Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction: Short-Term Results from a Single Center in Bangladesh

Background: Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) is considered a safer alternative to on-pump surgery, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction (LVD). Objectives: This study assessed short-term outcomes and functional improvements in LVD patients post-OPCAB. Methods: The study included 200 coronary artery disease patients who underwent isolated off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) at the National Heart Foundation Hospital and Research Institute between January 2019 and June 2020. Patients were categorized into Group 1, with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 30% - 39%, and Group 2, with an LVEF of 40% or higher. Echocardiographic assessments of left ventricular dimensions and ejection fraction were performed preoperatively, at discharge, and one month postoperatively. Results: In Group 1, preoperative left ventricular internal dimensions during diastole (LVIDd) and systole (LVIDs) were 53.48 ± 4.40 mm and 44.23 ± 3.93 mm, respectively, with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 35.28% ± 2.26%. At discharge, these values improved to 51.58 ± 4.04 mm (LVIDd), 41.23 ± 5.30 mm (LVIDs), and 39.25% ± 3.75% (LVEF). One month postoperatively, further improvements were observed: 46.29 ± 3.76 mm (LVIDd), 37.45 ± 3.68 mm (LVIDs), and 43.22% ± 4.67% (LVEF). Group 2 showed similar positive outcomes, with preoperative values of 47.09 ± 5.06 mm (LVIDd), 35.11 ± 5.25 mm (LVIDs), and 50.13% ± 7.25% (LVEF), improving to 42.37 ± 4.18 mm (LVIDd), 31.05 ± 4.19 mm (LVIDs), and 55.33% ± 7.05% (LVEF) at one month postoperatively. Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in left ventricular function and NYHA class, with most patients moving from class III/IV to I/II. Complications were minimal, and no mortality was observed. Conclusion: OPCAB is safe and effective for patients with LVEF 30% - 39% and LVEF ≥ 40%, providing significant short-term functional improvements without increased risk.

Coronary microvascular dysfunction in diabetes mellitus:A review

The exploration of coronary microcirculatory dysfunction in diabetes has accelerated in recent years.Cardiac function is compromised in diabetes.Diabetic patients manifest accelerated atherosclerosis in coronary arteries.These data are confirmed in diabetic animal mod-els,where lesions of small coronary arteries have been described.These concepts are epitomized in the classic microvascular complications of diabetes,i.e.blindness,kidney failure and distal dry gangrene.Most importantly,accumulating data indicate that insights gained from the link between inflammation and diabetes can yield predictive and prognostic information of considerable clinical utility.This review summarizes the evidence for the predisposing factors and the mechanisms involved in diabetes,and assesses the current state of knowledge regarding the triggers for inflammation in this disease.We evaluate the roles of hyperglycemia,oxidative stress,polyol pathway,protein kinase C,advanced glycation end products,insulin resistance,peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ,inflammation,and diabetic cardiomyopathy as a "stem cell disease".Furthermore,we discuss the mechanisms responsible for impaired coronary arteriole function.Finally,we consider how new insights in diabetes may provide innovative therapeutic strategies.

Coronary microembolization induced myocardial contractile dysfunction through a p38 mapk pathway

Background Cathepsin S and its endogenous inhibitor cystatin C are implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis,especially in the plaque destabilization and rupture leading to acute coronary syndrome.However, whether circulating cathepsin S and cystatin C also change in association with coronary plaque morphology is unknown yet. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups;Sham group,CME group and SB203580 group (n=10 per group).CME rats were produced by injection of 42μm microspheres into the left ventricle with occlusion of the ascending aorta.SB203580,a p38 MAPK inhibitor,was injected into femoral vein after finishing the injection of microspheres in SB203580 group.Left ventricular Ejection Fraction was determined by echocardiography.The level of phosphorylated and total P38 MAPK in myocardium was assessed by Western Blot.Results Left ventricular(LV) Ejection Fraction was depressed at 3 hours and until up to 12 hours in CME group.The increased p38 MAPK activation was observed in CME group.The administration of SB203580 partly inhibited the p38 MAPK activity and preserved cardiac contractile function.Conclusions p38 MAPK is significantly activated by CME and the inhibition of p38 MAPK can partly preserve cardiac contractile function.

