Soybean seed protein, oil, fatty acids, and mineral composition as influenced by soybean-corn rotation

Effects of crop rotation on soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.) seed composition have not been well investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of soybean-corn (Zea mays L.) rotations on seed protein, oil, and fatty acids composition on soybean. Soybeans were grown at Stoneville, MS, from 2005 to 2008 in five different scheduled cropping sequences. In 2007, following three years of rotation with corn, seed oleic acid percentage was significantly higher in any crop rotation than continuous soybean. The increase of oleic fatty acid ranged from 61 to 68% in 2007, and from 27 to 51% in 2008, depending on the rotation. The increase of oleic acid was accompanied by significant increases in seed concentrations of phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and boron (B). In 2007, the increase of P ranged from 60 to 75%, Fe from 70 to 72%, and B from 34 to 69%. In 2008, the increase of P ranged from 82 to 106%, Fe from 32 to 84%, and B from 62 to 77%. Continuous soybean had higher linoleic:oleic ratio and linoleic: palmitic + stearic + oleic ratio, indicating that relative quantity of linoleic acid decreased in rotated crops. The total production of protein, oil, stearic and oleic fatty acids was the lowest in continuous soybean. The total production of palmitic acid was inconsistent across years. The results show that soybean- corn rotation affects seed composition by consistently increasing seed oleic fatty acid, P, Fe, and B concentrations. Higher oleic acid, unsaturated fatty acid, is desirable for oil stability and long-shelf storage. The mechanisms of how these nutrients are involved are not yet understood.

Influence of Adjuvants on the Efficacy of Tolpyralate plus Atrazine for the Control of Annual Grass and Broadleaf Weeds in Corn with and without Roundup WeatherMAX^®

Tolpyralate is a new HPPD-inhibiting herbicide that is efficacious on annual grass and broadleaf weed species in corn. For maximum herbicide performance of tolpyralate, it is recommended that atrazine is tank mixed with tolpyralate along with the adjuvants methylated seed oil concentrate (MSO) plus urea ammonia nitrate (UAN). A common use pattern of tolpyralate plus atrazine will be in a tank mix with Roundup WeatherMAX®due to the high proportion of corn acres that are seeded to Roundup Ready®hybrids in Eastern Canada. There is no information in the peer-reviewed literature if the adjuvant system in Roundup WeatherMAX®is adequate for optimal herbicide performance of tolpyralate plus atrazine, or if MSO and UAN are still required. Six field trials were conducted over two years near Ridgetown and Exeter, ON, Canada to determine if adjuvants are still required when tolpyralate plus atrazine is tank mixed with Roundup WeatherMAX®in corn. Tolpyralate plus atrazine plus MSO and Roundup WeatherMAX®plus tolpyralate plus atrazine provided excellent control of velvetleaf, pigweed spp, common ragweed, lambsquarters, ladysthumb, wild mustard, flower-of-an-hour, barnyardgrass and green foxtail in this study. Results of this study show that in the absence of Roundup WeatherMAX®, weed control with tolpyralate plus atrazine was improved substantially with the addition of MSO;however, there was little to no increase in weed control with the addition of UAN. When tolpyralate plus atrazine was co-applied with Roundup WeatherMAX®, there was no improvement in weed control with the addition of MSO and/or UAN.

微胚乳超高油玉米籽粒含油率的主基因+多基因遗传分析

选择两个微胚乳超高油玉米组合,通过P1、F1、P2、B1、B2和F2六世代联合分析法,研究其籽粒含油率的遗传规律。结果表明,2个组合籽粒含油率的遗传均符合2对主基因+多基因遗传模型。组合Ⅰ主基因遗传率在B1、B2和F2分别为69.00%、35.03%和68.99%,多基因遗传率分别为14.91%、46.97%和17.70%。组合II主基因遗传率在B1、B2和F2分别为46.80%,42.92%和48.25%,多基因遗传率分别为29.41%、34.76%和35.91%。

