Cytotoxic Lesions of the Corpus Callosum (CLOCCs) Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection in West Africa (Côte d’Ivoire)

Background: Cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosum (CLOCCs) represent a collection of disparate conditions that can cause a signal change in the corpus callosum, usually involving the splenium. CLOCCs is present in a variety of disorders, such as cerebral infarction, bleeding, multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, glioblastoma, lymphoma, metabolic diseases, and infections. Since 2020, World Health Organization (W.H.O) defined Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, as a pandemic. Numerous CLOCCs cases have been reported in adults in particular in Japan, in China, and recently in children in Turkey associated with SARS-CoV-2. We report the first case of CLOCCs diagnosed in West Africa (Côte d’Ivoire) in an adult associated with SARS-CoV-2. Case Report: A 60 year-old-woman with a medical history of high blood pressure and diabetes, presented to the emergency department with confusion without fever. Neurological examination was normal apart from temporospatial disorientation. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed abnormal signals in the splenium of the corpus callosum (SCC). Forty-eight hours (48 h) after admission, the patient experienced a fever (temperature: 385˚C), several episodes of hypoglycemia (capillary blood glycemia levels below 0.5 g/l) and a dry cough. Lung CT imaging showed typical features with ground-glass opacities. Oropharyngeal swab was positive for SARS-CoV-2 on reverse-transcriptase–polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay. The clinical course was favorable. One month after disease onset, a follow-up Brain MRI showed considerable regression of SCC abnormal signal. The multiple episodes of hypoglycemia and SARS-COV 2 infection were incriminated as the causal factors. Conclusion: The improvement of the technical platform in our context of work gives us the possibility to identify the etiological factors of this rare clinico-radiological entity.

Ultrasound measurement of the corpus callosum and neural development of premature infants

Length and thickness of 152 corpus callosa Using ultrasonic diagnostic equipment with a were measured in neonates within 24 hours ot b^rtn. neonatal brain-specific probe, corpus callosum length and thickness of the genu, body, and splenium were measured on the standard mid-sagittal plane, and the anteroposterior diameter of the genu was measured in the coronal plane. Results showed that corpus callosum length as well as thickness of the genu and splenium increased with gesta- tional age and birth weight, while other measures did not. These three factors on the standard mid-sagittal plane are therefore likely to be suitable for real-time evaluation of corpus callosum de- velopment in premature infants using cranial ultrasound. Further analysis revealed that thickness of the body and splenium and the anteroposterior diameter of the genu were greater in male infants than in female infants, suggesting that there are sex differences in corpus callosum size during the neonatal period. A second set of measurements were taken from 40 premature infants whose ges- tational age was 34 weeks or less. Corpus callosum measurements were corrected to a gestational age of 40 weeks, and infants were grouped for analysis depending on the outcome of a neonatal behavioral neurological assessment. Compared with infants with a normal neurological assessment, corpus callosum length and genu and splenium thicknesses were less in those with abnormalities, indicating that corpus callosum growth in premature infants is associated with neurobehavioral development during the early extrauterine stage.

Polyethylene glycol restores axonal conduction after corpus callosum transection

Polyethylene glycol（PEG） has been shown to restore axonal continuity after peripheral nerve transection in animal models. We hypothesized that PEG can also restore axonal continuity in the central nervous system. In this current experiment, coronal sectioning of the brains of Sprague-Dawley rats was performed after animal sacrifice. 3Brain high-resolution microelectrode arrays（MEA） were used to measure mean firing rate（MFR） and peak amplitude across the corpus callosum of the ex-vivo brain slices. The corpus callosum was subsequently transected and repeated measurements were performed. The cut ends of the corpus callosum were still apposite at this time. A PEG solution was applied to the injury site and repeated measurements were performed. MEA measurements showed that PEG was capable of restoring electrophysiology signaling after transection of central nerves. Before injury, the average MFRs at the ipsilateral, midline, and contralateral corpus callosum were 0.76, 0.66, and 0.65 spikes/second, respectively, and the average peak amplitudes were 69.79, 58.68, and 49.60 μV, respectively. After injury, the average MFRs were 0.71, 0.14, and 0.25 spikes/second, respectively and peak amplitudes were 52.11, 8.98, and 16.09 μV, respectively. After application of PEG, there were spikes in MFR and peak amplitude at the injury site and contralaterally. The average MFRs were 0.75, 0.55, and 0.47 spikes/second at the ipsilateral, midline, and contralateral corpus callosum, respectively and peak amplitudes were 59.44, 45.33, 40.02 μV, respectively. There were statistically differences in the average MFRs and peak amplitudes between the midline and non-midline corpus callosum groups（P 〈 0.01, P 〈 0.05）. These findings suggest that PEG restores axonal conduction between severed central nerves, potentially representing axonal fusion.

