Visualization study on fluid distribution and end effects in core flow experiments with low-field mri method

Core flow experiment is an important means of simulation experiments to evaluate the effect of displacing agent, but conventionally the internal characteristics in the core cannot be intuitively observed, and then some important information can not be directly acquired by experiments. In this paper, a visualization method was used to detect the water-flooding process by using an improved low field nuclear magnetic resonance imaging（MRI） device, and the images describing the distribution of oil and water were collected. The experimental results show that the distribution of oil and water can be visually detected in an appropriate range of core porosity, and the end effect in many mechanics experiments is found to exist also in natural core flow test, and the influence range is about 0.004 m from the end of a 0.05752 m length natural core. The results also indicate that MRI is an effective tool to study the real time fluid distribution in natural core.

Mechanism and numerical analysis of heat transfer enhancement in the core flow along a tube

The present study introduces the principles of enhanced heat transfer in the core flow to form an equivalent thermal boundary layer in the fully developed laminar tube flow, which consequently enlarges the temperature gradient of the fluid near the tube wall, and thereby enhances the heat transfer between the fluid and the tube wall. At the same time, the increase of flow resistance in the tube is not so obvious. Mechanism analysis and numerical calculation based on air and water have been carried out to verify the principle and method presented in this paper, which may bring positive effects to the design of heat exchanger with high heat transfer efficiency and low flow resistance.

The axisymmetric long-wave interfacial stability of core-annular flow of power-law fluid with surfactant

The long wave stability of core-annular flow of power-law fluids with an axial pressure gradient is investigated at low Reynolds number. The interface between the two fluids is populated with an insoluble surfactant. The analytic solution for the growth rate of perturbation is obtained with long wave approximation. We are mainly concerned with the effects of shear-thinning/thickening property and interfacial surfactant on the flow stability. The results show that the influence of shear-thinning/thickening property accounts to the change of the capillary number. For a clean interface, the shear-thinning property enhances the capillary instability when the interface is close to the pipe wall. The converse is true when the interface is close to the pipe centerline. For shear-thickening fluids, the situation is reversed. When the interface is close to the pipe centerline, the capillary instability can be restrained due to the influence of surfactant. A parameter set can be found under which the flow is linearly stable.

Isothermal Transport (Core-Flow Type) of Heavy and Ultraviscous Oil in Curved Pipes: A Transient Study by CFD

In the scenery of the oil industry, the remaining resources associated with light oils have an increasingly smaller share in the natural energy resources available to man, and in return the importance of resources associated with heavy oils has increased significantly. One of the drawbacks of this type of oil is associated with its low mobility due to the high viscosity in reservoir conditions, making the transport in pipelines very difficult, especially through pumping methods that require high powers. Thus, the development of new techniques and optimization of some existing technologies, aiming at the commercial use of heavy oil accumulations plays an important role. A viable technique that has been used is the core annular flow, in which small amounts of water are injected close to the pipe wall, lubricating the oil core, reducing friction and decreasing the pressure drop during the flow. In this sense, this work aims to perform, numerically, an energetic and hydrodynamic analysis of a heavy oil-water two-phase flow, using the core-flow technique, in curved pipes, in the Ansys CFX software. Results of the velocity, pressure, and volume fraction distribution of the involved phases are presented and analyzed. It was observed that the proposed mathematical model was able to accurately represent the analyzed phenomena and that a reduction factor in the pressure drop of 28.4 was obtained as compared to the heavy oil single-phase flow.

Influence of core box vents distribution on flow dynamics of core shooting process based on experiment and numerical simulation

Core shooting process plays a decisive role in the quality of sand cores, and core box vents distribution is one of the most important factor determining the effectiveness of core shooting process. In this paper, the influence of core box vents distribution on the flow dynamics of core shooting process was investigated based on in situ experimental observations with transparent core box, high-speed camera and pressure measuring system. Attention was focused on the variation of both the flow behavior of sand and pressure curves due to different vents distribution. Taking both kinetic and frictional stress into account, a kinetic-frictional constitutive model was established to describe the internal momentum transfer in the solid phase. Two-fluid model(TFM) simulation was then performed and good agreement was achieved between the experimental and simulated results on both the flow behavior of sand and the pressure curves. It was found that vents distribution has direct effect on the pressure difference of different locations in the core box, which determines the buoyancy force exerting on the sand particles and significantly influences the filling process of core sand.

