Multi-layer Quasi Three-dimensional Equivalent Model of Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine

Axial-flux permanent magnet synchronous machine(AFPMSM)enjoys the merits of high torque density and high efficiency,which make it one good candidate in the direct-drive application.The AFPMSM is usually analyzed based on the three-dimensional finite element method(3D FEM)due to its three-dimensional magnetic field distribution.However,the 3D FEM suffers large amount of calculation,time-consuming and is not suitable for the optimization of AFPMSM.Addressing this issue,a multi-layer quasi three-dimensional equivalent model of the AFPMSM is investigated in this paper,which could take the end leakage into consideration.Firstly,the multi-layer quasi three-dimensional equivalent model of the AFPMSM with single stator and single rotor is derived in details,including the equivalent processes and conversions of structure dimensions,motion conditions and electromagnetic parameters.Then,to consider the influence of end leakage on the performance,a correction factor is introduced in the multi-layer quasi three-dimensional equivalent model.Finally,the proposed multi-layer quasi three-dimensional equivalent model is verified by the 3D FEM based on an AFPMSM under different structure parameters.It demonstrates that the errors of flux linkage and average torque obtained by the multi-layer quasi three-dimensional equivalent model and 3D FEM are only around 2%although the structure parameters of the AFPMSM are varied.Besides,the computation time of one case based on the multi-layer quasi three-dimensional equivalent model is only 6 min,which is much less than that of the 3D FEM,1.8 h,under the same conditions.Thus,the proposed multi-layer quasi three-dimensional equivalent model could be used to optimize the AFPMSM and much time could be saved by this method compared with the 3D FEM.

Design Optimization of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet (AFPM) Synchronous Machine Using 3D FEM Analysis

This paper deals with the investigation of the behavior of a low speed, dual rotor-single coreless stator, axial flux permanent magnet synchronous machine for small power applications. Firstly, with the use of nonlinear 3D FEM electromagnetic analysis, four models with different magnet topologies are designed, simulated and compared. With criteria such as output power, power factor and torque ripple, the best performing model is selected and a further investigation, regarding the effect of the disk rotor material on the behavior of the machine, is conducted. The simulation results show how the different types of commercially available steel types affect the magnetic field and the performance of the machine.

Feasibility of a New Ironless-stator Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Machine for Aircraft Electric Propulsion Application

With the development of aviation electrification,higher demands for electrical machines are put forward in aircraft electric propulsion systems.The aircraft electric propulsion requirements and propulsion motor features are analyzed in this paper.Comparing with conventional PM machines,ironless stator axial flux permanent magnet(AFPM)machine topologies with Litz wire windings allow designs with higher compactness,lightness and efficiency,which are suitable for high-frequency and high-power density applications.Based on the motor requirements and constraints of aircraft electric propulsion systems,this paper investigates a high-power 1 MW multi-stack ironless stator AFPM machine,which is composed of four 250kW modular motors by stacking in axial.The design guidelines and special attentions are presented,in term of electromagnetic,thermal,and mechanical performance for the high-frequency coils and Halbach-array PM rotor.Finally,an ironless stator AFPM motor is manufactured,tested and evaluated with the consideration of cost and processing cycle.The results show that the output power is up to 53.8kW with 95%efficiency at 9000r/min at this stage.The proposed ironless stator AFPM machine with oil immersed forced cooling proves to be a favorable candidate for application in electric aircraft as propulsion motors.

Design and Performance Analysis of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Machines with Double-Stator Dislocation Using a Combined Wye-Delta Connection

Conventional fractional slot concentrated winding three-phase axial flux permanent magnet machines have an abundance of armature reaction magnetic field harmonics which deteriorate the torque performance of the machine.This paper presents a double-stator dislocated axial flux permanent magnet machine with combined wye-delta winding.A wye-delta(Y-△)winding connection method is designed to eliminate the 6 th ripple torque generated by air gap magnetic field harmonics.Then,the accurate subdomain method is adopted to acquire the no-load and armature magnetic fields of the machine,respectively,and the magnetic field harmonics and torque performance of the designed machine are analyzed.Finally,a 6 k W,4000 r/min,18-slot/16-pole axial flux permanent magnet machine is designed.The finite element simulation results show that the proposed machine can effectively eliminate the 6 th ripple torque and greatly reduce the torque ripple while the average torque is essentially identical to that of the conventional three-phase machines with wye-winding connection.