Spinal Manipulation and Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization Care for a 4-Year-Old Patient with Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum

The purpose of this case study is to describe the chiropractic care of a 4-year-old male patient with agenesis of the corpus callosum. Methods: Chiropractic care plan consisted of weekly appointments with the inclusion of at-home exercises coupled with academic intervention of physical and occupational therapies and assistive gait devices. Functional changes were monitored via objective clinic findings, independent clinical examination, and parental observation. Results: Agitated flexion contracted non-weight bearing child with gastrointestinal dysfunction and developmentally shunted growth responds to co-managed chiropractic care. Focus on aiding structural balance helped improve the weight bearing movement and mobility, physical calmness and contentment, emotional and verbal communication, as well as gastointestinal function. Discussion: This therapeutic approach decreased aberrant posture and enhanced quality of life. Conclusion: Chiropractic care in combination with academic intervention improved this child’s postural abnormalities, attitude, and cognitive development warranting consideration in subsequent care investigation.

Functional topography of the corpus callosum investigated by DTI and f MRI

This short review examines the most recent functional studies of the topographic organization of the human corpus callosum, the main interhemispheric commissure. After a brief description of its anatomy, development, microstructure, and function, it examines and discusses the latest findings obtained using diffusion tensor imaging(DTI) and tractography(DTT) and functional magnetic resonance imaging(f MRI), three recently developed imaging techniques that have significantly expanded and refined our knowledge of the commissure. While DTI and DTT have been providing insights into its microstructure, integrity and level of myelination, f MRI has been the key technique in documenting the activation of white matter fibers, particularly in the corpus callosum. By combining DTT and f MRI it has been possible to describe the trajectory of the callosal fibers interconnecting the primary olfactory, gustatory, motor, somatic sensory, auditory and visual cortices at sites where the activation elicited by peripheral stimulation was detected by fMRI. These studies have demonstrated the presence of callosal fiber tracts that cross the commissure at the level of the genu, body, and splenium, at sites showing f MRI activation. Altogether such findings lend further support to the notion that the corpus callosum displays a functional topographic organization that can be explored with f MRI.

Could Dystonia Be Initial Presentation of Corpus Callosum Infarction in Young Age Patients? A Case Report Study

Focal dystonia in young aged patients is considered to be the uncommon clinical presentation, unless a secondary cause is to be considered. Infarcts of the corpus callosum are rare and have not been well documented previously. As for a variety of signs and symptoms due to corpus callosum lesion, focal dystonia can be easily overlooked. The case is approved by ethical committee and explained to the patient with patient approval.

An investigation of volumetric and corpus callosum dimension to detect brain disorders

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Mental retardation, Cerebral Palsy, and other Dementias are the neurogenerative brain disorders which are statistically proven that 2% - 3% of people affected in the world today. The proposed method considered the symptoms which stands distinct for Alzheimer’s disease. Many structural neuroimaging studies have found the atrophy of the Corpus Callosum (CC) and the decrease in brain volume in AD. The measurement, area has been extracted from the gradient mask of the image to characterize the local atrophy of the CC. The result showed decreased area of the CC in AD when compared to the control groups. The volume has also been calculated by volume rendering and voxel size measurement for the same set of control groups and was found to be reduced in the AD patients. These findings confirmed the pathology characteristics in AD of brain disorders. The system’s validity with respect to results obtained with conventional diagnosis has been examined and proved to offer better results.

Abscess in the Splenium of the Corpus Callosum Treated with Direct Drainage via an Occipital Interhemispheric Approach

Lesions in the corpus callosum typically represent malignant tumors such as glioblastoma or lymphoma, because of its compact structure comprising tightly packed white-matter tracts. Brain abscess is rarely seen in the corpus callosum. To the best of our knowledge, solitary bacterial abscess confined to the splenium of the corpus callosum has not been reported previously. We report the case of a 72-year-old woman with rapidly progressing disturbance of consciousness following 1 week of antibiotic treatment for bacterial meningitis. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a ring-enhancing round mass located in the splenium of the corpus callosum on gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted imaging, also showing a bright signal on diffusion-weighted imaging. The patient underwent occipital craniotomy and direct drainage of the lesion in the splenium through the interhemispheric fissure and achieved complete recovery. Brain abscess should be considered among the differential diagnoses for lesions in the splenium of the corpus callosum. An occipital interhemispheric approach to the splenium might be an important option in cases of brain abscess.

