How Dark Energy Might Be Produced by Black Holes

If confirmed, the new galactic observations in support of rapidly growing supermassive black holes in association with their production of dark energy may provide for a quantum leap forward in our understanding of black holes, dark energy, and universal expansion. The primary implication of these observations is that growth of black holes may well be coupled with universal expansion (“cosmological coupling”). Study of the Flat Space Cosmology (FSC) model, in conjunction with these new observations, suggests a novel mechanism of “black hole dark energy radiation”. This brief note gives a rationale for how the high gravitational energy density vacuum within or adjacent to a black hole horizon could be sufficiently energetic to pull entangled pairs of positive matter energy particles and negative dark energy “particles” of equal magnitude out of the horizon vacuum and send them off in opposite directions (i.e., gravitationally-attractive matter inward and gravitationally-repelling dark energy outward). One effect would be that a black hole can rapidly grow in mass-energy without mergers or the usual accretion of pre-existing matter. A second effect would be continual production of dark energy within the cosmic vacuum, fueling a continuous and finely-tuned light-speed expansion of the universe.

Part II: Explaining Black Hole Growth due to Universal Expansion: Probabilistic Spacetime versus GEODEs

Recent research indicates that black holes can grow based on the expansion of the universe and not just through accretion and mergers. Two different models independently predicted that finding. One model, describing the relevant massive star remnants as “generic objects of dark energy”, rejects the traditional view of black holes while hypothesizing that dark energy causes the cosmologically coupled growth of these objects. The other model, based on the probabilistic spacetime theory, indicates the growth of black holes is based on the same spacetime mechanism underlying all universal expansion, and does so while leaving the traditional black hole conceptualization essentially intact. The fact these two models predicted this observational finding but did so from different perspectives suggests more can be learned by further study of their differences. This paper explores similarities and differences in the two models’ explanations for massive star remnants’ growth, concluding with suggestions for research testing their relative veracity. An exploration of the relative utility and parsimony of the two models is also described.

Thermodynamics of general scalar-tensor theory with non-minimally derivative coupling

With the usual definitions for the entropy and the temperature associated with the apparent horizon, we discuss the first law of the thermodynamics on the apparent in the general scalar-tensor theory of gravity with the kinetic term of the scalar field nonminimally coupling to Einstein tensor. We show the equivalence between the first law of thermodynamics on the apparent horizon and Friedmann equation for the general models, by using a mass-like function which is equal to the Misner-Sharp mass on the apparent horizon. The results further support the universal relationship between the first law of thermodynamics and Friedmann equation.

Tachyon Cosmology with Gauss–Bonnet and Non-Minimal Kinetic Couplings

We consider a tachyonic model of dark energy in which scalar field non-minimally coupled with curvature and kinetic part of its Lagrangian density.Additionally the model contains the Gauss–Bonnet coupling to the scalar field through an arbitrary function.The non-minimal Gauss–Bonnet coupling function and scalar field potential have been obtained for power-law solution and then for a dynamically varying equation of state.We have extracted the required condition for the so-called phantom divide line crossing in the model and represented such a crossing numerically.