变形菌门β亚纲(β-Proteobacteria)中的亚硝化单细胞菌属(Nitrosomonas).3个处理组表层沉积物中细菌amoA基因丰度均高于古菌amoA基因丰度,且河蚬密度越高则细菌amoA的丰度越低.同时,河蚬的添加使得微宇宙体系中氨氧化菌(AOA和AOB)的多样性降低.综上,河蚬的生物扰动对表层沉积物中氨氧化菌群落结构和丰度产生了一定的影响.

Role of biologic components in a novel floating-bed combining Ipomoea aquatic, Corbicula fluminea and biofilm carrier media

A novel floating-bed incorporated with water spinach （Ipomoea aquatica）, Asiatic clam （Corbicula fluminea）, and carrier media supported biofilm was developed for eutrophic water purification. The contribu- tions of each biologic component to the removals of total nitrogen （TN）, total phosphorus （TP） and Chl.a were examined. The nutrient removals due to the direct uptake by either water spinach or Asiatic clam were less than 10%, suggesting a negligible role of biologic assimilation and leaving the biofilm as the indispensable biologic compo- nent in the floating-bed. Chl.a was reduced mainly by Asiatic clams via filter-feeding. Meanwhile, the digestion and excretion of Asiatic clams benefited the proliferation of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria, resulting in the improvement of TN removal. In summary, the synergetic effects of water spinach, Asiatic clams and biofilms would promote the eutrophic water treatment performance of floating-bed in comparison with the conventional floating- bed with vegetation as the single biologic component.

Preparation,physicochemical and structural characterizations,and bioactivities of polysaccharides from Corbicula fluminea industrial distillate

Corbicula fluminea distillate(CFD),as an industrial sub-product of the steaming process of C.fluminea,is rich in polysaccharides,proteins,and amino acids and has important developmental value.In this study,therefore,three water-soluble polysaccharides(CFDPs:CFDP-D,CFDP-U,and CFDP-T)were extracted and separated from CFD through direct ethanol precipitation,ultrasound-assisted extraction,and three-phase partitioning(TPP),respectively.Results demonstrated that the three extraction methods had important influences on extraction yields,chemical compositions,molecular weights,monosaccharide and amino acid constituents,structural characteristics,and microstructures as well as biological activities of CFDPs.Specifically,CFDP-T had higher yield(60.92%±3.58%),carbohydrate content(91.05%±1.22%),and uronic acid content(8.55%±0.18%)and lower protein content(7.15%±0.15%)than CFDP-D and CFDP-U.The three CFDPs were acidic proteoheteroglycans combined through O-glycosidic bonds and had high molecular weights of 1.93–2.41×10^(7) Da and the same monosaccharide and amino acid compositions but different contents.Compared with CFDP-D and CFDP-U,CFDP-T exhibited more excellent free radical scavenging and stimulating(1.57±0.03μM,500μg/mL)activities on RAW264.7 macrophages in vitro.Therefore,our findings suggested that CFDP-T obtained from CFD by TPP had the potential to be a functional food ingredient in food industry.