Comorbidity of Cerebral Palsy, the Cyst of the Corpus Callosum, Parenchymal Cyst, Epilepsy and Cardiac Disease: About an Observation

Motor impairment of cerebral origin is a syndrome that induces a reduction in activity, the origin of which is brain injury or a non-progressive and definitive abnormality occurring in a developing immature brain. Motor disability, spastic, dyskinetic or ataxic, is often associated with sensory, cognitive, sensory and behavioral disorders with or without epileptic disease. View of accidental discoveries of corpus callosum abnormalities, most often asymptomatic or associated with psychomotor retardation, epilepsy, neurological disorders or cardiomyopathy, a high technical platform must be available for its diagnosis. We report in this article the case of a 7-year-old boy followed at the neuropsychiatric center Joseph Guislain of the Brothers of Charity of Lubumbashi in Congo (DRC) since 2016 for generalized tonic-clonic seizures, in whom the diagnosis of cerebral palsy on cyst of corpus callosum and in the right parietal lobe, as well as cardiopathy was posed during its consultation in September 2017. This case was published with parental consent.

Clinical features of hereditary spastic paraplegia with thin corpus callosum: report of 5 Chinese cases

Background Hereditary spastic paraplegia is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders of the motor system, characterized by slowly progressive spasticity and weakness of the lower extremities. This study was conducted to investigate the clinical features of hereditary spastic paraplegia with thin corpus callosum (HSP-TCC). Methods Clinical data from five patients and thirty-five previously published case reports of HSP-TCC were analyzed retrospectively. Results Most patients were adolescents at the onset of the disease, presenting with spastic paraparesis of the lower limbs and mental impairment. Some patients also had other clinical features, including spasticity of the upper limbs, cerebellar ataxia, and sensory disturbances. Cranial MRIs of the five patients revealed an extremely thin corpus callosum, sometimes with widened cerebral sulci and ventricles, as well as with cerebellar and cerebral atrophy. Conclusion The main clinical features of HSP-TCC include slowly progressive spastic paraplegia, mental impairment during the second decade of life, and an extremely thin corpus callosum as shown on cranial MRIs.

Clinical Analysis of Children with Corpus Callosum Pressure Lesion Syndrome

Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the clinical features,imaging features,and prognosis of splenium of the corpus callosum in children in order to improve the clinical understanding.Methods The clinical data and imaging data of 30 children with splenium of the corpus callosum treated in Xiamen Children’s Hospital from June 2017 to October 2019 were retrospectively analyzed.Results Thirty children aged from 19 months to 12 years,with an average age of 5.4 years were included in the study;all had fever and other prodromal infections at acute onset,including 15 cases of respiratory tract infection,9 cases of digestive tract infection,and 6 cases of central nervous system infection.According to cranial magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)findings,23 cases had type I syndrome and 7 cases had type II syndrome;23 children had clinical symptoms disappeared after 1 week,7 children had clinical symptoms disappeared after 1 month,and 23 children had the abnormal signal disappeared after 2 weeks of reexamination,and the abnormal signal disappeared completely after 1 month of reexamination in 7 children.Conclusion Central nervous system infection is also a predisposing factor for the pressor syndrome of the corpus callosum in children in addition to upper respiratory tract infection and gastrointestinal tract infection,and all children have good prognosis.

Neuroimaging of corpus callosum in central nervous system demyelinating disorders

Corpus callosum (CC) is the largest white matter structure in the brain, consisting of 200-250 million contralateral axonal projections. It is the major commissural pathway connecting the hemispheres of human brain. The pathology of CC includes wide variety of entities that arise from different causes such as congenital, inflammatory, tumoral, degenerative, infectious, etc. This study reviews the most reliable neuroimaging data of human CC in central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating diseases to facilitate the understanding of different pathological entities of the CC and their role in anticipation of probable prognostic findings. After a brief description of normal anatomy and functions of CC, this review examines the most valuable findings obtained using conventional and functional magnetic resonance imaging. It also demonstrates the most well organized findings of how CC features influence prognostic factors of demyelinating disorders, which could have a great value for choosing proper therapy methods. The authors also provided a brief review of other demyelinating disorders which are primarily caused by other pathological factors other than autoimmunity. As a conclusion, the authors showed the importance of CC as an critical part of the brain, which should be explored by different methods of imaging, correspondent to clinical evaluation of CNS demyelinating disorder to widen our knowledge on pathology and clinical patterns of such disorders.