Influence of core sand properties on flow dynamics of core shooting process based on experiment and multiphase simulation

The influence of core sand properties on flow dynamics was investigated synchronously with various core sands, transparent core-box and high-speed camera. To confirm whether the core shooting process has significant turbulence, the flow pattern of sand particles in the shooting head and core box was reproduced with colored core sands. By incorporating the kinetic theory of granular flow(KTGF), kinetic-frictional constitutive correlation and turbulence model, a two-fluid model(TFM) was established to study the flow dynamics of the core shooting process. Two-fluid model(TFM) simulations were then performed and a areasonable agreement was achieved between the simulation and experimental results. Based on the experimental and simulation results, the effects of turbulence, sand density, sand diameter and binder ratio were analyzed in terms of filling process, sand volume fraction(αs) and sand velocity(Vs).

Sufficiently Elevated Core Body Temperature May Be Necessary to Maintain Cerebral Blood Flow Response throughout the Morning

In comparison to a carbohydrate-rich breakfast, a nutritionally balanced breakfast reportedly leads to a higher core body temperature because of diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) and also results in higher task performance. This study aimed to examine the relationships among the core body temperature, blood glucose level, cerebral blood flow, and cognitive performance when the core body temperature is raised to a similar extent as in DIT in the morning. This crossover study included 18 male participants who performed four sets of cognitive tests in the morning with four different foot baths and glucose intake conditions. In elevated body temperature (EBT) conditions, the core body temperature was increased by a foot bath at 42˚C or 39˚C, while in low body temperature (LBT) conditions, it was maintained at 35˚C by a foot bath;the participants received no glucose or two intakes of 20-g glucose for each thermal condition. In addition to the core body temperature measurement, the cerebral blood flow in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy. Three blood collections were performed to measure the changes in blood glucose levels. The results revealed that in the EBT conditions, the core body temperature remained 0.3˚C - 0.5˚C higher than that at wake-up time, while the glucose intake conditions increased blood glucose levels which remained higher than those during fasting. No significant between-treatment difference was observed in the results of cognitive tests. However, the blood flow in the DLPFC increased during the second test period in the EBT/glucose and LBT/glucose conditions, whereas during the fourth test period, it increased solely in the EBT/glucose condition. Thus, in addition to the blood glucose level, an elevated core body temperature within the physiological range may be needed for long-term maintenance of the cerebral blood flow response.

High-Inclination Coring of Chang-63 of the Yanchang Formation in Huaqing Oilfield, Ordos Basin: Implications for Ancient Flow Direction and Fracture Orientation

A promising method is to use coring of high-inclination well to find ancient flow direction and orient tiny natural fractures in massive sandstone of sandy debris flow. Determination of ancient flow direction can reduce the number of exploration wells, and orientation of natural fractures is of guiding significance to the deployment of water injection development well pattern. In Block X of Huaqing Oilfield, Ordos Basin, the cores of Chang 63 section were obtained from Well Y through 16 coring operations, with a total length of 105 m. Cores is oriented through drilling parameters, the number of cores, the angle between the core edge and horizontal bedding, the coincidence degree of core profile and directional flame structure. Therefore, the micro-fractures on the core are directional. The ancient flow directions of sandy debris flow were restored by load casting, groove casting, groove casting and imbricate structure. Our results show that the ancient flow directions of sandy debris flows were southwest, southeast, northwest, and west from bottom to top. The front of the Wuqi Delta is the main source of blocky sandstone with the best oil-bearing property. Affected by the topography of the lake bottom, the sandy debris flow turned locally in the northeast direction, and the sandy debris flow from this direction was formed. The NEE-SWW-trending fractures formed in the Yanshanian period are most developed in the Huaqing area, which should be considered in deploying the flooding well network. The north-south micro-fractures formed in the Himalayan period can improve the physical properties of tight sandstone, which is of great significance for tight sandstone reservoirs.

一种剃须刀外壳注塑模具设计

以一种剃须刀外壳的设计为基础,通过分析产品结构特征,设计了一模两腔,动、定模多个斜向复杂抽芯的结构,并运用模流分析软件模拟产品的填充、保压、冷却过程。发现该模具结构设计合理,开合模动作准确可靠,多个斜向抽芯之间无干涉,产品成型表面质量较好,可以达到客户的需求。模具结构新颖,可以为同类设计提供借鉴。