Cogging Torque Reduction in Axial Flux PMSM with Different Permanent Magnet Combination

With the increasing requirement for the mechanical vibration and acoustic noise of the permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM)drive system,the demand for cogging torque reduction of PMSM has been considerably increased.To solve the problem of oversized cogging torque of axial flux PMSM,a rotor topology with hybrid permanent magnet is proposed to weaken the cogging torque.Firstly,the expression of the cogging torque of the axial flux motor is derived,and the influence of the pole-arc ratio of the permanent magnet on the cogging torque is analyzed.Secondly,the rotor structure with hybrid permanent magnet is adopted to reduce the cogging torque.According to the analytical analysis,the constraints of the size and pole-arc ratio between the hybrid permanent magnets are obtained,and the two permanent magnets related to the minimum cogging torque are determined.And the analysis results are verified by the finite element simulation.Furthermore,the motor performance with and without the hybrid permanent magnet is compared with each other.Finally,the cogging torque is significantly reduced by adopting a rotor structure with hybrid permanent magnets.

Three-dimensional Analytical Modeling of Axial Flux Permanent Magnets Maglev Motor

The three-dimensional(3D)analytical model of the magnetic field in an Axial Flux Permanent Magnets Maglev Motor(AFPMMM)is proposed and investigated the influence of the structural parameters on electromagnetic characteristics.Firstly,the topology and working principle of the AFPMMM is introduced,and the model is transferred into a mathematical model in 3D cartesian coordinate.Then,the volume integral method and equivalent current sheets model is applied to find the 3D magnetic field distribution function of Halbach rotor.A unified form expression can be obtained by two dimensional discrete fourier transform(2-D DFT)is applied on the 3D magnetic field distribution function.Thirdly,the conductive and nonconductive regions of AFPMMM will be formulated by the second order vector potential(SOVP)to built the 3D analytic model.The expression of the lift force,torque and power losses was derived.Besides,the relationship between electromagnetic characteristics and structural parameters of the AFPMMM were analyzed based on 3D analytic model and validated using the 3D finite element analysis(FEA).Finally,the experiments based on a small scale prototype are carried out to verify the analytical results.

Design of a PCB stator coreless axial flux permanent magnet synchronous motor based on a novel topology Halbach array

A novel topology Halbach permanent magnet array is proposed and applied to the design of a printed circuit board(PCB) axial flux permanent magnet(AFPM) motor. Compared with the traditional coreless AFPM motor, this novel topology for a Halbach permanent magnet array PCB stator AFPM motor has larger air-gap magnetic flux density and air-gap flux per pole. The magnetic flux leakage is effectively reduced, and the air-gap magnetic density is close to the sine wave. Results of the finite element analysis and prototype experiments verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the novel Halbach permanent magnet array PCB stator motor. A reference basis and practical value for the design of the PCB AFPM motor are provided.

Quantitative Comparison of Electromagnetic Performance of Electrical Machines for HEVs/EVs

In this paper,various types of sinusoidal-fed electrical machines,i.e.induction machines(IMs),permanent magnet(PM)machines,synchronous reluctance machines,variable flux machines,wound field machines,are comprehensively reviewed in terms of basic features,merits and demerits,and compared for HEV/EV traction applications.Their latest developments are highlighted while their electromagnetic performance are quantitatively compared based on the same specification as the Prius 2010 interior PM(IPM)machine,including the torque/power-speed characteristics,power factor,efficiency map,and drive cycle based overall efficiency.It is found that PM-assisted synchronous reluctance machines are the most promising alternatives to IPM machines with lower cost and potentially higher overall efficiency.Although IMs are cheaper and have better overload capability,they exhibit lower efficiency and power factor.Other electrical machines,such as synchronous reluctance machines,wound field machines,as well as many other newly developed machines,are currently less attractive due to lower torque density and efficiency.

Dynamic torque response analysis of IPMSM in flux weakening region for HEV applications

An over-modulation based vector control strategy for interior permanent magnet synchronous machine（ IPMSM） is proposed and investigated. The strategy increases the reference flux weakening voltage to improve efficiency in flux weakening region of IPMSMwith the same dynamic torque response performance in standard SV Mtechnique. The relationship between dynamic torque performance and the reference flux weakening voltage is also discussed. In order to achieve fast and smooth shift process,the torque response must be less than 20 ms in the parallel hybrid electric vehicle（ HEV）,according to this,modeling and experimental studies were carried out. The results show that the proposed strategy can achieve the same dynamic and steady state torque performance with higher reference flux weakening voltage,which means higher efficiency.