Review: Do We Still Need a Viability Study before Considering Revascularization in Patient with Stable Coronary Artery Disease and Significant Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction?

Patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy constitute a heterogeneous group of patients with an extremely complex condition in which many factors play an important prognostic role. So it is difficult and probably unrealistic to expect that a single feature like presence of viable myocardium would provide an unequivocal answer to a critical question of revasculrization or not for all patients. Opposite to the hopes of investigators and physicians involved in the care of these patients, the findings of prospective studies with the use of different viability testing methods did not help in the decision-making process regarding CABG in ischemic cardiomyopathy. Instead, they left us with the same dilemma. The implication of most of these trials is that in patients with CAD and significant LV dysfunction, assessment of myocardial viability does not identify patients who will have the greatest survival benefit from adding CABG to aggressive medical therapy. In the clinical practice, these observations remind physicians to consider the multiplicity of factors involved in the decision-making process for patients with such a complex disease.

Erectile dysfunction as a predictor of asymptomatic coronary artery disease in elderly men with type 2 diabetes

1 Introduction Erectile dysfunction （ED） and coronary artery disease （CAD） are closely linked, as both conditions share the same cardiovascular risk factors. Indeed, these risk factors can determine endothelial dysfunction that represents the common underlying mechanism of both ED and CAD. The prevalence of ED is about three-fold higher among diabetic patients than in the general population and a higher prevalence of CAD has been observed in people with diabetes when compared to non-diabetic subjects.Some studies showed that ED can be a powerful marker of silent CAD and a strong predictor of cardiovascular events in apparently uncomplicated type 2 diabetic patients Therefore ED is now considered as a sentinel symptom of silent CAD, as ED often precedes the onset of myocardial ischemia itself by many years.

Study on the mechanism of two related Chinese herbs Chenpi-Banxia in the treatment of coronary microvascular dysfunction based on network pharmacology

Objective:By the method of network pharmacology to study the main active compounds,main target genes,critical path and mechanism of the two classical Chinese herbs Chenpi-Banxia in the treatment of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction(CMD).Methods:Obtaining potential active compounds of Chenpi-Banxia from TCMSP,while the targets for CMD were obtained from DrugBank and OMIM databases.Using UniProt database to query the corresponding gene name.The key target of Chenpi-Banxia in the treatment of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction can be obtained by using the intersection of VENNY.The PPI network was screened for the major targets by String and Cytoscape3.7.1.The GO enrichment analysis and KEGG Pathway analyses of major targets were performed by using the DAVID database and use Binformatics to draw bubble map.Finally,the ingredient-major arget-key pathway network was constructed by Cytoscape3.7.1.Results:There were 16 compounds such as naringenin,nobiletin,baicalein.beta-sitosterol etc,and 56 predictive target genes such as AKT1、VEGFA、BCL2、BAX、JUN etc,as well as 20 key pathways including inflammation-related pathway(TNF signaling pathway),pathways related to cardiovascular system(PI3K-Akt signaling pathway),Vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway(VEGF signaling pathway),Apoptosis related pathways(Apoptosis)and Hypoxia cell stress signaling pathway(HIF-1 signaling pathway)in the Compounds-Target-Pathway network.Conclusion:The study verified the characteristics of multi-components,multi-targets and integral regulation for Chenpi-Banxia with the application of network pharmacology.It predicted that Chenpi-Banxia couldtreat Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction mainly by protecting endothelial cell function of coronary microcirculation,inhibiting cell apoptosis and affecting inflammatory reaction.