气液两相条件下叶片开孔对电潜泵性能和内部流场的影响

为了研究电潜泵内部流动机理,从而改善高含气工况下电潜泵的气液混输性能,文中基于欧拉-欧拉非均相流模型,对不同入口含气率工况下叶片开孔前后的气液两相流动特性进行了数值模拟分析,探究了气液两相流条件下叶片开孔对电潜泵性能和内部流场的影响.结果表明,在纯水工况以及低含气率、小流量工况下,叶片开孔会降低电潜泵性能;但是叶片开孔可以改善电潜泵在大流量下的气液混输性能.叶片开孔后会改变叶轮内部压力分布,使电潜泵叶轮内部平均压力升高,进而改善叶轮内部流态.叶片开孔后会冲散气相聚集,使气体分布更加均匀,叶轮流道内涡核分布明显减少,减少了能量耗散.该研究为改善电潜泵气液混输性能提供了理论依据.

碳酸盐岩储层酸蚀蚓孔物模实验研究进展

酸蚀蚓孔是碳酸盐岩储层基质酸化最典型、最基本的特征,其尺寸和形态对酸化效果有着重要影响,关于酸蚀蚓孔的物模研究对于碳酸盐岩储层基质酸化机理研究及现场施工设计具有重要指导意义。文章分别综述了线性流和径向流两种岩心流动实验研究的重要成果和最新进展,指出酸蚀蚓孔实时表征是线性流岩心流动实验研究的发展方向,针对渗透率、尺寸等岩心参数对酸蚀蚓孔发育的影响,应结合融合电测和示踪剂的蚓孔实时表征方法进行进一步研究。针对酸液突破岩心时孔隙体积倍数(PVBT)与岩心参数之间关系的认识,后续应进一步升级径向流岩心流动实验及表征设备,从而开展不同因素对酸蚀蚓孔发育影响的研究,重点解决酸蚀蚓孔从实验尺度升级到现场尺度问题。建议加强电测法室外模拟实验及现场应用研究,从而实现实验尺度和现场尺度酸蚀蚓孔的实时观测和表征。

阀芯间隙固液两相流动特性及卡滞机理

外部污染颗粒或阀内元件自身腐蚀的磨损颗粒混入流体中,随着流体进入阀芯配合间隙从而导致阀芯所受阻力增大,容易出现阀芯卡滞现象。以典型的液压滑阀为例,基于欧拉-欧拉固液两相流模型,分析阀芯、阀体配合间隙内污染颗粒固液两相流动特性及阀芯卡滞规律。分析了阀内含污染颗粒的油液流动特性:在跨尺度流域中压力和速度产生剧烈变化;随着颗粒直径的增大,间隙内颗粒体积分数逐渐增大,存在集聚现象。分析了颗粒特征参数(颗粒浓度、颗粒直径)对间隙内颗粒分布及阀芯卡滞力的影响规律:均压槽内的颗粒体积分数最高,且随着颗粒直径的增大峰值也增大;随着颗粒直径的增加,阀芯卡滞力呈现先增大后减小的趋势;当颗粒直径为12μm时,阀芯卡滞力最大,为敏感颗粒直径。

基于GO-FLOW法的失水事故中紧急堆芯冷却系统可靠性分析

应用GO-FLOW法分析在失水事故过程中紧急堆芯冷却系统的可靠性。根据紧急堆芯冷却系统的原理图建立GO-FLOW图,并计算出系统在各个时间点上的成功概率。结果表明:在发生失水事故下紧急堆芯冷却系统的可靠性随系统的响应动作变化很大,而GO-FLOW法可计算系统的故障概率随时间的变化趋势,是分析多时序、多状态系统可靠性的一种有效方法。

不同堆码方式对新型岩心冷柜内气流参数的影响

本文采用了一种更加节能高效的新型岩心冷柜存放岩心,重点研究了不同堆码方式对新型冷柜内岩心储存因素的影响。基于冷柜实际结构,通过相似性原理进行计算,搭建冷柜模型实验台,建立冷柜中空气与岩心的流固双向耦合模型,分析不同堆码方式下冷柜内气流组织的规律,为岩心储存提供依据。在上送上回的送风方式下,本文研究了满柜以及三种半柜堆码方式下冷柜内温度分布以及气流速度分布,研究结果表明,不同的货物堆码方式对冷柜内温度分布和速度分布有较大的影响,半柜岩心储存时应首先堆码第四、五、六层,温度分布最均匀,温度最低。