种子包衣对微胚乳玉米种子发芽过程中生理生化变化的影响

研究了种子包衣对微胚乳玉米种子萌发时生理生化变化的影响。结果表明:微胚乳玉米种衣剂(MESC)包衣可提高种子萌动时赤霉素(GA3)与脱落酸(ABA)含量的比例,提高种子生长素(IAA)和可溶性总糖的含量,促进蛋白质的形成和油脂的降解,加速氨基酸的利用。适乐时种衣剂(FDXN)包衣提高了ABA的含量,降低可溶性总糖含量,减缓油脂的降解和氨基酸的利用,最终抑制种子的发芽。微胚乳玉米种衣剂包衣可促进微胚乳玉米种子发芽过程中的生化变化过程,从而促进种子发芽。

微胚乳超高油玉米种子萌发特性研究

比较分析了不同处理方式对微胚乳超高油玉米种子萌发特性的影响。结果表明,晒种时间对种子萌发具有显著影响,以晒种2 d为最好,不宜久晒;剥除种皮可显著提高种子发芽势、发芽率,但对本身发芽率高的种子的影响不如发芽率低的大,同时,剥皮种子发病株极显著增加;不同微胚乳玉米品种,其萌发与种皮厚度呈不显著负相关,与浸出液电导率呈极显著负相关;浸种及播种深度对发芽势有显著影响,而对发芽率无影响,实际生产中宜浅播,并作适当播前处理。

玉米籽粒油分与蛋白质的相关及其通径分析

本文用6个遗传背景不同的玉米自交系，采用Griffing方法（Ⅳ）研究了玉米籽粒油分与蛋白质的相关及其通径分析．研究结果表明：玉米籽粒油分在F1与中亲值呈极显著正相关，与母本、父本呈显著正相关；籽粒的蛋白质在F1与母本、中条值、低亲本呈极显著正相关，与父本、高亲本相关不显著．籽粒油分与蛋白质呈正相关（r＝0．3837），籽粒油分与单稳产量呈负相关（r＝-0．2560），但均未达到显著水平．对籽粒油分影响较大的性状为胚重比值、胚体积比值．基粗、稳重与籽粒油分的相关系数和直接通径系数均为负值．籽粒油分与单稳产量的相关系数为负值，但籽粒油分对单穗产量的直接通径系数为正值．籽粒蛋白质与单穗产量的相关系数和直接通径系数均为负值．

不同加速老化条件下高油玉米单交种与普通玉米单交种种子活力的比较

两个高油玉米的杂交种和两个普通玉米的杂交种被用于在各种老化条件下的种子活力。结果表明高油玉米种子的高含油率可部分导致发芽率、发芽势的减少 ,但不能解释种子活力指数的减少。

高油玉米主要性状的遗传规律

籽粒油分在F1 与中亲值呈极显著正相关 ,与母本、父本呈显著正相关 ;籽粒蛋白质在F1与父本、中亲值、高亲本呈极显著正相关 ,与母本、低亲本相关不显著 .籽粒油分与蛋白质呈正相关 (r=0 .31 9) ,籽粒油分与单穗产量呈负相关 (r =0 .478) ,但均未达到显著水平 .对籽粒油分影响较大的性状为胚重比值、胚体积比值 ,行粒数、叶片数与籽粒油分的相关系数和直接通径系数均为负值 .

猕猴桃籽油微胶囊的制备及稳定性研究

以猕猴桃籽油为芯材,玉米肽为壁材,吐温-20为乳化剂,采用喷雾干燥法制备微胶囊。优化得到最佳工艺条件为:芯材与壁材配比1∶2(质量比),固形物浓度(质量分数) 15%,喷雾干燥温度160℃,高速乳化剪切转速6 000 r/min。在最佳工艺条件下,猕猴桃籽油微胶囊包埋率为94. 06%。对微胶囊产品进行了理化性质、电镜、红外光谱分析和稳定性研究,表明产品具有良好的溶解性和贮存稳定性。

脉冲核磁共振仪(Pulsed NMR)对作物种子含油量的快速测定

运用三种不同方法来验证脉冲 NMR(Minispec PC 20)对作物种子含油量测定的准确性。样品油分的变动范围为3%至55%。三个试验中理论含油量与脉冲 NMR 实测含油量十分接近,相关系数都在0.997以上;对相同材料进行连续35天的7次测定,显示了仪器读数的稳定性;在取数延迟时间为3500微秒时,自然干燥,浸水8小时和在60℃烘箱中充分烤干的种子,测得的油分含量差异不显著,说明在一般情况下,种子水分含量对油分测定无明显干扰作用。