Preoperative Intra-Aortic Balloon Counterpulsation in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Patients with Severe Left Ventricular Dysfunction

Background: The intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) is the most used ventricular mechanical assist device. In recent years, the preoperative use in patients with severe ventricular dysfunction presents itself as a great benefic strategy to the postoperative recovery. This paper aim is to evaluate the IABP post-operative benefit in patients with severe ventricular dysfunction. Methods: From January 2011 to March 2016, 125 patients underwent a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) with cardiopulmonary bypass and preoperative IABP in Teaching Hospital of the ABC Medical School and Hospital Estadual Mario Covas. The inclusion criteria were the presence of severe ischemic cardiomyopathy with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) less than or equal to 40%, estimated by Doppler echocardiography using the Simpson method. The preoperative LVEF was 30.25% ± 8.53% and the diastolic diameter of the left ventricle (LVDD) 67.75 ± 16.37 mm. IABP was installed approximately 15 hours before the surgery. Results: The patients required the IABP for 2.4 ± 1.58 days, and vasoactive drugs, 4.8 ± 2.12 days. We performed 3.2 ± 1.9 grafts per patient and the total length of stay was 07 ± 5.52 days. Cardiopulmonary bypass time was 67 ± 10.95 minutes and anoxia time, 46.4 ± 10.06 minutes. Twelve patients (9.6%) had pneumonia and four (3.2%), atrial fibrillation. We observed a LVDD reduction to 63 ± 16.26 (p = 0.068) and LVEF enhancement to 36.50 ± 16.86 (p = 0.144). The data were analyzed statistically according to the Wilcoxon test. There were no deaths. Conclusion: The initial experience of the authors with the preoperative IABP in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction suggests great benefit in post-operative recovery with im-provement of LVEF and reduction of LVDD.

The investigation of the relationship between renal dysfunction and coronary heart disease

Objectives To evaluate the relationship of renal dysfunction,coronary heart disease and percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI).Methods(l)The subjects:There were 376 patients who come from department of cardiology of our hospital in this study undergoing coronary angiography.The patients were divided into two groups? according to coronary angiography:coronary artery disease(group A,n =263),in which 141 patients with renal dysfunction(group A1) and 122 patients with normal renal function(group A2):patients with other kinds of cardiovascular disease but normal coronary angiography(group B.n=113).Before the coronary angiography, all patients were measured the serum creatinine, microalbuminuria,fasting blood-glucose,triglycerides,total cholesterol,high density lipoprotein,low density lipoprotein, blood pressure in fasting 12 hours.(2)The diagnostic criteria for renal dysfunction:male serum creatinine】115 umol/L and/or microalbuminuria】30 mg,female】107 umol/L and/ or】30 mg.Results(1)The differences of renal function indexes in the group A and B:The mean level of microalbuminuria and serum creatinine was higher significantly in group A than that of the group B(43.48±38.93 vs.11.23±7.07 and 101.52±37.22 vs.80.62±17.4 respectively.Conclusions The coronary heart disease patients with renal dysfunction had more severe coronary artery stenosis,The renal dysfunction is a strong and independent risk factors for the coronary heart disease and beeds more revascularization therapy.

Shexiang Tongxin Dropping Pill Promotes Angiogenesis through VEGF/eNOS Signaling Pathway on Diabetic Coronary Microcirculation Dysfunction

Objective:To study the effect of Shexiang Tongxin Dropping Pill(STDP)on angiogenesis in diabetic cardiomyopathy mice with coronary microcirculation dysfunction(CMD).Methods:According to a random number table,6 of 36 SPF male C57BL/6 mice were randomly selected as the control group,and the remaining 30 mice were injected with streptozotocin intraperitoneally to replicate the type 1 diabetes model.Mice successfully copied the diabetes model were randomly divided into the model group,STDP low-dose group[15 mg/(kg·d)],medium-dose group[30 mg/(kg·d)],high-dose group[60 mg/(kg·d)],and nicorandil group[15 mg/(kg·d)],6 in each group.The drug was given by continuous gavage for 12 weeks.The cardiac function of mice in each group was detected at the end of the experiment,and coronary flow reserve(CFR)was detected by chest Doppler technique.Pathological changes of myocardium were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining,collagen fiber deposition was detected by masson staining,the number of myocardial capillaries was detected by platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 staining,and the degree of myocardial hypertrophy was detected by wheat germ agglutinin staining.The expression of the vascular endothlial growth factor(VEGF)/endothelial nitric oxide synthase(eNOS)signaling pathway-related proteins in myocardial tissue was detected by Western blot.Results:Compared with the model group,medium-and high-dose STDP significantly increased the left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular fraction shortening(P<0.01),obviously repaired the disordered cardiac muscle structure,reduced myocardial fibrosis,reduced myocardial cell area,increased capillary density,and increased CFR level(all P<0.01).Western blot showed that high-dose STDP could significantly increase the expression of VEGF and promote the phosphorylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2,phosphoinositide 3-kinase,protein kinase B,and eNOS(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Conclusion:STDP has a definite therapeutic effect on diabetic CMD,and its mechanism may be related to promoting angiogenesis through the VEGF/eNOS signaling pathway.