新型单心式独立型移相变压器及其调节特性研究

为提升高比例新能源配电网的潮流控制能力和精度,提出了一种新型单心式独立型移相变压器(SCIPST),对调压绕组匝数配置进行了优化,通过独立控制2个调压绕组,SCIPST能够独立调节线路电压的相位和幅值。与传统移相变压器相比,增加了独立调节线路电压幅值的功能和可调移相角的数量,提高了调节精度。通过独立调节线路电压相位和幅值,能够在一定范围内实现独立调节线路有功、无功。介绍了SCIPST的拓扑结构,详细分析了工作原理并给出了控制策略。建立了SCIPST的仿真模型,对SCIPST调节电网潮流和电压的稳态和暂态性能进行仿真验证。研制出小容量SCIPST实验模型,搭建了潮流调节特性测试平台,开展了调节潮流模拟实验。仿真和实验结果证明了所提出的SCIPST的可行性和有效性。

基于孔压静力触探的心墙黏土水平渗透系数测定方法研究

为了提出一种准确快速的土石坝心墙黏土渗透系数测定方法,基于孔压静力触探建立了渗透水流的椭球形水平渗流模型,该模型可以较好的适用于夯实土体的水平向渗透系数评估。首先回顾了前人基于孔压静力触探测算土体渗透系数的研究成果,再从实际角度出发,分析推导了探头贯入土体产生超静孔隙水压力分布的力学模型,与实测数据对比后认为超静孔隙水压力负指数函数分布形式具有一定准确性。然后推导了基于椭球形水平向渗流模型的渗透系数评估方法。经工程实例验证,本文方法从理论和计算精度等方面对前人方法进行了完善,具有较好的工程应用前景。

基于SCORE结构的QoS模型实现算法

根据在核心路由器不保留每一个流的状态的SCORE(可扩展核心式)网络结构的特点,在文中,提出了两个分布式算法来实现QoS列表和接纳控制。它显著地提高了在数据平面和控制平面的可扩展性,在灵活性、利用率和服务保证的水平方面提供了可保证的服务,接近提供每一个流的状态的保证型服务。

DCN通过VEGF因子抑制乳腺癌MCF-7细胞增殖的实验研究

目的探讨核心蛋白聚糖(decorin,DCN)通过下调血管内皮生长因子(Vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)表达抑制乳腺癌MCF-7肿瘤细胞增殖的分子机制。方法体外培养MCF-7细胞,质粒转染诱导MCF-7细胞高表达核心蛋白聚糖为DCN组,不转染的MCF-7细胞为正常对照组。MTT法、流式细胞术细胞观察各自细胞增殖情况,RT-PCR、Western blot法检测各组细胞VEGF mRNA和蛋白表达变化。结果与对照组比较,流式细胞术检测DCN转染24、48、72 h后DCN组MCF-7细胞数目明显减少(P<0.05),MTT结果显示DCN组细胞增殖能力受到显著抑制(P<0.05),Western blot检测DCN组细胞VEGF蛋白表达水平有下降趋势。结论核心蛋白聚糖通过降低VEGF mRNA表达水平,使细胞内生成的VEGF蛋白减少,抑制MCF-7细胞增殖。

From molecular dynamics to lattice Boltzmann:a new approach for pore-scale modeling of multi-phase flow

Most current lattice Boltzmann （LBM） models suffer from the deficiency that their parameters have to be obtained by fitting experimental results. In this paper, we propose a new method that integrates the molecular dynamics （MD） simulation and LBM to avoid such defect. The basic idea is to first construct a molecular model based on the actual components of the rock-fluid system, then to compute the interaction force between the rock and the fluid of different densities through the MD simulation. This calculated rock-fluid interaction force, combined with the fluid-fluid force determined from the equation of state, is then used in LBM modeling. Without parameter fitting, this study presents a new systematic approach for pore-scale modeling of multi-phase flow. We have validated this ap- proach by simulating a two-phase separation process and gas-liquid-solid three-phase contact angle. Based on an actual X-ray CT image of a reservoir core, we applied our workflow to calculate the absolute permeability of the core, vapor-liquid H20 relative permeability, and capillary pressure curves.

Core concepts of landscape ecology

People from different backgrounds may have various opinions and methods dealing with landscape ecology. As a basic ecology theory for decision making in land use planning and resource management, it should provide sound scientific principles, which means some core concepts for landscape ecology need to be established. This paper attempts to introduce some core concepts for landscape ecology, with brief analysis, including: the integrity of landscape system and the heterogeneity of landscape elements; scale in landscape ecology; mosaics of landscape structure; spatial aggregation and spread of ecological flow; physical cultural nature of landscape; the irreversible and human dominated landscape evolution; the multi value of landscape.