胎儿胼胝体发育不良的超声和磁共振对比观察

目的探讨超声与MRI在胎儿胼胝体发育不良(ACC)产前诊断中的应用价值。方法超声怀疑胎儿ACC孕妇16名,均在超声检查后3天内接受胎儿MR检查。将超声、MRI结果与出生后或引产后结果对照。结果 16名孕妇共检出胎儿16胎,MRI证实14胎为胎儿ACC(出生后随访证实5胎,引产后证实9胎),1胎为单纯双侧脑室扩张伴灰质易位,1胎为脑白质、脑干发育不良。MRI与超声比较,诊断胎儿ACC一致者7胎;超声可疑、MRI肯定者7胎;对于其伴发中枢神经系统畸形,两者一致者7胎,MRI多于超声者4胎。结论超声检查是产前筛查胎儿ACC的普遍方法;MRI对胎儿ACC的显示明显优于超声,有助于明确诊断胎儿ACC并判断其分型及合并畸形。

胎儿侧脑室前角间距与双顶径比值对完全性胼胝体缺失的诊断价值

目的探讨产前超声测量胎儿侧脑室前角间距与双顶径比值对完全性胼胝体缺失的诊断价值。资料与方法回顾性纳入53例妊娠20^(+3)~32^(+4)周确诊为完全性胼胝体缺失胎儿作为研究组,选择同期271例妊娠20~32^(+6)周正常单胎作为对照组,测量胎儿侧脑室前角间距与双顶径,比较两组胎儿侧脑室前角间距与双顶径的比值。结果研究组胎儿侧脑室前角间距、侧脑室前角间距与双顶径比值均显著大于对照组(F=581.162、731.615,P<0.001),不同孕周间胎儿侧脑室前角间距、侧脑室前角间距与双顶径比值差异有统计学意义(F=51.748、2.159,P<0.001)。研究组相同孕周胎儿侧脑室前角间距及侧脑室前角间距与双顶径比值均显著大于对照组(P<0.05)。随着孕周增加,两组胎儿侧脑室前角间距逐渐增宽。两组胎儿双顶径差异无统计学意义(F=0.468,P>0.05),不同孕周间两组胎儿双顶径差异有统计学意义(F=229.867,P<0.001)。研究组53例胎儿颅脑表现为透明隔腔消失,52例胎儿双侧侧脑室扩张呈泪滴样,14例胎儿第三脑室扩张并上抬,50例胎儿侧脑室前角间距与双顶径比值增大。结论胎儿侧脑室前角间距与双顶径比值可以作为产前超声筛查完全性胼胝体缺失的有效观察指标。

Protective effects of carnosine on white matter damage induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion

Carnosine is a dipeptide that scavenges free radicals, inhibits infammation in the central nervous system, and protects against ischemic and hypoxic brain damage through its anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic actions. Therefore, we hypothesized that carnosine would also protect against white matter damage caused by subcortical ischemic injury. White matter damage was induced by right unilateral common carotid artery occlusion in mice. The animals were treated with 200, 500 or 750 mg/kg carnosine by intraperitoneal injection 30 minutes before injury and every other day after injury. Then, 37 days later, Klfiver-Barrera staining, toluidine blue staining and immunofluorescence stain- ing were performed. Carnosine （200, 500 mg/kg） substantially reduced damage to the white matter in the corpus callosum, internal capsule and optic tract, and it rescued expression of myelin basic protein, and alleviated the loss of oligodendrocytes. However, carnosine at the higher dose of 750 mg/kg did not have the same effects as the 200 and 500 mg/kg doses. These findings show that carnosine, at a particular dose range, protects against white matter damage caused by chronic cerebral ischemia in mice, likely by reducing oligodendroglial cell loss.