Should patients with erectile dysfunction be evaluated for cardiovascular disease？

The landmark Massachusetts Male Ageing Study shed new light on the prevalence of erectile dysfunction （ED） and drew attention to ED as a disease of ageing. Over the years, ED has been linked to the development of cardiovascular disease （CVD） in some patients. There is clear evidence that ED and CVD share and have a similar risk factor profile. CVD is one of the most recognizable causes of mortality and early detection coupled with prevention of mortality from CVD has been the prime interest of many researchers. Consequently, there has been a multidisciplinary curiosity regarding the proposal to use ED as a marker for future CVD. I n fact, there have been several proposals to use ED as a screening tool for future CVD. We performed a comprehensive Search of two main databases--PubMed and Cochrane Library using a combination of keywords such as acute myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease （CAD） and ED. Journal articles from January 2000 to June 2011 were reviewed. We included all articles discussing the relationship between ED and CVD in the English language. All the relevant randomized controlled trials, cohort and retrospective studies, and review articles were included in our overall analysis in an attempt to answer the question whether all patients with ED should be clinically evaluated for CVD. The results showed a link between ED and the development of future CVD in some patients, but ED was not shown to be an independent risk predictor that is any better than the traditional Framingham risk factors. Screening for CVD may, however, be rewarding in younger patients with severe ED and in patients with concurrent CVD risk factors.

Atrial fibrillation and coronary artery disease:An integrative review focusing on therapeutic implications of this relationship

The incidence of both atrial fibrillation(AF)and coronary artery disease(CAD)increases with advancing age.They share common risk factors and very often coexist.Evidence points to an intricate relationship between atrial tissue excitability and neuronal remodeling with ischemia at the microcirculatory level.In this review,we delineated this complex relationship,identified a common theme between the two,and discussed how the knowledge of this relationship translates into a positive and meaningful impact in patient management.Recent research indicates a high prevalence of CAD among AF patients undergoing coronary angiography.Further,the incidence of AF is much higher in those suffering from CAD compared to age-matched adults without CAD underlying this reciprocal relationship.CAD adversely affects AF by promoting progression via re-entry and increasing excitability of atrial tissue as a result of ischemia and electrical inhomogeneity.AF in turn accelerates atherosclerosis via endothelial dysfunctional and inflammation and together with enhanced thrombogenicity and hypercoagulability contribute to micro and macrothrombi throughout cardiovascular system.In a nutshell,the two form a vicious cycle wherein one disease promotes the other.Most AF recommendations focuses on rate/rhythm control and prevention of thromboembolism.Very few studies have discussed the importance of unmasking coexistent CAD and how the treatment of underlying ischemia will impact the burden of AF in these patients.Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction remain central to both disease processes and form a handsome therapeutic target in the management of the two diseases.The relationship between AF and CAD is complex and much more than mere coincidence.The two diseases share common risk factor and pathophysiology.Hence,it is impractical to treat them in isolation.Accordingly,we share the implications of managing underlying ischemia and inflammation to positively impact and improve quality of life among AF patients.