YASA轴向磁通永磁电机定子槽漏感计算

定子槽漏感是定子无轭模块化(yokeless and segmented,YASA)轴向磁通永磁电机电感的主要分量,会降低电机的功率因数和最大输出转矩。该文提出定子槽内微小单元磁场能量法计算YASA电机的定子槽漏感,通过建立计及铁心饱和影响的二维等效磁网络模型准确计算槽内微小单元储存的磁场能量,进而计算定子槽漏感。基于所提出的方法,进一步研究定子结构参数以及极槽配合对YASA电机定子槽漏感的影响规律。有限元仿真和实验结果表明,该文所提出的YASA电机定子槽漏感计算方法的可行性和准确性。

采用改进遗传算法优化LS-SVM逆系统的外转子无铁心无轴承永磁同步发电机解耦控制

为了实现外转子无铁心无轴承永磁同步发电机(outer rotor coreless bearingless permanent magnet synchronous generator,ORC-BPMSG)的精确控制,提出一种基于改进遗传算法(improved genetic algorithm,IGA)优化最小二乘支持向量机(least square support vector machine,LS-SVM)逆系统的解耦控制策略。首先,基于ORC-BPMSG的结构及工作原理,推导其数学模型,并分析其可逆性。其次,建立LS-SVM回归方程,并采用IGA优化LS-SVM的性能参数,从而训练得到逆系统。然后,将逆系统与原系统串接,形成伪线性系统,实现了ORC-BPMSG的线性化和解耦。最后,将提出的控制方法与传统LS-SVM逆系统控制方法进行对比仿真和实验。仿真和实验结果表明:所提出的控制策略可以较好地实现ORC-BPMSG输出电压和悬浮力、以及悬浮力之间的解耦控制。

基于气隙磁密差信号峭度因子的永磁同步电机局部退磁故障诊断

该文提出一种新型基于气隙磁密信号差峭度因子的永磁同步电机局部退磁故障诊断方法。首先,建立永磁同步电机等效磁路模型,根据简化模型分析局部退磁故障后各极主磁路下径向气隙磁密的变化规律。然后,将预存健康电机空载状态下气隙磁密信号与测量的在线状态下气隙磁密信号作差并计算其峭度值,作为故障特征值。取健康电机空载状态下气隙磁密信号与不同工况下气隙磁密信号差峭度值的最大值作为参考值,根据故障特征值与参考值的大小诊断出局部退磁。最后,仿真和实验结果均验证提出的局部退磁故障诊断方法的有效性。

轴向磁通定子无铁心发电机磁场解析及转子优化设计

定子无铁心轴向永磁发电机(CAFPMSM)具有结构简单、启动转矩低、功率密度高等优点,在小型风力发电机、汽油发电机等场合具有潜在应用前景。但CAFPMSM的转子磁场呈现典型的三维特性,其对无铁心绕组损耗的影响有别于传统电机。基于对电机转子磁场等效磁路的解析结果,以优化电机输出电压畸变率、降低电机绕组损耗为目的,通过加入导磁极的方式,对电机的转子结构进行优化设计。首先建立新型结构电机磁路等效模型,计算各磁路磁阻以及漏磁系数,然后利用有限元软件,验证理论解析的准确性,最后设计制造试验样机,并对其进行反电动势以及绕组涡流损耗测试。试验结果表明,新型结构电机反电动势波形畸变率、绕组产生的涡流损耗及绕组温升均有所降低。

无磁轭分块电枢盘式电机齿槽转矩优化设计

为了满足定子无磁轭分块电枢(yokeless and segmented armature,YASA)轴向磁通永磁电机作为车用牵引电机时对输出转矩高平稳性的要求,提出一种基于永磁体径向均匀分段、分组同向偏移的方法来抑制YASA电机的齿槽转矩,以降低转矩脉动。应用三维有限元分析,分别研究了3种不同的永磁体分段方案对齿槽转矩的削弱效果,确定了磁极的最优偏转角度及其对电机综合性能的影响。仿真结果验证了该方法的可行性。YASA电机的齿槽转矩降低了92.62%,额定工况下转矩脉动下降了72.02%,永磁体涡流损耗降低91.28%,同时输出转矩下降不超过5.34%,提高了YASA电机的综合性能。

永磁同步电机弱磁转矩响应速度提升策略

弱磁控制技术能够有效地拓宽永磁同步电机运行速度范围,因此对永磁同步电机弱磁控制的研究具有重要意义。大多弱磁控制通过单一的PI环节修正弱磁电流指令,其响应速度较慢,难以满足高性能的控制需求,且由于弱磁环的高耦合、非线性,PI参数整定困难。针对以上不足提出一种折算查表的方法作为前馈加入到控制系统中,加快了弱磁调节的速度;同时采用增益线性化的方法,通过分析不同工作点处小信号模型的变化,解决了通过经验整定的弱磁环控制器的固定PI参数无法应对工作点变化的问题,从而提高了系统的稳定性和准确性。最后根据仿真和实验验证了改进的方法,能够有效提升弱磁控制的性能。