胼胝体发育不全的CT和MRI评价

目的 胼胝体发育不全的CT和MRI诊断评价。方法 对 1 6例儿童和成人胼胝体发育不全患者的CT和MRI表现进行分析 ,并讨论其诊断作用。结果 胼胝体发育不全的CT和MRI诊断要点是 :①两侧脑室前角和室间孔分离 ;②侧脑室体部近乎平行地分离 ;③侧脑室枕角扩大 ;④第三脑室扩张并上前移位 ;⑤半球间裂异常地靠近第三脑室前部。结论 根据CT和MRI的特征表现 ,均可正确诊断胼胝体发育不全 ;但MRI矢状面扫描上 。

Association between Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and early demyelination and oligodendrocyte dysfunction

The APPSwe/PSEN1 dE9（APP/PS1） transgenic mouse model is an Alzheimer＇s disease mouse model exhibiting symptoms of dementia, and is commonly used to explore pathological changes in the development of Alzheimer＇s disease. Previous clinical autopsy and imaging studies suggest that Alzheimer＇s disease patients have white matter and oligodendrocyte damage, but the underlying mechanisms of these have not been revealed. Therefore, the present study used APP/PS1 mice to assess cognitive change, myelin loss, and corresponding changes in oligodendrocytes, and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Morris water maze tests were performed to evaluate cognitive change in APP/PS1 mice and normal C57 BL/6 mice aged 3 and 6 months. Luxol fast blue staining of the corpus callosum and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction（q RT-PCR） for myelin basic protein（MBP） mRNA were carried out to quantify myelin damage. Immunohistochemistry staining for NG2 and qRT-PCR for monocarboxylic acid transporter 1（MCT1） mRNA were conducted to assess corresponding changes in oligodendrocytes. Our results demonstrate that compared with C57 BL/6 mice, there was a downregulation of MBP mRNA in APP/PS1 mice aged 3 months. This became more obvious in APP/PS1 mice aged 6 months accompanied by other abnormalities such as prolonged escape latency in the Morris water maze test, shrinkage of the corpus callosum, upregulation of NG2-immunoreactive cells, and downregulation of MCT1 mRNA. These findings indicate that the involvement of early demyelination at 3 months and the oligodendrocyte dysfunction at 6 months in APP/PS1 mice are in association with Alzheimer＇s disease pathogenesis.

胼胝体发育不良合并脂肪瘤的CT诊断(附10例报告)

目的 通过分析胼胝体发育不良合并脂肪瘤的ＣＴ表现，探讨ＣＴ的诊断价值。材料与方法ＣＴ扫描１０例胼胝体发育不良并脂肪瘤病例，对其临床及ＣＴ表现进行分析、解释。结果 胼胝体发育不良并脂肪瘤的ＣＴ表现：１．双侧侧脑室体部平直、分离．２ 三脑室增宽、上抬．３ 双侧侧脑室三角区及枕角扩大。４．并发的脂肪瘤位于大脑纵裂内，可于脉络丛内见到第二个脂肪瘤。结论 胼胝体发育不良合并脂肪瘤的ＣＴ表现具有特征性，ＣＴ能够作出正确诊断。ＭＲＩ具有多维成像能力，能够准确确定病变的位置及范围，可作为ＣＴ的补充。

胼胝体部分性发育不全的MRI诊断及检查价值

目的探讨胼胝体部分性发育不全的病理学改变及MRI表现,并与胼胝体完全缺如的MRI表现进行比较。资料与方法分析胼胝体部分性发育不全20例的MRI表现,并与同时行MRI检查的8例胼胝体完全缺如的MRI表现进行对照。结果胼胝体部分性发育不全20例中,前部缺如7例,其中1例形成畸形白质团块,后部缺如12例,胼胝体嘴及压部同时缺如1例。合并胼胝体后部周围脂肪瘤4例。合并灰质异位,脑裂畸形各2例,右侧丘脑后部局限性脑软化1例。结论胼胝体部分性发育不全并非少见,MRI能完整显示胼胝体发育不全的程度及形态,特别是对轻度畸形的检出有重要意义。

儿童胼胝体发育不全的临床表现和CT征象分析

目的:通过分析儿童胼胝体发育不全的临床与CT特点,探讨其临床表现与CT特征的相关性。材料与方法:回顾性分析12例儿童胼胝体发育不全的临床和头颅CT表现。结果:胼胝体发育不全的CT表现有:1、第三脑室扩大并上移。2、半球间裂异常造近第三脑室前部。3、双侧侧脑室体部平直、分离。4、双侧侧脑室三角区及枕角扩大。结论:胼胝体发育不良CT表现具有特征性,CT能够作出正确诊断。