Comparison between primary angioplasty and thrombolytic therapy on erectile dysfunction after acute ST elevation myocardial infarction

Acute ST elevation myocardial infarction has high mortality and morbidity rates. The majority of patients with this condition face erectile dysfunction in addition to other health problems. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of two different reperfusion strategies, primary angioplasty and thrombolytic therapy, on the prevalence of erectile dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction. Of the 71 patients matching the selection criteria, 45 were treated with primary coronary angioplasty with stenting, and 26 were treated with thrombolytic agents. Erectile function was evaluated using the International Index of Erectile Function in the hospital to characterize each patient＇s sexual function before the acute myocardial infarction and 6 months after the event. The time required to restore blood flow to the artery affected by the infarct was found to be associated with the occurrence of erectile dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction. The increase in the prevalence of erectile dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction was 44.4% in the angioplasty group and 76.9% in the thrombolytic therapy group （P= 0.008）. In conclusion, this study has shown that reducing the time of reperfusion decreases the erectile dysfunction prevalence, and primary angioplasty is superior to thrombolytic therapy for decreasing the prevalence of erectile dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction.

Total Arterial Revascularisation in Left Ventricular Dysfunction

The feasibility and safety of total arterial coronary revascularization with 2 arterial conduits in patients with impaired left ventricular function was evaluated. Data were prospectively collected on all patients with multiple vessel disease and moderately or severely impaired left ventricular function, who underwent coronary surgery with the intention of total arterial revascularization with 2 conduits between March 1995 and August 2002. One hundred and seventy-nine patients were included in the study. Acute coronary insufficiency was present in 3 patients and 43 had unstable angina. Severe left ventricular impairment was present in 29 patients. There were 17 redo operations including 3 redo-redo procedures. Eighty-two percent of patients had a Y graft configuration from the left internal mammary artery （right internal mammary artery 40. 8 %, radial artery 33. 5 %, other 7.8 % ）. The perioperative mortality was 2. 2 %, myocardial infarction 1.7 % and stroke 0. 6 %. Total arterial revascularization in patients with ischaemic left ventricular dysfunction can be safely performed with 2 arterial conduits. The radial artery provides conduit length greater than the right internal mammary artery and allows full revascularization despite left ventricular dilatation.

Relationship between Coronary Artery Tortuosity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Patients without Obstructed Coronaries

Objective This study aimed to analyze the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness(CRF)and the increasing severity of coronary artery tortuosity(CAT)in patients with non-stenosed coronaries.Methods A total of 396 patients who underwent coronary angiography and cardiopulmonary exercise testing(CPET)between August 2020 and July 2021 were included in this single-center retrospective study after excluding patients with significant coronary artery disease(≥50%stenosis).Patients were divided into two groups:no or mild coronary artery tortuosity(N/M-CAT)and moderate to severe coronary artery tortuosity(M/S-CAT)and laboratory electrocardiographic,echocardiographic,and CPET parameters were compared between two groups.Results M/S-CAT was found in 46.9%of the study participants,with 66.7%being women.M/S-CAT was significantly associated with advanced age(P=0.014)and females(P=0.001).Diastolic dysfunction parameters,E velocity(P=0.011),and E/A ratio(P=0.004)also revealed significant differences between the M/S-CAT group and N/M-CAT group.VO2@peak(1.22±0.39 vs.1.07±0.39,P<0.01)and VO2@AT(0.77±0.22 vs.0.71±0.21,P=0.017)were significantly lower in the M/S-CAT group than in the N/M-CAT group.Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified females(OR=0.448;95%CI,0.296–0.676;P=0.000)and E/A ratio(OR=0.307;95%CI,0.139–0.680;P=0.004)to be independent risk factors of M/S-CAT and showed no association of CPET parameters to M/S-CAT.Conclusion The results indicate that increasing severity of CAT is strongly associated with female gender and E/A ratio and is not directly correlated with decreasing CRF.Further research with a larger patient population and a longer follow-up time is required to fully comprehend the impact of CAT on CRF.

Why is there a need for an interdisciplinary approach to assess erectile dysfunction?