轴向永磁电机及其研究发展综述

近年来,轴向永磁电机因其结构紧凑、效率高、功率密度大等优点获得研究人员越来越多的关注,已有大量文献对多种结构的轴向永磁电机在不同领域的应用进行了深入研究。该文介绍了轴向永磁电机的一般定转子结构以及若干特殊结构,对比了轴向永磁电机和传统径向永磁电机的性能和特征,分析了轴向永磁电机的设计分析方法,讨论了轴向永磁电机在不同领域的研究和应用,最后总结展望了轴向永磁电机及其相关技术研究的主要发展方向。

混合励磁同步电机及其控制技术综述和新进展

混合励磁同步电机(hybrid excited synchronous machine,HESM)是一种宽调速电机,它结合了永磁同步电机和电励磁同步电机的优点,又克服了它们各自的缺点。因此,它在宽速度运行范围的风力发电系统和电驱动系统具有广阔的应用前景。该文主要论述了混合励磁同步电机的基本特点,分析了几种典型的混合励磁同步电机的结构及工作原理,提出了一种新的混合励磁同步电机拓扑结构。在此基础上,推导了混合励磁同步电机的数学模型。基于分区控制策略,在低速区和高速区,分别研究了几种混合励磁同步电机控制技术,并对这些技术做了详细比较。针对目前混合励磁同步电机控制技术存在的不足之处,提出了一种新的效率最优控制策略。最后,给出了混合励磁同步电机及控制技术的发展趋势,展望了它的应用前景。

定子无铁心轴向磁场永磁电机的解析设计

对定子无铁心轴向磁场永磁电机而言,最准确的设计方法是三维有限元法,但该方法异常耗时。为解决这一问题,本文提出一种解析设计方法。首先推导出了定子无铁心轴向磁场永磁电机的空载磁场三维解析模型。在此基础上,使用绕组函数法推导出电机的反电动势波形解析式,根据绕组端部长度估算值等参数计算出电感、电阻,分析了电机的各项损耗并给出其各自的计算公式;然后根据电机等效电路推导了其稳态性能的表达式;最终使用该设计方法设计了三种不同功率级别、不同绕组形式的样机。样机试验测量结果与计算值相吻合,验证了设计方法的正确性。

轴向磁通永磁同步电机转矩解析模型和转矩优化

轴向磁通永磁同步电机的电磁场呈三维分布,其转矩的精确建模和优化通常需要采用三维有限元方法,但这非常耗时。提出一种转矩解析计算模型,并基于该模型对轴向磁通永磁同步电机的转矩展开优化。首先,通过磁通密度比磁导法建立了轴向磁通永磁同步电机气隙磁场解析模型。然后基于麦克斯韦张量理论推导得到电磁转矩和齿槽转矩的解析模型,并通过有限元法验证了该模型的准确性。该模型不仅指出了产生电磁转矩和齿槽转矩的判据,还明晰了转矩波动各阶成分与气隙磁通密度谐波之间的关系。最后利用该解析模型,采用径向变极弧系数法对一台单定子单转子轴向磁通永磁同步电机的转矩展开优化,结果表明径向变极弧系数法可有效削弱轴向磁通永磁同步电机的齿槽转矩和电磁转矩波动,而基于解析模型的优化则具有非常高的效率。

磁极组合型轴向磁场无铁心永磁电机的设计与分析

在现有Halbach阵列永磁电机的基础上,提出了一种磁极组合式的Halbach永磁阵列轴向磁场无铁心电机,阐述了该电机的结构与优点,分析了该电机的电磁转矩。借助三维有限元分析方法,优化设计了组成转子磁极的Halbach永磁材料、软磁材料尺寸。在综合考虑单位体积永磁体所产生电磁转矩和气隙磁密正弦性的基础上,确定了电机转子磁极上轴向磁化、切向磁化永磁体以及软磁材料的极弧系数。与传统Halbach结构轴向磁场无铁心永磁电机相比,优化后的磁极组合型轴向磁场无铁心永磁电机,在保证气隙磁密大小一定的基础上,减少了永磁体用量,降低电机造价,从而提高了电机性价比。样机实验和有限元分析结果验证了所设计电机的正确性和有效性。