Erectile dysfunction is a prevalent complaint among men. The majority of patients suffering erectile dysfunction exhibit various risk factors of vascular diseases. Erectile dysfunction used to be recognised as one of the consequences of vascular diseases in patients suffering heart attack or myocardial infarction. During the last decade, however, the role of endothelial dysfunction in the occurrence of erectile dysfunction has been signifi ed, and it has been suggested that erectile dysfunction may not be simply a consequence of vascular diseases but an indicator of future vascular problems. Erectile dysfunction has been known as "the tip of iceberg" of a generalised vascular dysfunction, which typically happens before serious vascular problems. Considerable evidence shows a link between erectile dysfunction and vascular disorders. Several theories have been considered for the association between erectile dysfunction and vascular diseases. One of them is the "artery size" theory focusing on the differences between the diameter of the penile artery and other arteries. Another theory is based on "endothelial dysfunction", which highlights inappropriate vasoconstriction as a cause of erectile dysfunction and vascular diseases. "Age" has also been reported to have pivotal role in the development of vascular dysfunction resulting in erectile dysfunction and ultimately vascular diseases. Another theory explaining the pathophysiology of erectiledysfunction and its relationship with vascular diseases focuses on the formation of atherosclerosis plaques. This article endeavours to review the current literature and discuss why a multidisciplinary approach is needed while assessing erectile dysfunction.

补脾通络法治疗冠状动脉微血管疾病的临床观察

目的观察补脾通络法治疗冠状动脉微血管疾病(CMVD)的临床效果。方法100例CMVD患者随机分为观察组与对照组各50例,对照组给予西医常规治疗,观察组给予西医常规联合中药补脾通络方,两组均持续治疗4周,比较两组临床疗效、中医证候积分、心电图疗效、心绞痛症状[西雅图心绞痛调查量表(SAQ)]、血管内皮功能[内皮细胞特异性分子-1(ESM-1)、内皮素-1(ET-1)、一氧化氮(NO)]炎性指标[白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)]水平。结果观察组治疗总有效率94.00%,高于对照组的80.00%(P<0.05);观察组治疗后中医证候胸闷、心胸隐痛、气短、神疲乏力、自汗、倦怠懒言评分低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组治疗后心电图改善优于对照组,心电图治疗总有效率为88.00%,高于对照组的72.00%(P<0.05);观察组治疗后心绞痛症状SAQ量表评分高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组治疗后血清ET-1、ESM-1水平低于对照组,NO水平高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组治疗后血清hs-CRP,IL-6,TNF-α水平低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论在常规治疗的基础上,联合使用补脾通络方治疗CMVD可有效降低患者中医症候评分,减轻心绞痛症状,提高心电图疗效,减轻血管内皮损伤和炎性损伤。

女性冠状动脉微循环功能障碍的诊疗进展

冠状动脉微循环功能障碍(CMD)是胸痛患者心肌缺血的潜在机制,其在有缺血症状和非阻塞性冠状动脉缺血的女性患者中较为常见,严重影响女性患者的生活质量及预后,与不良心血管事件增加有关。通过提高对CMD生理和病理机制的认识,可运用无创冠状动脉功能测试或侵入性冠状动脉功能测试识别相应患者并进行干预,现有的治疗措施主要改善症状和心肌血流。未来通过对该疾病的深入研究,可以更好地理解其发病机制、临床表现和诊疗策略,从而为女性患者提供更加精准、有效的治疗方法,改善患者预后,降低不良心血管事件发生风险。

冠状动脉内注射重组人TNK组织型纤溶酶原激活剂及腺苷注射液对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的疗效分析

目的评价急诊直接经皮冠脉介入(PPCI)治疗中经指引导管冠状动脉内注射重组人TNK组织型纤溶酶原激活剂及腺苷注射液对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ASTEMI)的疗效。方法选择行急诊PPCI的ASTEMI患者,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和治疗组。对照组给予PPCI术常规治疗,若PPCI后梗死相关动脉(IRA)达到TIMI血流3级,则终止手术;若TIMI血流≤2级,则应用指引导管于冠脉内注射硝普钠、硝酸甘油、替罗非班改善冠状动脉微循环功能障碍(CMD),直到IRA达到TIMI血流3级。治疗组是在PPCI术常规治疗基础上,术中开通IRA后应用指引导管于冠状动脉内注射重组人TNK组织型纤溶酶原激活剂8 mg及腺苷注射液200μg,若IRA达到TIMI血流3级,则终止手术;若TIMI血流≤2级,则再次注射腺苷注射液改善CMD,直到IRA达到TIMI血流3级。观察指标,①心肌损伤指标:术前及术后12、24、36、48 h的血浆肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、N端B型脑钠肽(NT-pro BNP)水平;②心肌灌注指标:术后校正的TIMI帧数(CTFC)、术后90 min IRA导联ST段回落值(STR);③心肌缺血的程度:术后3 d行静息D-SPECT+腺苷负荷D-SPECT检查,观察心肌17节段分布下心肌灌注总积分、心肌缺血总节段数情况;④术后30 d的药物不良反应:皮下瘀斑、牙龈出血、消化道出血、泌尿系出血、血红蛋白下降、脑出血;⑤术后30 d的主要不良心血管事件(MACE):心脏死亡、心肌梗死、心力衰竭、靶血管再次血运重建情况。结果①心肌损伤指标:术前的cTnI、CK-MB、NT-pro BNP水平两组患者差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05),心肌损伤指标治疗组均在术后12 h显著低于对照组(均P<0.05),之后均趋势下降,术后48 h两组差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。②心肌灌注指标:治疗组术后CTFC均显著优于对照组(P<0.05)。应用秩和检验,治疗组术后90 min STR显著优于对照组(Z=2.437,P=0.014)。③心肌缺血的程度:两组患者在术后3 d行静息D-SPECT+腺苷负荷D-SPECT检查,在心肌17节段分布下心肌灌注总积分、心肌缺血总节段数情况,治疗组在负荷缺血节段数、静息灌注总评分、负荷灌注总评分均显著优于对照组(均P<0.05)。④术后30 d的药物不良反应:两组患者在皮下瘀斑、牙龈出血、消化道出血、泌尿系出血、血红蛋白下降、脑出血发生率均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。⑤术后30 d的MACE情况:两组患者在心脏死亡、心肌梗死、心力衰竭、靶血管再次血运重建情况以及总MACE发生率均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论急诊PPCI中经指引导管冠状动脉内注射重组人TNK组织型纤溶酶原激活剂及腺苷注射液对ASTEMI患者安全、有效,可改善心肌损伤、心肌灌注和心肌缺血。

活血化瘀治疗冠脉微循环障碍的研究进展

冠状动脉微循环障碍广泛存在于多种心血管疾病中,与左室重构、心血管事件密切相关。本病病机演变以血瘀为核心,活血化瘀法可改善患者冠状动脉血流储备及微循环阻力指数,对于冠状动脉微循环障碍具有良好的治疗效果。机制方面,活血化瘀诸法可调节冠状动脉微血管功能障碍的诸多关键病理生理环节:如,活血化瘀可有效抑制炎症、氧化应激及血栓形成;活血化痰可保护血管内皮;益气活血能改善能量代谢;补肾活血促进血管新生、建立冠脉侧支循环。应用现代科学深入挖掘活血化瘀诸法治疗本病的机制,或为解决本病治疗提供新的思路。

经皮冠状动脉介入术术后冠脉微循环障碍的中医药治疗研究概述

经皮冠状动脉介入术(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)是目前最有效的再灌注方式,但心肌梗死(myocardial infarction,MI)患者在术后发生不良心血管事件的风险仍然较高,这种现象与冠脉微循环障碍(coronary microvascular dysfunction,CMD)密切相关。目前已提出很多诊疗策略防治冠脉微循环障碍,但常规西药治疗效果并不显著,不良心血管事件的发生率居高不下,仍缺乏有效的治疗方案。多项研究表明,中药对冠状动脉介入术后冠脉微循环障碍有显著疗效。概述中医药治疗冠状动脉介入术后冠脉微循环障碍的相关研究进展,以期为冠状动脉介入术后冠脉微循环障碍提供新的治疗思路。